The Three Pillars of Sustainability Framework: Approaches for Laws and Governance

The three pillars of sustainability framework is a multidisciplinary implementation and solutions oriented approach that recognizes most successful and scalable sustainability solutions require the presence of, and are driven by, all three pillars simultaneously: 1) technology and innovation;2) laws and governance;and 3) economics and financial incentives. The three pillars framework is strategic because it often reveals or describes specific and feasible changes that advance sustainability solutions within markets and institutional settings. The section on technology discusses the crucial role that technology plays in creating new ways for doing more in our rapidly urbanizing communities by using less resources and energy inputs. The section on economics discusses problems with current conceptions of economic welfare that measure growth (flow) rather than the asset base (wealth), and explores possibilities for integrated and multidisciplinary analysis for coupled economic and social systems. The section on laws and governance considers the role of legal frameworks related to incentives, regulatory baselines, and in public policy formation, including influences and feedback effects from social norms, changing culture, and sustainability education. Technological development and engaging economic markets are at the center of our best and most rapidly deployable sustainability solutions. In that context, a specific focus is given throughout the discussion sections to the key role of laws and governance in supporting relevant, effective, and sustainable technological and economic development, as well as to highlight the crucial (often final) steps the law plays in successfully implementing new sustainability projects. As the discussions and examples (taken from Asia, the US, and Europe) demonstrate, the three pillars framework is flexible and useful in a number of contexts, as a solutions template, as an integrated planning approach, as a decision making guide, and for determining project priorities.

The general laws of the evolution of the county governance in our country before the founding of the new China

Since the Qin Dynasty started the county system to the foundation of China, ＂county＂ has been the basic unit of the centralized state in our country. Although the county-level governance mode is stable, its evolution has laws to follow. Generally speaking, the rules are that the scale of the county government is small for a long time and the governmental functions in the long term are fixed. The roles of the clan organizations in the social governance are increasingly strengthened and the slow development and roles of other social organizations outside the clan organizations are increasing.

The interplay between soft law and hard law and its implications for global marine fisheries governance:A case study of IUU fishing

International soft law is not legally binding,but nevertheless it embodies mainstream values and influences the formation of hard law in global governance.Marine fisheries have become important arenas of global governance,in which developing states are crucial participants.The interactions between soft law and hard law in global marine fisheries can be mainly summarized as follows:soft law can be the precursor for hard law and be implicitly introduced into hard law to enhance normativity;hard law can also be incorporated into soft law.This paper explores the IUU fishing case to illustrate the significant role of soft law on international fisheries law and identify gaps in global marine fisheries governance.The development of international instruments to combat IUU fishing within FAO undergoes a process from voluntary to legally binding with the engagement and promotion of some developed states for their benefits.But IUU fishing concept is defective in its drafting as well as in practical application and indicates the value of emphasizing conservation over economic and social development,which is contrary to the principle of sustainable development and fails to meet the requirements of the developing states.The paper suggests to fill this gap by converting existing values in soft law to foster fishing rules that benefit all states and provide some insights towards this direction.

Global Governance in Cyberspace: Process,Conflict and China’s Proposals

In recent years,problems such as cyber warfares,cyber espionages and cyber crimes have become global public nuisances and always challenge the authority of the sovereign states. Therefore,the governance of the derivative problems concerning the global cyberspace has become an issue of importance in the international law. To overcome these challenges,sovereign states begin to get involved in cyberspace and seek international cooperation,so as to promote the evolution of the international rule of law in cyberspace. Currently,the cyberspace is filled with contradictions and conflicts. The cyber hegemonic states monopolize basic resources for cyberspaces,and their liberalism of double standards is the best tool to maintain their centralized and dominant situations. Moreover,the differences on governance problems between different camps leads to the significant institutional supply shortage. Accordingly,as a responsible power,China should advocate the Chinese solution and wisdom so as to create the reform of global cyberspace governance system. Possible specific measures include clarifying the governance structure of sovereign state-orientation,adhering to the model of shared governance with multilateral approach and multi-party participation.

Order of Precedence Between Local Laws of Cities with Subordinate Districts and Regulations of Provincial Governments Clarifying Premises for Discussion Based on the Characteristics of Laws

The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.

