Analysis of the optical quality by determining the modulation transfer function for anterior corneal surface in myopes

AIM: To describe the characteristics of modulation transfer function (MTF) of anterior corneal surface, and obtain the the normal reference range of MTF at different spatial frequencies and optical zones of the anterior corneal surface in myopes. METHODS: Four hundred eyes from 200 patients were examined under SIRIUS corneal topography system. Phoenis analysis software was applied to simulate the MTF curves of anterior corneal surface at vertical and horizontal meridians at the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7mm optical zones of cornea. The MTF values at spatial frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 cycles/degree (c/d) were selected. RESULTS: The MTF curve of anterior corneal surface decreased rapidly from low to intermediate frequency (0-15cpd) at various optical zones of cornea, the value decreased to 0 slowly at higher frequency (>15cpd). With the increase of the optical zones of cornea, MTF curve decreased gradually. 3) In the range of 3 mm- 6 mm optical zones of the cornea, the MTF values measured at horizontal meridian were greater than the corresponding values at horizontal meridian of each spatial frequency, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). At 7 mm optical zones of cornea, the MTF values measured at horizontal meridian were less than the corresponding values at vertical meridian at 10-60 spatial frequencies (cpd), and the difference was statistically significant in 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 cpd(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: MTF can be used to describe the imaging quality of optical systems at anterior corneal surface objectively in detail.

Modulation transfer function characteristic of uniform-doping transmission-mode GaAs/GaAlAs photocathode

The resolution characteristic can be obtained by the modulation transfer function （MTF） of a GaAs/GaA1As photocathode. After establishing the theoretical model of GaAs（100）-oriented atomic configuration and the formula for the ionized impurity scattering of the non-equilibrium carriers, this paper calculates the trajectories of photoelectrons in a photocathode. Thus the distribution of photoelectron spots on the emit-face is obtained, which is namely the point spread function. The MTF is obtained by Fourier transfer of the line spread function obtained from the point spread function. The MTF obtained from these calculations is shown to depend heavily on the electron diffusion length, and enhanced considerably by decreasing the electron diffusion length and increasing the doping concentration. Furthermore, the resolution is enhanced considerably by increasing the active-layer thickness, especially at high spatial frequencies. The best spatial resolution is 860 lp/mm, for the GaAs photocathode of doping concentration 1 ×10^19 cm 3 electron diffusion length 3.6 μm and the active-layer thickness 2 μm, under the 633-nm light irradiated. This research will contribute to the future improvement of the cathode＇s resolution for preparing a high performance GaAs photocathode, and improve the resolution of a low light level image intensifier.

Comparison of the retinal modulation transfer function between amblyopes successfully corrected and normal subjects

AIM:To analyze the retinal modulation transfer function between amblyopes whose visual acuity was corrected to 5.0 and normal subjects at the same age. METHODS: RM-800 used to detect contrast sensitivity was adopted to measure MTF of 96 amblyopes (96 eyes) whose visual acuity was corrected to 5.0 and 80 normal controls (80 eyes) at the same age under six interference fringes (IVA=0.06, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). RESULTS: The functional values of amblyopes were significantly lower than those of normal subjects in every fringe (P<0.01), especially in medium and high frequency. CONCLUSION: For amblyopes, MTF was still abnormal after stopping the treatments.

Fuzzy image restoration using modulation transfer function

The key difficulty of restoring a fuzzy image is to estimate its point spread function( PSF). In the paper,PSF is modelled based on modulation transfer function( MTF). The first step is calculating the image MTF. In the traditional slanted-edge method,a sub-block is always manually extracted from original image and its MTF will be viewed as the result of the whole image. However,handcraft extraction is inefficient and will lead to inaccurate results. Given this,an automatic MTF computation algorithm is proposed,which extracts and screens out all the effective sub-blocks and calculates their average MTF as the final result. Then,a two-dimensional MTF restoration model is constructed by multiplying the horizontal and vertical MTF,and it is combined with conventional image restoration methods to restore fuzzy image. Experimental results indicate the proposed method implementes a fast and accurate MTF computation and the MTF model improves the performance of conventional restoration methods significantly.

