Effects of Internal Control System Deficiency on Contractors＇ Infrastructural Development Capability in the Nigerian Public Sector

Infrastructure development in Nigeria has attracted the attention of researchers in view of the attitudes of contractors and government lead-lag role playing. These attitudes led to the enactment of Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 and Public Procurement Act 2007 to reduce internal control system deficiencies and budget indiscipline in the Nigerian public sector fiscal matters and procurement process. Ironically, despite these efforts, infrastructure development is still a problem affecting the lives of Nigerians as their poverty level is on the increase. This paper tests the effects of internal control system deficiency on contractors＇ capability in infrastructure development in the Nigerian public sector. Data drawn from a sample of 228 infrastructures were used for analysis. Two research questions on contractors＇ fiduciary obligation to government and capacity were analysed. Kendall＇s Tau-br correlation of coefficient and Chi-square X^2 statistics were employed for data analysis. Findings show that deficient internal control system strongly and directly breeds deficiency in the contractors＇ capability for infrastructure development. The paper recommends that oath of bribery should complement oath of secrecy to ensure that contractors and government agencies that are responsible for execution of infrastructure play to the rules of the ＂games＂, especially the provisions of Public Procurement Act 2007 and Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007. Public-private-partnership-initiative, such as build-operate and transfer method of contracting, should be encouraged to improve on contractors＇ capability and stewardship.

Integration of strategy, budgetary management and internal control system： A case of Sinochem Corporation

How budgetary management as a tool for planning and controlling of business operations is aligned with strategy and internal control system may not be problematic to American firms but is the most challengeable to large corporations in China. The case of Sinochem Corporation demonstrates the ways that budgetary management is linked with 3-year strategic planning at corporate level via yearly operating plans at business levels, and that budgets are integrated with internal control system into a device of task control to monitor whether business operations are on the track toward strategy. It is learned from the case that Chinese corporations have initiated different practices than American firms in solving the same issues.

Fraud in Businesses and Internal Control System

This study, based on the literature, stresses the effectiveness of internal control systems for the prevention, to a reasonable extent, of fraudulent practices that cause resource loss in business. In this context, the key concepts related to fraud and internal control systems are presented first. After the introduction, the relation between fraud and internal control systems is elaborated, and the method for establishing an effective internal control system which is needed to detect and prevent fraud is explained. As for the conclusion, the study connects the effectiveness of the internal control system with the effectiveness of the elements which compose the system, and provides some suggestions for increasing the efficacy of the elements which compose the system, such as control environment, risk analysis, information-communication, control activities, and monitoring.

On Improving the Internal Control System of Enterprises

As a self-adjusted and self-constrained inherent mechanism, the Internal Control plays a extremely important role in the operation and management of enterprise. It＇s setting-up and putting into practice concerns the success or failure of the business directly. The author proposes some views from government, social intermediary organizes and enterprise three respects to improve Internal Control of the enterprise.

Internal phase control of fiber laser array based on photodetector array

Coherent beam combining(CBC) of fiber laser array is a promising technique to realize high output power while maintaining near diffraction-limited beam quality. To implement CBC, an appropriate phase control feedback structure should be established to realize phase-locking. In this paper, an innovative internal active phase control CBC fiber laser array based on photodetector array is proposed. The dynamic phase noises of the laser amplifiers are compensated before being emitted into free space. And the static phase difference compensation of emitting laser array is realized by interference measurement based on photodetector array. The principle of the technique is illustrated and corresponding simulations are carried out, and a CBC system with four laser channels is built to verify the technique. When the phase controllers are turned on, the phase deviation of the laser array is less than λ/20, and ~ 95% fringe contrast of the irradiation distribution is obtained. The technique proposed in this paper could provide a reference for the system design of a massive high-power CBC system.

Analysis of Internal Control Management Problems in Hospital Finance and Accounting

This paper outlines the internal control management of hospital accounting and finance,introducing its concept,importance,and objectives.It then analyzes the problems existing in the internal control management of hospital accounting and finance,including an unsound management system,insufficient system implementation,inadequate risk assessment and control capabilities,poor information communication,weak internal supervision,and uneven personnel quality.The reasons for these problems are also analyzed,including outdated management concepts,irrational organizational structures,imperfect training and incentive mechanisms,low levels of information technology,and changes in the external environment.This paper proposes improvement measures for the internal control management of hospital accounting,including enhancing the management system,strengthening system implementation,improving risk assessment and control capabilities,enhancing the information communication mechanism,strengthening internal supervision,improving personnel quality,advancing information technology,and adapting to changes in the external environment.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Monetary Capital Internal Control in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)constitute the primary drivers of production within the nation’s existing enterprise landscape.They represent the most dynamic segment of the national economy and play a pivotal role in supporting economic growth,fostering employment,and enhancing people’s livelihoods.However,despite their significant and extensive organizational structures,only a fraction of these companies have established internal control systems,and even fewer possess robust ones.Building upon this premise and considering the prevailing circumstances of SMEs,this paper undertakes an empirical analysis of monetary fund management within this sector.It delves into the operational intricacies,exploring how monetary funds should be effectively implemented to ensure their safety and integrity.Furthermore,it proposes viable strategies to enhance the circulation efficiency of monetary funds,thereby maximizing benefits for enterprises.Addressing these challenges is crucial for SME managers striving to achieve sustainable profit growth and navigate the complexities of financial management.

