Influence of Valve's Characteristic on Total Performance of Three Cylinders Internal Combustion Water Pump

Intenal combustion pump （ICP） is a new type power device turning the thermal energy from fuel combustion into fluid pressure energy. Three cylinders prototype has just been developed. The study on the influence of valve＇s characteristic on ICP＇s total performance will found the base for its optimum design. Based on the theoretical and testing fruits of single cylinder prototype, the performance of the valves and complete appliance of the latest is simulated. When the natural frequency of valves is approximately to the round number times of the working frequency, volumetric efficiency is seriously low. The nominal rotational speed of the prototype is nearly to the speed where the volumetric efficiency is lowest, which is harmful to the normal work of ICP, so further structure optimization of valves should be carried out. The change of volumetric efficiency has great influence on the fuel consumption rate, output flow, effective thermal efficiency, effective power, and so on, but little on output pressure.

STEADY-STATE AND IDLE OPTIMIZA-TION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

A novel steady-state optimization （SSO） of internal combustion engine （ICE） strategy is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the overall powertrain for hybrid electric vehicles, in which the ICE efficiency, the efficiencies of the electric motor （EM） and the energy storage device are all explicitly taken into account. In addition, a novel idle optimization of ICE strategy is implemented to obtain the optimal idle operating point of the ICE and corresponding optimal parking generation power of the EM using the view of the novel SSO of ICE strategy. Simulations results show that potential fuel economy improvement is achieved relative to the conventional one which only optimized the ICE efficiency by the novel SSO of ICE strategy, and fuel consumption per voltage increment decreases a lot during the parking charge by the novel idle optimization of ICE strategy.

DYNAMICS MODEL AND SIMULATION OF FLAT VALVE SYSTEM OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION WATER PUMP

The dynamics differential equations are constructed, and the initial conditions are also given. Simulation shows the following conclusions： The water pressure in cylinder has great instantaneous pulsation and phase step when outlet valve or inlet valve opens, but is more gently in other time; The volume efficiency is influenced by the output pressure slightly, and decreases as the working rotational speed increases; When the inherent frequency of the valves is integer multiple of the working frequency, the volume efficiency of system will decrease evidently.

Non-linear Torsional Vibration Characteristics of an Internal Combustion Engine Crankshaft Assembly

Crankshaft assembly failure is one of the main factors that affects the reliability and service life of engines.The linear lumped mass method,which has been universally applied to the dynamic modeling of engine crankshaft assembly,reveals obvious simulation errors.The nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a crankshaft assembly are instructionally significant to the improvement of modeling correctness.In this paper,a general expression for the non-constant inertia of a crankshaft assembly is derived based on the instantaneous kinetic energy equivalence method.The nonlinear dynamic equations of a multi-cylinder crankshaft assembly are established using the Lagrange rule considering nonlinear factors such as the non-constant inertia of reciprocating components and the structural damping of shaft segments.The natural frequency and mode shapes of a crankshaft assembly are investigated employing the eigenvector method.The forced vibration response of a diesel engine crankshaft assembly taking into account the non-constant inertia is studied using the numerical integral method.The simulation results are compared with a lumped mass model and a detailed model using the system matrix method.Results of non-linear torsional vibration analysis indicate that the additional excitation torque created by non-constant inertia activates the 2nd order rolling vibration,and the additional damping torque resulting from the non-constant inertia is the main nonlinear factor.The increased torsional angular displacement evoked by the high order excitation torque relates to the non-constant inertia.This research project is aimed at improving nonlinear dynamics theory,and the confirmed nonlinear parameters can be used for the structure design of a crankshaft assembly.