A new modulation transfer function for ocean wave spectra retrieval from X-band marine radar imagery

When imaging ocean surface waves by X-band marine radar, the radar backscatter from the sea surface is modulated by the long surface gravity waves. The modulation transfer function （MTF） comprises tilt, hydrodynamic, and shadowing modulations. A conventional linear MTF was derived using HH-polarized radar observations under conditions of deep water. In this study, we propose a new quadratic polynomial MTF based on W-polarized radar measurements taken from heterogeneous nearshore wave fields. This new MTF is obtained using a radar-observed image spectrum and in situ buoy-measured wave frequency spectrum. We validate the MTF by comparing peak and mean wave periods retrieved from X-band marine radar image sequences with those measured by the buoy. It is shown that the retrieval accuracies of peak and mean wave periods of the new MTF are better than the conventional MTF. The results also show that the bias and root mean square errors of the peak and mean wave periods of the new MTF are 0.05 and 0.88 s, and 0.32 and 0.53 s, respectively, while those of the conventional MTF are 0.61 and 0.98 s, and 1.39 and 1.48 s, respectively. Moreover, it is also shown that the retrieval results are insensitive to the coefficients in the proposed MTF.

Solving the atmospheric scattering optical transfer function using the multi-coupled single scattering method

The atmospheric scattering optical transfer function （OTF） is solved by applying the multi-coupled single scattering （MCSS） method to the three-dimensional radiative transfer equation （RTE） under the periodic ground condition. This approach is a direct hit to the atmospheric scattering OTF using the same original context of modulation transfer function （MTF） measurement, i.e., images of sinusoidal grating at different spatial frequencies. Both the amplitude and phase shift of the OTF at various zenith and azimuth angles can be obtained at an arbitrary spatial frequency.

A Wave Modulation Model of Ripples over Long Surface Waves

A study is presented on the modulation of ripples induced by a long surface wave (LW) and a new theoretical modula-tion model is proposed. In this model, the wind surface stress modulation is related to the modulation of ripple spectrum. The model results show that in the case of LW propagating in the wind direction with the wave age parameter of LW increasing, the area with enhanced shear stress shifts from the region near the LW crest on the upwind slope to the LW trough. With a smaller wave age parameter of LW, the ripple modulation has the maximum on the upwind slope in the vicinity of LW crest, while with a larger parameter the enhancement of ripple spectrum does not occur in that region. At low winds the amplitude of ripple modulation transfer function (MTF) is larger in the gravity wave range, while at moderate or high winds it changes little in the range from short gravity waves to capillary waves.

Modulating J-V hysteresis of planar perovskite solar cells and mini-modules via work function engineering

Commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs) requires the development of high-efficiency devices with none current density-voltage(J-V) hysteresis. Here, electron transport layers(ETLs) with gradual change in work function(WF) are successfully fabricated and employed as an ideal model to investigate the energy barriers, charge transfer and recombination kinetics at ETL/perovskite interface. The energy barrier for electron injection existing at ETL/perovskite is directly assessed by surface photovoltage microscopy, and the results demonstrate the tunable barriers have significant impact on the J-V hysteresis and performance of PSCs. By work function engineering of ETL, PSCs exhibit PCEs over 21% with negligible hysteresis. These results provide a critical understanding of the origin reason for hysteresis effect in planar PSCs, and clear reveal that the J-V hysteresis can be effectively suppressed by carefully tuning the interface features in PSCs. By extending this strategy to a modified formamidinium-cesium-rubidium(FA-Cs-Rb) perovskite system, the PCEs are further boosted to 24.18%. Moreover, 5 cm × 5 cm perovskite mini-modules are also fabricated with an impressive efficiency of 20.07%, demonstrating compatibility and effectiveness of our strategy on upscaled devices.

