The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the ...The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the crystallization process. By investigating the formation of intermediate phases in the precursor solution, we observed that the CH3NH3I （MAI）-PbI2-dimethylformamide （DMF） or MAI-PbI2-dimethylsulphoxide （DMSO） adducts have not yet formed until washed with non-polar solvent. The accelerated formation of intermediate phase yields high crystalline perovskite layers. Rapid solvent evaporation and retarded perovskite crystallization in one-step method are efficient to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Conse- quently, MAI-PbI2-DMSO intermediate shows neat rod-like structure with high crystallinity, which eventually transforms extremely dense and uniform perovskite films.展开更多
Two-particle （two-fragment） azimuthal correlation functions are studied by using a simple formula which describes uniformly azimuthal distributions of final-state charged particles and nuclear fragments. This formul...Two-particle （two-fragment） azimuthal correlation functions are studied by using a simple formula which describes uniformly azimuthal distributions of final-state charged particles and nuclear fragments. This formula is obtained in the framework of a multi-source thermal model （or multi-source ideal gas model）. The calculated results are compared and found to be in agreement with the experimental data of charged hadrons and nuclear fragments in nucleus-nucleus collisions at intermediate and high energies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2016YFA0202400 and 2015CB932200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21403247)+2 种基金the External Cooperation Program of BIC, Distinguished Youth Foundation of Anhui Province (1708085J09)Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJHZ1607)STS project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-SW-STS-152)
文摘The anti-polar solvent technique is an effec- tive way to improve the film quality in a perovskite solar cell. In this work, we reveal the reason why chloroben- zene （CBZ） plays an important role in controlling the crystallization process. By investigating the formation of intermediate phases in the precursor solution, we observed that the CH3NH3I （MAI）-PbI2-dimethylformamide （DMF） or MAI-PbI2-dimethylsulphoxide （DMSO） adducts have not yet formed until washed with non-polar solvent. The accelerated formation of intermediate phase yields high crystalline perovskite layers. Rapid solvent evaporation and retarded perovskite crystallization in one-step method are efficient to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Conse- quently, MAI-PbI2-DMSO intermediate shows neat rod-like structure with high crystallinity, which eventually transforms extremely dense and uniform perovskite films.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(10975095,11075100)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2007011005,2011011001-2)the Developing Project of Science and Technology of Shanxi Province(20091016)
文摘Two-particle （two-fragment） azimuthal correlation functions are studied by using a simple formula which describes uniformly azimuthal distributions of final-state charged particles and nuclear fragments. This formula is obtained in the framework of a multi-source thermal model （or multi-source ideal gas model）. The calculated results are compared and found to be in agreement with the experimental data of charged hadrons and nuclear fragments in nucleus-nucleus collisions at intermediate and high energies.