Application of non-equal interval GM(1,1)model in oil monitoring of internal combustion engine

The basic difference non-equal interval model GM(1,1) in grey theory was used to fit and forecast data series with non-equal lengths and different inertias, acquired from oil monitoring of internal combustion engines. The fitted and forecasted results show that the length or inertia of a sequence affects its precision very much, i.e. the bigger the inertia of a sequence is, or the shorter the length of a series is, the less the errors of fitted and forecasted results are. Based on the research results, it is suggested that short series should be applied to be fitted and forecasted; for longer series, the newer datum should be applied instead of the older datum to be analyzed by non- equalinterval GM(1,1) to improve the forecasted and fitted precision, and that data sequence should be verified to satisfy the conditions of grey forecasting.

NO_x emission characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine

To study the economic advantages of hydrogen internal combustion engine, an experimen- tal study was carried out using a 2.0 L port fuel-injected （PFI） hydrogen internal combustion engine. Influences of fuel-air equivalence ratio φ, speed, and ignition advance angle on heat efficiency were determined. Test results showed that indicated thermal efficiency （ ITE ） firstly increased with fuel- air equivalence ratio, achieved the maximum value of 40. 4% （ φ = 0.3 ）, and then decreased when was more than 0. 3. ITE increased as speed rises. Mechanical efficiency increased as fuel-air equiva- lence ratio increased, whereas mechanical efficiency decreased as speed increased, with maximum mechanical efficiency reaching 90%. Brake thermal efficiency （BTE） was influenced by ITE and me- chanical efficiency, at the maximum value of 35% （φ =0.5, 2 000 r/min）. The optimal ignition ad- vance angle of each condition resulting in the maximum BTE was also studied. With increasing fuel- air equivalence ratio, the optimal ignition angle became closer to the top dead center （ TDC ）. The test results and the conclusions exhibited a guiding role on hydrogen internal combustion engine opti- mization.

Research on Simulation and Prediction of Internal Combustion Engine Structural Acoustic Radiation

With the purpose of efficiently predicting structural radiated noise of internal combustion engine（I.C.E.）,a new simulation technique is introduced,which is an approach based on boundary element method （BEM）,acoustic transfer vector（ATV） technique and coupled boundary element model and finite element model （BEM-FEM） approach.Analyses of vibration exciting loads,computing structural dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses have led to theoretical results,which are tested on an L6 diesel engine to validate this proposed technique in engineering practice.

Research and Application of Internal Combustion Coal-Oxygen Burner for Fluxing in EAF

The investigation shows that using internal combustion coal-oxygen burner for the intensification of melting in EAF is feasible.Internal combustion coal-oxygen burner is better than external combustion coal-oxygen burner in the performance and energy saving of the process.Electrical consumption is decreased by 40 kW ? h/t,melting time is shortened by 18 min.The application of internal combustion coal-oxygen burner has a significant effect on decreasing EAF energy consumption.

Improvement on Performances of Internal Combustion Engine Using the Technology of Ceramic Coating

This paper introduces a new technology of using ceramic coating on piston rings of an internal combustion engine, and the comparison of mechanical efficiency and performances of an actual engine before and after the application of ceramic coating on the piston rings. The experimental results show that the mechanical efficiency and power output are enhanced by 4% and 2.6%, respectively, with fuel consumption reduced by (2.9%.) Further studies on coating processing and coating materials as well as the reliability and durability will be of great significance in the application and popularization of the new technology.

Establishment of a CouplingModel for the Prediction of Heat Dissipation of the Internal Combustion Engine Based on Finite Element

The aerodynamics and heat transfer performance in the rear-mounted automobile cabin have an important influence on the engine’s safety and the operational stability of the automobile.The article uses STARCCM and GT-COOL software to establish the 3D wind tunnel model and engine cooling system model of the internal combustion engine.At the same time,we established a 3D artificial coupling model through parameter transfer.The research results show that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with the increase of the comprehensive drag coefficient of the nacelle.This shows that the cabin flow field has an important influence on the heat transfer coefficient.Themainstream temperature rise of the engine room increases with the increase of the engine load.It is proved that vehicle speed affects the amount of heat dissipation of the engine room internal combustion engine under certain load conditions.The article provides a more effective and fast calculation method for the research on the heat dissipation of the internal combustion engine and the optimization of the cooling system equipment.