New Law Governs TCM

AN elderly lady recently caused a major uproar across China. Liu Hongbin, a self-proclaimed traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） expert, was regularly seen on various television advertisements for medicine products. On Tibet TV. she claimed to have inherited knowledge of traditional medicine practiced by the Miao ethnic minority group, professing to be an expert in curing coughs and asthma,

新《公司法》若干重要问题解读(笔谈)

新《公司法》修订所涉及的内容非常丰富,修订内容包括公司登记制度、股东出资责任、公司治理制度、公司资本制度、控股股东义务、董监高信义义务等方面。赵旭东教授指出,本次《公司法》修订在公司登记与信息公示制度、股东出资责任和法律后果、公司资本制度、公司治理制度、股东权益保护和控股股东义务这五个关键领域实现了重大突破和创新。周林彬教授集中解析了“国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定”一章,认为新《公司法》的亮点之一是通过新设这一章积极回应了我国国有企业治理的“本土实践”与“中国问题”,给出新时期国有企业治理的“中国方案”,推进了中国特色的国有企业治理制度的设计,重塑了国有企业的规范体系。刘凯湘教授对本次《公司法》修订中与公司资本制度相关的若干条文展开解析,包括限期认缴制、新增有限公司股东出资义务加速到期制度、股东违反出资义务的责任承担规则、董事会的催缴出资义务、股东失权制度、董监高对股东抽逃出资的连带责任、类别股的规定、授权资本制等。赵万一教授深入探讨了这次《公司法》修改的主要特点,认为新《公司法》既坚持了其商法属性,同时又充分考虑了《民法典》的既有制度内容,适当兼顾了与《民法典》之间的制度衔接关系,从而既为科学解决民法与商法的关系提供了理念和制度支持,也为中国式法律制度体系的创建提供了完美的立法实践样本。周友苏教授深入解析了新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的股东出资缴纳、股东出资“加速到期”、股东失权、股东出资责任这四条新规定,认为新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的这些新规定,积极回应了我国自2013年以来公司数量大幅增长所带来的股东盲目认缴、天价认缴、期限过长的现象突出,损害债权人利益的纠纷案件呈明显上升态势等问题,极大地强化了保护债权人的力度。李建伟教授深入解析了《公司法》修订中与法定代表人制度相关的若干条文,认为新《公司法》关于法定代表人的规定较之以往更加体系化,并有望基本解决困扰公司实践许多年的诸多难题,但其中亦存在不完全规范的问题。

论高校内部治理的症结及疏解策略

高校内部治理是高校治理的重要环节,关系着高等教育的质量和水平。科层制模式下,高校内部治理存在着政府外部行政权传导的高校内部行政权与高校办学自主权之间的矛盾、高校内部学术权力与行政权力之间的矛盾、学生组织与学校党政职能部门之间的矛盾,并表现为人事治理症结、财务治理症结、合同治理症结。究其原因,法治保障的缺乏、行政权力的过分倚重、机构权责不清、监督机制缺乏是高校内部治理矛盾和症结的成因。因此,必须从积极推进依法治校、优化高校内部权力配置、摒弃落后的管理理念与习惯、实现多元主体的治理动能等层面予以疏解。

数据交易安全刑事合规的“软法”治理及清单模式

数据交易安全合规指参与数据交易活动的企业内外部各方主体进行的维护数据安全合规的治理活动。刑事治理是由各方主体参与的惩治和预防犯罪的过程,具有过程性。数据交易安全刑事合规是刑事治理的重要方面,可分为事前合规和事后合规两个阶段。《信息安全技术数据交易服务安全要求(征求意见稿)》和《上海数据交易所数据交易安全合规指引》及配套清单采取正面清单和负面清单的管理模式,列举了数据交易主体、数据安全管理体系、数据来源、数据产品可交易性等方面的合规要求。数据交易安全合规清单具有“软法”性质,“软法”与“硬法”相结合,形成企业刑事合规的规范体系。刑法根据数据交易主体及行为场景的差异,以不同的罪刑规范保护数据交易行为所涉及的多元法益。数据犯罪的空白罪状具有定罪指引作用,也为企业合规的开展留下了空间。在实践中应注重数据安全关联罪名适用与刑行衔接,将企业刑事合规融入刑事司法过程并与行政监管相协调。同时,积极发挥企业合规清单的刑事治理机能,构建和完善激励机制、滤罪机制、评估机制,实现合规清单治理的出罪机能与治本效果。