Comparison of ocular modulation transfer function determined by a ray-tracing aberrometer and a double-pass system in early cataract patients

Background The evaluation of retinal image quality in cataract eyes has gained importance and the clinical modulation transfer functions （MTF） can obtained by aberrometer and double pass （DP） system. This study aimed to compare MTF derived from a ray tracing aberrometer and a DP system in early cataractous and normal eyes. Methods There were 128 subjects with 61 control eyes and 67 eyes with early cataract defined according to the Lens Opacities Classification System II1. A laser ray-tracing wavefront aberrometer （iTrace） and a double pass （DP） system （OQAS） assessed ocular MTF for 6.0 mm pupil diameters following dilation. Areas under the MTF （AUMTF） and their correlations were analyzed. Stepwise multiple regression analysis assessed factors affecting the differences between iTrace- and OQAS-derived AUMTF for the early cataract group. Results For both early cataract and control groups, iTrace-derived MTFs were higher than OQAS-derived MTFs across a range of spatial frequencies （P 〈0.01）. No significant difference between the two groups occurred for iTrace-derived AUMTF, but the early cataract group had significantly smaller OQAS-derived AUMTF than did the control group （P 〈0.01）. AUMTF determined from both the techniques demonstrated significant correlations with nuclear opacities, higher-order aberrations （HOAs）, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity functions, while the OQAS-derived AUMTF also demonstrated significant correlations with age and cortical opacity grade. The factors significantly affecting the difference between iTrace and OQAS AUMTF were root-mean-squared HOAs （standardized beta coefficient=-0.63, P 〈0.01） and age （standardized beta coefficient=0.26, P 〈0.01）. Conclusions MTFs determined from a iTrace and a DP system （OQAS） differ significantly in early cataractous and normal subjects. Correlations with visual performance were higher for the DP system. OQAS-derived MTF may be useful as an indicator of visual performance in early cataract eyes.

1300万像素广角手机镜头设计

为满足高解析力、广角手机镜头发展需求,基于ZEMAX设计了一款1300万像素的广角手机镜头。镜头由6片塑料透镜和近红外滤光片构成,系统焦距为3.36mm,全视场84°,系统F数为2.6,系统总长5.4mm,像高5.86mm。采用OmniVision公司的OV13B10图像传感器,分辨率为4208pixel×3120pixel,像元尺寸1.12μm×1.12μm。设计结果表明,在奈斯奎斯特频率为223lp/mm处,中心视场调制传递函数(MTF)优于49%,0.7以内视场MTF优于33%。全视场最大RMS半径3.192μm,最大畸变-3.948%。全视场相对照度均优于38%。研究结果为高像质、广角手机镜头提供设计参考。

微角振动对遥感相机成像质量的影响分析

针对高空间分辨率航天器遥感成像受微角振动影响模糊化的问题,从理论建模、仿真分析和实验验证3个维度量化了微角振动幅值、频率、初始相位等特性对遥感相机成像质量的影响.首先,从成像原理出发,建立了图像退化模型,分析了微角振动导致图像模糊和几何形变的机理.其次,分析了角振动参数对像移的影响规律,建立了不同角振动频率对应的调制传递函数(MTF)的解析计算式,分析了角振动幅值、角振动频率和初始曝光时刻对MTF的影响规律.然后,利用MATLAB搭建仿真平台,以调制传递函数面积(MTFA)作为评价指标,量化分析了角振动幅值、角振动频率和初始曝光时刻对图像模糊度的贡献程度.最后,搭建了振动实验平台,实验验证了各个振动参数对成像质量的影响规律.结果表明:图像像质随角振动振幅的增加而下降,频率100.0 Hz的角振动幅值从0.0064°增加至0.0281°时,MTFA由0.2776下降至0.1192;低频角振动作用下成像质量与角振动初始相位、振幅、频率有关,高频非整周期振动会造成MTF曲线的波动,且非整周期振动对成像质量的影响随着角振动频率的增加而减小.曝光时间为角振动周期的整数倍时,初始曝光时刻对图像像质的影响可以忽略.微角振动对遥感影像几何精度的影响规律能够为高轨遥感相机微角振动的测量与抑制提供理论支撑.

孔形对基于硅微通道阵列的CsI:Tl闪烁屏性能影响的模拟

使用Geant4程序模拟了微孔形状对基于硅微通道阵列的CsI:Tl像素化X射线闪烁屏性能的影响。模拟的闪烁屏性能参数包括:闪烁光子数、底光输出、传输效率、n次全反射占比、调制传递函数(MTF)与空间分辨率的关系。模拟过程中设定微孔的形状分别为方形和圆形,两种孔形的微通道阵列周期相同,均为10μm。模拟结果显示:方形微孔的闪烁光子数优于圆形微孔,闪烁光子数正比于微孔横截面积;闪烁屏厚度小于400μm时,方形微孔的底光输出优于圆形微孔,厚度大于400μm时,圆形微孔的底光输出优于方形微孔;圆形微孔的传输效率优于方形微孔;厚度为40和200μm的方形微孔闪烁屏空间分辨率优于相同厚度的圆形微孔闪烁屏。制备了方形微孔的CsI:Tl闪烁屏样品,测量了其MTF与空间分辨率的关系,当MTF为0.1时,空间分辨率为22.6 lp/mm。