Fault Identification of Internal Combustion Engine based on Support Vector Machine and Fuzzy Neural Network

The internal combustion engine is the main power source of current large⁃scale machinery and equipment.Overhaul and maintenance of its faults are important conditions for ensuring the safe and stable operation of machinery and equipment,and the identification of faults is a prerequisite.Therefore,the fault identification of internal combustion engines is one of the important directions of current research.In order to further improve the accuracy of the fault recognition of internal combustion engines,this paper takes a certain type of internal combustion engine as the research object,and constructs a support vector machine and a fuzzy neural network fault recognition model.The binary tree multi⁃class classification algorithm is used to determine the priority,and then the fuzzy neural network is verified.The feasibility of the model is proved through experiments,which can quickly identify the failure of the internal combustion engine and improve the failure processing efficiency.

Energy Management Optimization Based on Aging Adaptive Functional State Model of Battery for Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

This paper presents an energy management optimization system based on an adaptive functional state model of battery aging for internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs).First,the functional characteristics of batteries in ICEVs are investigated.Then,an adaptive functional state model is proposed to represent battery aging throughout the entire battery service life.A battery protection scheme is developed,including over-discharge and graded over-current protection to improve battery safety.A model-based energy management strategy is synthesized to comprehensively optimize fuel economy,battery life preservation,and vehicle performance.The performance of the proposed scheme was examined under comprehensive test scenarios based on field and bench tests.The results show that the proposed energy management algorithm can effectively improve fuel economy.

Fluid dynamic modeling of junctions in internal combustion engine inlet and exhaust systems

The modeling of inlet and exhaust systems of internal combustion engine is very important in order to evaluate the engine performance.This paper presents new pressure losses models which can be included in a one dimensional engine simulation code.In a first part,a CFD analysis is made in order to show the importance of the density in the modeling approach.Then,the CFD code is used,as a numerical test bench,for the pressure losses models development.These coefficients depend on the geometrical characteristics of the junction and an experimental validation is made with the use of a shock tube test bench.All the models are then included in the engine simulation code of the laboratory.The numerical calculation of unsteady compressible flow,in each pipe of the inlet and exhaust systems,is made and the calculated engine torque is compared with experimental measurements.

Assessments on emergy and greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine automobiles and electric automobiles in the USA

Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine(ICE)and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime.The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated.The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed.Based on the current results,the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48 E+07 kg CO2-e which is320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles.The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process,respectively.Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54 E+17 and 2.20 E+17 sej,respectively.Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI.To the authors’knowledge,it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering.It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.

Comparison of different techniques for time-frequency analysis of internal combustion engine vibration signals

In this study,we report an analysis of cylinder head vibration signals at a steady engine speed using short-time Fourier transform(STFT).Three popular time-frequency analysis techniques,i.e.,STFT,analytic wavelet transform(AWT) and S transform(ST),have been examined.AWT and ST are often applied in engine signal analyses.In particular,an AWT expression in terms of the quality factor Q and an analytical relationship between ST and AWT have been derived.The time-frequency resolution of a Gaussian function windowed STFT was studied via numerical simulation.Based on the simulation,the empirical limits for the lowest distinguishable frequency as well as the time and frequency resolutions were determined.These can provide insights for window width selection,spectrogram interpretation and artifact identification.Gaussian function windowed STFTs were applied to some cylinder head vibration signals.The spectrograms of the same signals from ST and AWT were also determined for comparison.The results indicate that the uniform resolution feature of STFT is not necessarily a disadvantage for time-frequency analysis of vibration signals when the engine is in stationary state because it can more accurately localize the frequency components excited by transient excitations without much loss of time resolution.