数字政府视阈下的算法行政:兴起、风险与法治纠偏

随着数字政府建设目标的确立,算法技术嵌入行政成为一种必然趋势,但是算法在促进行政的同时,也带来了法治价值失序的隐忧。算法基于海量数据运算配置社会资源,辅助甚至独立作出行政行为,或许将会成为行政权行使的中枢性力量。但是,过度依赖算法可能导致强调技术理性而忽视价值理性。算法技术本身所带的内生性风险与算法应用中潜在的风险,暗含着行政权力的“技术延伸”和公民权利被侵蚀的隐患,算法行政遭受合法性和合理性的诘难,数字政府建设与法治政府建设面临耦合困境。为防范算法行政异化风险,政府的数字化必须与法治化同步建设,警惕技术理性凌驾于价值理性之上的观念,并从算法的创制、适用以及事后追责的各阶段构建起算法行政的合法性约束机制,避免“权力—权利”格局的失衡,从而促进政府数字化建设和法治化建设的深度融合。

以高水平法治促进新质生产力发展

新质生产力以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志,特点是创新,关键在质优,本质是先进生产力。数据与算法、算力作为质优的创新型要素,优化其配置成为提高全要素生产率的关键一环。在优化要素配置过程中,数据流通、算法开发与算力协同都离不开法治的支撑,同时,整体营商环境的持续优化也需要法治的保障。从实践出发,良法善治在消除和打通新质生产力发展的堵点痛点方面能发挥积极作用,以促进新型生产关系适配新质生产力发展。为此,需在法治框架下健全数据基础制度,推动数据要素有序开放流通,完善人工智能算法治理体系和算力协同机制,持续优化营商环境,为新质生产力发展提供质优生态。

生成式人工智能治理的经济法逻辑

在广受关注的生成式人工智能领域,各主要国家正在加强经济法治理,我国在该领域的经济法治理还未得到足够重视,并存在多方面问题。经济法的双重功能及其体系构造决定了它在生成式人工智能治理上具有不可替代的作用,围绕生成式人工智能的国际规则竞争尤其需要经济法发挥作用。经济法对生成式人工智能的治理应当促进发展与安全的融合,注重系统治理,加强事前防范与事后回应相结合、专项规则供给与一般规则适用相结合。宏观调控法和市场规制法应当基于各自优势在生成式人工智能治理中发挥相应作用;考虑到生成式人工智能在不同阶段的复杂情形,经济法治理应当分段进行、区别对待。为了使经济法治理更加精准、更具效率,需要科学构建生成式人工智能风险评价机制。

乡村治理共同体视角下农民集体决议法治化的双重样态与实现路径

基层政府、人民法院、乡村自治主体形塑了乡村治理共同体。乡村治理共同体内部理应呈现出的行政行为介入规范自治、司法权力嵌入保障私权、自治主体纠偏回归法治等预设样态,是农民集体决议法治化的应然图景。然而,行政行为偏差、司法裁判冲突、自治秩序混乱等治理乱象表明,治理共同体内部存在的行政机关权责失衡、司法机关审理规则不明、自治主体落实约束制度缺位,已然成为农民集体决议法治化面临的现实困境。立足于村民自治与国家法治的融合发展,以细化权责清单、统一司法规则、完善制度保障为依托,厘清行政机关介入农民集体决议事项的权力限度与责任范围、明确司法机关处理农民集体决议纠纷的案由类型与撤销权客体、强化自治主体重作农民集体决议的内部约束与司法约束,是农民集体决议法治化的重要路径。

金融科技伦理治理:实践困境、功能定位及优化进路

科技发展与金融创新的耦合连接在造就金融市场“新格局”的同时,也会生成新型市场风险、冲击传统金融监管体制,进而引发“新秩序”的思考。当前立法的时滞性与监管的“运动式”表现致使金融科技规制步入粗放型窠臼,立足完善金融高科技治理体系的时代要求,金融科技伦理治理的话语地位逐步提升。金融科技伦理以其发展性、适应性、回应性等制度功效因应金融科技风险治理的现实需求,然而趋向普适性、软约束、碎片化的规范供给样态已然成为制约金融科技伦理效能发挥的关键因素。金融科技伦理治理困境之破解应在功能界分指引下,厘清伦理治理运行的制度载体与价值逻辑。金融科技伦理治理现代化规制框架的建立既要在风险预防性目标下完善伦理治理体系化建设,也要在治理相称理念下推动程序运行机制的法治化转换,更要着眼多元共治格局强化伦理治理的协同合作,促进与企业合规自律的相向而行。