鬼像影响下的调制传递函数计算模型

为了探究鬼像对成像系统性能的影响,构建了二次反射产生的鬼像影响下的调制传递函数(MTF)的计算模型。本文首先介绍了在近轴近似下的鬼像分析与描述的方法。接着,从调制传递函数的定义出发,考虑鬼像在像面处的照度对像面调制度的影响,构建了鬼像影响下的MTF计算模型。通过对一系统进行实例计算,并与仿真结果进行对比,均方误差最大不超过0.049373,进而验证了该模型的准确性。同时针对误差较大的结果进行了详细分析,明确了该计算方法的适用范围。研究结果表明,利用近轴近似的方法计算鬼像影响下的MTF在大多数情况下是真实准确的,该研究在光学系统的鬼像分析方面做出了有益探索。

EBAPS的调制传递函数测试系统

电子轰击有源像素传感器(electron bombarded active pixel sensor,EBAPS)是一种新型的真空-固体混合型微光夜视器件,而调制传递函数(modulation transfer function,MTF)作为EBAPS的性能参数之一,能够反映成像系统对不同频率成分的传递能力,但目前国内缺少相应的测试手段。因此,为了表征并评价EBAPS的成像质量,基于像增强器狭缝法测试MTF的原理,设计并搭建了一套EBAPS的MTF测试系统。通过驱动EBAPS器件,利用USB接口将采集到的数据传输至上位机进行图像分析,对狭缝图像进行处理获得线扩散函数(line spread function,LSF),经离散傅里叶变换后得到相应的调制传递函数曲线。在狭缝靶标处照度为2×10^(-2) lx时,一定范围内随着电压升高,EBAPS的MTF先升高后降低,且在外加-1 000 V时取得最大值。在光成像模式下,微调狭缝与传感器成像面的相对位置,连续5次测试得到几个重要频率点的MTF值的标准差均低于0.01,稳定性较好。

FS-LASIK术中采用椭圆形瓣与圆形瓣的术后早期视觉质量比较

目的 探讨飞秒激光辅助的准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(FS-LASIK)中采用椭圆形角膜瓣与圆形角膜瓣的术后早期视觉质量差异。方法 前瞻性随机临床对照研究,选取自2022年6月至2023年2月在武汉大学附属爱尔眼科医院自愿接受FS-LASIK手术的患者,按就诊顺序随机分为椭圆瓣组和圆瓣组,各36例(72眼)。FS-LASIK术中分别制作椭圆形与圆形角膜瓣,并行准分子激光手术。观察术中及术后并发症;术后随访3个月,比较两组患者术后1 d、1周、1个月、3个月的裸眼视力(UCVA)与等效球镜(SE);以及两组术后3个月的调制传递函数(MTF)、斯特列尔比(SR)及总高阶像差。结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,未发生严重并发症。两组术后1 d、1周、1个月、3个月UCVA差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。两组术后1 d、1周、1个月、3个月SE差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。两组术后3个月的MTF、SR及总高阶像差差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论 FS-LASIK术中采用椭圆形角膜瓣或圆形角膜瓣均可获得理想的视力,两者术后早期的视觉质量无显著差异。