A new modeling approach of pressure waves at the inlet of internal combustion engines

This paper presents a new model used to describe the propagation of pressure waves at the inlet systems of internal combustion engine. In the first part, an analogy is made between the compressible air in a pipe and a mechanical ideal mass damper spring system. A new model is then presented and the parameters of this model are determined by the use of an experimental setup (shock tube test bench). With this model, a transfer function is defined in order to link directly the pressure and the air mass flow rate. In the second part, the model is included into an internal combustion engine simulation code. The results obtained with this code are compared to experimental ones which are measured on a one-cylinder engine test bench. This last one is driven by an electric motor in order to study only the effect of the pressure waves on the engine behavior. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the numerical ones and the new approach is an alternative method for modeling the pressure wave phenomena in an internal combustion engine manifold.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of a Microscale Internal Combustion Swing Engine(MICSE)

In this paper,the operation characteristics of a microscale internal combustion swing engine(MICSE)were investigated experimentally and numerically.The energy flow path of MICSE was comprehensively analyzed based on the first law of thermodynamics.The accuracy of zero-dimensional model was verified by experiments.The indicative thermal efficiency of the engine increases first and then decreases with the increase of equivalent ratio or ignition advance angle.The results show that there exists an optimum equivalent ratio and ignition advance angle during operation.The maximum efficiency of the engine reaches 12.5%when the equivalent ratio and ignition advance angle are 0.8 and−0.553,respectively.MICSE can operate normally when the equivalent ratio is greater than 0.6.The peak value of net heat release rate lags behind that of pressure change,which is different from the conventional crank engine.Experimental and simulation results show that the leakage of MICSE is serious,and it is the main loss of MICSE.The order of energy terms is as follows:leakage loss>exhaust loss>heat loss>indicative work.

Internal Combustion Engine as a New Source for Enhancing Distribution System Resilience

Enhancing distribution system resilience is a new challenge for researchers.Supplying distribution loads,especially the residential customers and high-priority loads after disasters,is vital for this purpose.In this paper,the internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles are firstly introduced as valuable backup energy sources in the aftermath of disasters and the use of this technology is explained.Then,the improvement of distribution system resilience is investigated through supplying smart residential customers and injecting extra power to the main grid.In this method,it is assumed that the infrastructure of distribution system is partially damaged(common cases)and it can be restored in less than one day.The extra power of residential customer can be delivered to other loads.A novel formulation for increasing the injected power of the smart home to the main grid using ICE vehicles is proposed.Moreover,the maximum backup duration in case of extensive damages in the distribution system is calculated for some commercial ICE vehicles.In this case,the smart home cannot deliver extra energy to the main grid because of its survivability.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for increasing backup power during power outages.It is also shown that ICE vehicles can supply residential customers for a reasonable amount of time during a power outage.

Effects of Vessel and Water Temperatures on Direct Injection in Internal Combustion Rankine Cycle Engines

This study focused on the effects of vessel and water temperatures on direct injection in internal combustion Rankine cycle engines through experimental and numerical methods.First,a study was carried out with schlieren photography using a high-speed camera for simultaneous liquid–gas diagnoses.Water was directly injected into a constant-volume vessel that provided stable boundaries.We wrote a MATLAB program to calculate spray tip penetration and cone angle from the images.For the further extension of boundary conditions,a numerical model was established and calibrated in AVL-FIRE for the thorough analysis of injection characteristics.Both experimental and numerical results indicated that injection and vessel temperatures have different effects on spray tip penetration.An increase in injected water temperature leads to shorter spray tip penetration,while the spray tip penetration increases with increasing vessel temperature.However,increased injection and vessel temperatures can both decrease the spray cone angle.Moreover,the simulation results also suggested that heat conduction is a main factor in boosting evaporation under top dead center conditions.When the internal energy of water parcels surges,these parcels evaporate immediately.These results are helpful and crucial for internal combustion engines equipped with direct water injection technology.