Linking 24-h Movement Behavior Guidelines to Cognitive Difficulties,Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Preterm Youth

Background:Given the heightened risk of developmental challenges associated with preterm birth,it is crucial to explore interventions that may ameliorate potential adverse outcomes.This study aimed to examine whether meeting the 24-h movement behavior(24-HMB)guidelines,which include recommendations on physical activity(PA),screen time(ST),and sleep(SL),is related to indicators of cognitive difficulties,internalizing problems(e.g.,depression and anxiety),and externalizing problems(e.g.,difficulties in making friends and arguing)in a sample of preterm youth(children and adolescents born preterm).Methods:In this cross-sectional study,data from 3410 preterm youth(aged 6 to 17 years)were included for data analyses.Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate associations between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and the above-mentioned health outcomes,while controlling for sociodemographic and health-related factors.Results:The prevalence of meeting 24-HMB guidelines varied across independent and integrated components of the 24-HMB guidelines.Meeting the ST guideline alone(p<0.05)and integrated guidelines(i.e.,ST+SL and ST+SL+PA)were associated with fewer cognitive difficulties and reduced internalizing and externalizing problems(p<0.05).Specifically,meeting the SL guideline alone and integrated guidelines(i.e.,SL+ST)were associated with lower odds of depression and anxiety(p<0.01).Additionally,meeting independent,and integrated(PA and/or ST)guidelines were associated with less pronounced difficulties in making friends and arguing(p<0.05).Meeting 24-HMB guidelines in an isolated and integrated manner are linked to better cognitive performance and fewer internalizing and externalizing problems in preterm youth.Conclusion:Results suggest that advocating for the implementation of the 24-HMB guidelines may reduce cognitive challenges and behavioral issues,which is of high relevance for improving public health.Future longitudinal studies in preterm youth should investigate how modifying specific 24-HMB behaviors,especially ST,influence cognitive difficulties,internalizing and externalizing problems in this vulnerable population.

An Efficient Three-Dimensional Coupled Normal Mode Model and Its Application to Internal Solitary Wave Problems

We present an efficient three-dimensional coupled-mode model based on the Fourier synthesis technique. In principle, this model is a one-way model, and hence provides satisfactory accuracy for problems where the forward scattering dominates. At the same time, this model provides an efficiency gain of an order of magnitude or more over two-way coupled-mode models. This model can be applied to three-dimensional range-dependent problems with a slowly varying bathymetry or internal waves. A numerical example of the latter is demonstrated in this work. Comparisons of both accuracy and efficiency between the present model and a benchmark model are also provided.

Representation of Specific Diagnosis for Low Back Pain Using the 11^(th) Revision of International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Perspectives of Conventional Medicine and Traditional Medicine

Background:The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD-11)was released on June 18,2018,by the World Health Organization and will come into effect on January 1,2022.Apart from the chapters on the classification of diseases in the conventional medicine(CM),a new chapter,traditional medicine(TM)conditions–Module 1,was added.Low back pain(LBP)is one of the common reasons for the physician visits.The classification codes for LBP in the ICD-11 are vital to documenting accurate clinical diagnoses.Methods:The qualitative case study method was adopted.The secondary use data for 100 patients were randomly selected using the ICD-11 online interface to find the classification codes for both the CM section and the TM Conditions–Module 1(TM1)section for LBP diagnosis.Results:Of the 27 codes obtained from the CM section,six codes were not relevant to LBP,whereas the other 21 codes represented diagnoses of LBP and its related diseases or syndromes.In the TM1 section,six codes for different patterns and disorders represented the diagnoses for LBP from the TM perspective.Conclusion:This study indicates that specific diagnoses of LBP can be represented by the combination of CM classification codes and TM1 classification codes in the ICD-11;the CM codes represent specific and accurate clinical diagnoses for LBP,whereas the TM1 codes add more accuracy to the diagnoses of different patterns from the TM perspective.