基于像素梯度自适应迭代中值滤波器的图像脉冲噪声抑制算法

图像脉冲噪声移除是获得高质量图像的关键。本文通过热红外相机成像原理研究,提出了一种基于像素梯度自适应迭代中值滤波器的图像脉冲噪声抑制算法。首先,根据相机的调制传递函数计算获取原始图像的最大像素梯度,继而建立相应的像素梯度集合。然后,计算原始图像与对应像素梯度滤波图像的梯度权重均方根误差集合,并将该集合高斯分布的最大值对应的像素梯度确定为最佳像素梯度。最后,根据图像中脉冲噪声的密度和复杂度,确定所提滤波器的自适应窗口大小和迭代次数。大量实验结果表明,所提滤波器对移除8位、16位的单通道脉冲噪声图像展现出良好的鲁棒性。与其他先进方法相比,该方法可以实时移除真实热红外相机采集图像中低密度的随机值脉冲噪声和SAPN,并实现噪声抑制过程中99.5%以上的原始像素不会遭受破坏。除此之外,针对高密度SAPN抑制,该方法获得了具有竞争力的结果,与运行时间较快的滤 波方法相比表现出较好的 PSNR和 SSIM,与 PSNR和 SSIM较优秀的去噪方法相比表现出较快的运行时间。对于极限 SAPN(99%)破坏的图像,也能够恢复有意义的图像细节。

湍流图像退化中的模糊与畸变

基于光线传播以及相位叠加原理,构建了湍流图像退化模型,获得了湍流下目标对应的点扩散函数,并通过调制传递函数面积以及等晕角验证了仿真模型。同时,通过平均相关系数定义了像方近似不变区域,像方近似不变区域有助于对点扩散函数变化程度的理解。通过光线在湍流中的传播过程,猜测图像退化的模糊与畸变的程度和湍流的分布有关。为验证以上猜测,设置了两种极端情况下的湍流分布情形进行仿真实验,并通过调制传递函数面积以及像方近似不变区域对仿真结果进行分析。结果表明在同等湍流强度情况下,靠近镜头端的湍流会对图像造成更多的模糊效应,靠近物体端的湍流会对图像造成更多的畸变效应。基于此,解释了在湍流图像退化模型中采用先畸变后模糊是更为合理的操作,并建议湍流复原算法应根据退化结果中的模糊与畸变的程度采取相应的复原措施。

CT空间分辨力检测方法

空间分辨力是指物体与背景在衰减程度上的差别与噪声相比足够大的情况下,CT扫描装置成像时分辨不同物体的能力。图像的空间分辨力受到系统几何分辨力、线束采样值、像素大小、卷积特性、几何极限等因素的影响,它是评价CT设备成像性能的最重要指标之一,在国内外关于CT检测标准中均被列为必检项目。

加速电压、探测层厚度和处理方法对混合像素探测器成像的影响探究

混合像素探测器(HPD)在低电压下的高检测效率,弥补了单片有源像素传感器(MAPS)对辐射敏感材料成像不理想的缺陷。然而,HPD的成像受限于电子计数,包括单电子信号簇的识别和事件定位等处理。其中,分簇主要受探测器的硬件和成像条件影响,但目前缺乏对这些参数和方法的系统研究。本文通过实验和蒙特卡洛模拟,分析了不同加速电压、探测层厚度和事件定位方法对MTF影响,并统计了相对能量损失。结果表明,300和500μm探测层厚度的Timepix分别在低压和中高压时的能量损失最小。质心法在低压时定位效果与CNN方法相当;CNN在中高压的定位优势则随着电压升高而增大。Timepix在低压范围的MTF与探测层厚度成正相关;高压则反之。这对HPD相机未来在单颗粒冷冻电镜中的应用提供了参考。

光吸收玻璃对耐辐照光纤面板性能的影响

耐辐照光纤面板可广泛应用于工业X射线探测和医疗非晶硅平板探测器等领域,目前正在开发的光纤面板在430~900 nm难以精准调控光吸收玻璃的透过率,除此之外还存在抗析晶性能差的问题。本文重点研究了玻璃着色组分对光吸收玻璃透过率与抗析晶性能的影响,研制出对紫外-可见-近红外波长吸收效果极佳、抗析晶性能良好的光吸收玻璃。结果表明,调整光吸收玻璃引入量后,制备的耐辐照光纤面板透过率均能达到74%以上;光吸收玻璃引入量为2.0%(质量分数)和2.4%的面板在空间频率为10 lp/mm时,调制传递函数(MTF)响应仍然很明显,可满足耐辐照光纤面板对透过率、MTF的要求。本工作解决了目前国内耐辐照光纤面板在医疗、工业探伤及空间探测领域中存在的分辨率不足、对比度低、成像质量差等难题,实现了高分辨率、高对比度、高质量耐辐照光纤面板的国产化替代。