乡村治理现代化的法治逻辑

实施乡村振兴战略是健全现代社会治理格局的固本之策,其囊括经济、社会和文化等多方面要求,彰显了乡村发展与乡村治理的辩证关系。传统的公共管理模式和城乡二元体制曾长期压制民众的自主性和能动性,桎梏了社会的活力和创造力,滋养了等级观念和特权思想,而早已无法适应现代社会的发展需要,融合形式法治、程序法治和实质法治的现代法治才符合治理现代化的要求。法治通过保障人权、捍卫民主、维护秩序而推动它们在乡村治理现代化中发挥积极作用,但法治乡村的推进不仅面临着法治中国的普遍性问题,还要求关注乡村社会的行动逻辑及其现实根源。要坚持乡村居民在法治中的主体地位和能动作用,在推动城乡融合发展的同时平衡各种社会力量,以乡村振兴培育法治的内生性动力,以平等适用促进法治的合法性基础,以多元共治构建乡村的善治格局。

流域生态环境协同治理法律机制研究

由“流域一体化管理”过渡到“流域协同治理”,克服流域碎片化管理遗留的症结,是流域生态环境保护的根本追求,也是实现流域可持续发展的迫切需要。生态环境协同治理与地方政府的治理能力和治理体系相关联。完善流域生态环境协同治理的法律机制,不仅需要考量流域生态环境协同治理的现实状况,根据流域生态环境协同治理面临的适法障碍、司法协作不够、执法机制受限等困境,分类施策,构建完备的立法规范、紧密的司法协作、严格的执法体系,以期推动流域生态环境协同共治,促进流域绿色发展。

乡村治理法治体系构建问题研究

乡村治理是国家治理的基石和乡村振兴的基础。提升乡村治理和乡村建设质量,扎实有序做好乡村治理和乡村建设工作,需要重构乡村振兴中的社区治理共同体,优化社区自组织社会风险防范机制,构建新型乡村社区“三社联动”机制,构建多层次新型村庄治理共同体格局。乡村治理法治体系构建的关键在于:发挥村规民约在乡村治理中的作用,效法“枫桥经验”把矛盾纠纷化解在基层,把地方性治理规范融入全过程人民民主,给乡镇政府公共服务能力的提升增权赋能。构建乡村治理法治体系的主要路径是:发挥基层党组织在乡村治理中的引领作用,凸显基层协商民主在乡村治理中的民主意识,强化家庭家教家风在乡村治理中的修复功能,重视新乡贤在乡村振兴中的重要作用。

社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑和实践向度

社会主义核心价值观与民法典形成相互影响、相互塑造的互构逻辑:社会主义核心价值观通过奠定思想灵魂塑造民法典的中国特色;民法典通过设定私法秩序形成社会主义核心价值观的运行规则。社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑包括德法合治的历史传统、法律和价值的耦合关系、民法典人民至上的价值旨归。社会主义核心价值观主要从立法、执法、司法、守法等不同层面融入民法典,具有宣示国家价值目标、引领社会价值取向、明确个人价值准则的重要作用。进一步厘清社会主义核心价值观融入民法典实践向度的具体方式和边界,有助于发挥社会主义核心价值观引领法治建设的重要作用。

国家金融安全视域下金融科技的风险应对与法治保障

在数字化时代,科技深度赋能金融服务的同时,也易引发国家金融安全风险,包括与传统金融活动结合、构建新型金融网络系统及新兴科技直接应用等场景。金融科技引发国家安全风险的生成机理在于,随着金融体系的中介类型增多、金融风险传导渠道增加,新金融网络体系会产生基于“关联”的风险。金融科技“破坏性创新”的特征,会从金融监管立法与实施两个方面冲击传统金融监管框架,从而加剧监管失灵。国家金融安全的法治保障亟须理论层面的反思与重构,进而形成金融科技的“动态协同”治理模式,从外层金融网络与基础设施安全、中层金融科技创新活动和内层金融服务行为三个层面,构建多层次的金融科技法治保障体系。

公共数据开放的逻辑意蕴:现状考察、问题检视与法治进路

[目的/意义]数字法治政府是与数字中国、数字社会相适应的政府治理新样态。数据要素已成为数字时代经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,而公共数据开放则是数字法治政府建设的重要议题。[方法/过程]文章选取中央及浙江、山东、贵州、广东、四川、福建、广西、海南、江西、江苏10个省份的法规政策和技术标准作为研究样本,对当前我国公共数据开放法规政策体系进行考察,并在此基础上检视数据开放中存在的问题。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共数据开放存在内涵边界存在不确定性、法规政策体系存在缺口、行政法治制度供给欠缺、公民数据权利保障机制尚未成熟等问题。为此,应明确公共数据概念界定和权属性质、完善公共数据开放法规政策体系、建构公共数据开放行政法治秩序、健全公民数据权利保障体制机制,进而将公共数据开放融入法治轨道之中。