Internal Control Management and Risk Prevention Measures of State-Owned Enterprises

As an important pillar of national economic development,state-owned enterprises,their operational efficiency,and risk management ability are directly related to the stability and security of the national economy.As an important part of enterprise management,internal control management plays an irreplaceable role.Especially in the current domestic and international economic situation is complex and changeable,market competition is increasingly fierce environment,to strengthen the internal control management of state-owned enterprises and risk prevention measures is particularly important.This paper starts with the importance of internal control management and risk prevention for state-owned enterprises,and analyzes the problems and strategies in the internal control management and risk prevention of state-owned enterprises,in order to build a more comprehensive and efficient risk management system for state-owned enterprises to adapt to the ever-changing market environment and realize sustainable development.

A Study on the Internal Control and Countermeasures of Fixed Assets in Private Universities:A Case Study of N College

Fixed assets in universities occupy an important position in university management due to their wide coverage and large amount of money.Due to insufficient funding supply,private universities mainly focus on the allocation and utilization of fixed assets,which reflects the overall characteristics of cautious allocation,maximum utilization,and delayed elimination in the actual management of fixed assets.This article aims to conduct research and analysis on the entire lifecycle process of the allocation,use,and disposal of fixed assets in private universities,summarize the problems existing in the internal control of fixed assets in private universities,and propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions in a targeted manner.

Enterprise Internal Control Based on Risk Management with Moutai Group as an Example

Focusing on the two themes of"internal control"and"risk management",this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the current situation of risk management and internal control of Moutai Group.It analyzes the current situation of risk management and internal control of Moutai Group.It is found that the risk management of Moutai Group is not perfect,the information exchange is not smooth,and the internal control assessment is not perfect.Finally,it puts forward some corresponding countermeasures,including establishing an effective information communication mechanism,perfecting the risk assessment system,and strengthening the construction of the professional talent team.

Modified Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Internal Model Control for Non-Square Systems with Multiple Time Delays

A modified two-degrees-of-freedom( M-TDOF) internal model control( IMC) method is proposed for non-square systems with multiple time delays and right-half-plane( RHP) zeros. In this method,pseudo-inverse is introduced to design the internal model controller,and a desired closed-loop transfer function is designed to eliminate the unrealizable factors of the derived controller. In addition,set-point tracking and load-disturbance rejection of each process are separately controlled by two controllers. The simulation results show that in addition to high decoupling performance and robustness,the proposed control method also effectively improves loaddisturbance rejection and simultaneously optimizes the input tracking performance and disturbance rejection performance by selecting the parameters of controllers. Furthermore,the higher tolerance of model mismatch is achieved in this paper.

Design of active disturbance rejection internal model control strategy for SISO system with time delay process

A novel control scheme of active disturbance rejection internal model control(ADRIMC) is proposed to improve the anti-interference ability and robustness for the dead-time process. The active anti-interference concept is introduced into the internal model control(IMC) by analyzing the relationship between IMC and disturbance observer control(DOB). Further, a design process of disturbance filter is presented to realize the active anti-interference ability for ADRIMC scheme. The disturbance filter is used to estimate an equivalent disturbance consisting of both external disturbances and internal disturbances caused by model mismatches.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses a good disturbance rejection performance, though losing some partial dynamic performance. In other words, the proposed method shows a tradeoff between the dynamic performance and the system robust.

Study of Strategic Management Oriented Enterprise Internal Control

Strategic management oriented enterprise internal control is an inevitable choice after the enterprise develops to a certain scale,and it is also an important starting point for enterprises to adjust their own strategic layout and resource allocation.With the continuous expansion of the scope of internal control supervision,the traditional mode of internal control supervision has become more and more restricted.In view of this,the present study started from the necessity of internal control supervision from the overall and top-level perspectives,and analyzed the current problems in the internal control of enterprises from the perspective of strategic management.The problems include the lack of methods and tools of strategic management,insufficient awareness of strategic risk management,insufficient expansion of internal control objects,insufficient prior intervention in internal control supervision,etc.Finally,it came up with the idea of constructing strategic enterprise internal control,in order to provide an effective reference for the study of enterprise internal control.

Hybrid internal model control and proportional control of chaotic dynamical systems

A new chaos control method is proposed to take advantage of chaos or avoid it. The hybrid Internal Model Control and Proportional Control learning scheme are introduced. In order to gain the desired robust performance and ensure the system's stability, Adaptive Momentum Algorithms are also developed. Through properly designing the neural network plant model and neural network controller, the chaotic dynamical systems are controlled while the parameters of the BP neural network are modified. Taking the Lorenz chaotic system as example, the results show that chaotic dynamical systems can be stabilized at the desired orbits by this control strategy.

Electrostatic Suspension System Nonlinear Character Analysis and Its Internal Model Control

Nonlinearity is an important characteristic in electrostatic suspension system (ESS). This paper concludes the nonlinear parts in ESS, which generally result from the relationships between rotor displacement and capacitance, rotor displacement and electrostatic force, and control voltage and electrostatic force. In terms of the nonlinearities, a new control method with modified internal model control (IMC) was proposed to analyze the ESS, deduce the transfer function of the modified IMC controller in ESS, and simulate this new application in ESS. Comparing with proportional integral derivative (PID) control, IMC has only a parameter, and has better performance. As a result, IMC solves nonlinearity error well in ESS with only one uncertain parameter, and performs well when the rotor has large displacement.

Synthetical Control of AGC/LPC System Based on Neural Networks Internal Model Control

One synthetical control method of AGC/LPC system based on intelligence control theory-neural networks internal model control method is presented. Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the parameters of the neural networks. Simulation results prove that this method is effective.

Governmental Support and Internal Control in Tourism Sector in Portugal

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the operational risk of organizations,requiring its management through Internal Control Systems(ICS).The tourism sector in Portugal,one of the largest and most competitive,was also one of the most affected by the pandemic,which emerged in March 2020.The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the perception of tourism managers about the relationship between the existence of internal control and risk mitigation in their companies.We present a quantitative study carried out by questionnaire,sent to 830 managers from tourism companies in the region of Porto,Portugal.Most participants consider crucial the implementation of ICS and a competitive advantage in the current pandemic context.They also consider that the implementation of ICS is not accessible to all companies,but its absence does not necessarily make them more fragile.The study also concludes that besides internal control,the role of the Portuguese Government was crucial to overcome the difficulties caused by the pandemic and to ensure companies’recovery.Financial support from the government allows companies to invest in procedures to overcome the pandemic situation,such as strengthening cleanliness measures,focusing on new technologies,and creating products and/or services more attractive to consumers.This study contributes to the perception of tourism managers about internal control,highlight the need to implement risk analysis routines to manage risks that may threaten the company activities,and highlight the government’s role in business recovery.

Contemporary Values of Confucianism and the Effectiveness of Internal Control in Corporate Management:Compatibility between Management Culture and Systems in Chinese Enterprises

Based on data from China’s A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017,this paper examines the influence of the contemporary values of Confucianism,namely benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,and fidelity on the effectiveness of internal control.It indicates a significant positive correlation between the contemporary values of Confucianism and the effectiveness of internal control.Furthermore,this positive influence is noticeable in family-owned businesses but is unobserved in foreign-invested enterprises in China.In addition,the contemporary values of Confucianism enhance internal control quality through two pathways:promotion incentives and corporate reputation.In regions with lower degrees of openness,lower levels of rule of law and slower marketization,or in companies facing operational crises,the contemporary values of Confucianism have a more pronounced effect on enhancing the effectiveness of internal control.The contemporary values of Confucianism have strengthened the ability of internal control to decrease agency costs and mitigate the negative influence of internal control on risk-taking.

Multi-loop Internal Model Controller Design Based on a Dynamic PLS Framework

In this paper,a multi-loop internal model control(IMC) scheme in conjunction with feed-forward strategy based on the dynamic partial least squares(DyPLS) framework is proposed.Unlike the traditional methods to decouple multi-input multi-output(MIMO) systems,the DyPLS framework automatically decomposes the MIMO process into a multi-loop system in the PLS subspace in the modeling stage.The dynamic filters with identical structure are used to build the dynamic PLS model,which retains the orthogonality among the latent variables.To address the model mismatch problem,an off-line least squares method is applied to obtain a set of optimal filter parameters in each latent space.Without losing the merits of model-based control,a simple and easy-tuned IMC structure is readily carried over to the dynamic PLS control framework.In addition,by projecting the measurable disturbance into the latent subspace,a multi-loop feed-forward control is yielded to achieve better performance for disturbance rejection.Simulation results of a distillation column are used to further demonstrate this new strategy outperforms conventional control schemes in servo behavior and disturbance rejection.

Validation of housekeeping genes as internal controls for studying the gene expression in Pyropia haitanensis(Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by quantitative real-time PCR

Pyropia haitanensis is an economically important mariculture crop in China and has a high research value for several life phenomena, for example environmental tolerance. To explore the mechanisms underlying these characteristics, gene expression has been investigated at the whole transcriptome level. Gene expression studies using quantitative real-time PCR should start by selecting an appropriate internal control gene; therefore, the absolute expression abundance of six housekeeping genes （18S rRNA （18S）, ubiquitin-conju-ating enzyme （UBC）, actin （ACT）, β-tubulin （TUB）, elongation factors 2 （EF2）, and glyceraldehyde-3-phos- phate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） examined by the quantitative real-time PCR in samples corresponding to different strains, life-cycle stages and abiotic stress treatments. Their expression stabilities were assessed by the comparative cycle threshold （Ct） method and by two different software packages： geNorm and NormFinder. The most stable housekeeping gene is UBC and the least stable housekeeping is GADPH. Thus, it is proposed that the most appropriate internal control gene for expression analyses in P. haitanensis is UBC. The results pave the way for further gene expression analyses of different aspects of P. haitanensis biology including different strains, life-history stages and abiotic stress responses.