The benefits and caveats of international nurse migration

Worldwide,there is a dramatic shortage of nurses.An increase in the migration of nurses from their home countries to recipient countries is having a global effect on the healthcare system.This global phenomenon stems from historical,economical,social,and political factors.Migration has a significant impact on both the individual and national level.This article summarizes the factors that contribute to nurse migration form the perspective of the source and recipient countries.Additionally,the impacts and issues surrounding nurse migration were also analyzed.

International Seminar on Labour Migration in Rural China

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Social and Economic Considerations for Creating Sustainable Climate Change Haven Communities

As Climate Change Haven Communities are constructed across the Northern Hemisphere, it will be necessary to attract two types of migrants to populate them. The first group consists of professionals and companies in eco-sustainable businesses, such as law firms, insurance companies, investment firms, banking, technological innovation, mass media, medical research and pharmaceutical research. The second group will consist of persons engaged in organic/eco-sustainable agriculture whose crops and animal husbandry practices can be transferred successfully to Climate Change Haven regions. The present research focuses on the social and economic variables that must be taken into account to insure that each new Climate Change Haven Community becomes successfully integrated with the local population and forms a cohesive, harmonious social structure. Examples are given from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.

Catalysts or Barriers?The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Internal Labor Migration in China

This paper discusses ways in which negative economic shocks captured by natural disasters can shape internal labor migration in China.The impact of negative economic shocks on migration depends on the combination of two opposite driving forces:(i)negative economic shocks can make staying in the affected area less profitable,thus enhancing returns to migration;(ii)the shocks can make it more difficult to migrate out,thus inducing a higher fixed cost of migration.Based on a nationwide dataset of China,this paper shows that when natural disasters were not severe,they caused migration out of rural areas.With sufficiently severe damage,however,the negative effect of natural disasters could be mitigated by villages'prior migrant networks.Specifically,with a severe shock,only clan members were able to migrate in response to natural disasters and enjoyed the complementary effects of prior migrant networks,as they could receive more help from social capital.

Sediment mathematical model for sand ridges and sand waves

A new theoretical model is formulated to describe internal movement mechanisms of the sand ridges and sand waves based on the momentum equation of a solid-liquid two-phase flow under a shear flow. Coupling this equation with two-dimensional shallow water equations and wave reflection-diffraction equation of mild slope, a two-dimensional coupling model is established and a validation is carried out by observed hydrogeology, tides,waves and sediment. The numerical results are compared with available observations. Satisfactory agreements are achieved. This coupling model is then applied to the Dongfang 1-1 Gas Field area to quantitatively predict the movement and evolution of submarine sand ridges and sand waves. As a result, it is found that the sand ridges and sand waves movement distance increases year by year, but the development trend is stable.

The relationship of internal migration and depressive symptoms as well as its mechanisms:evidence from China

An increasing interest has been focused on the association of internal migration with depressive symptoms in China.However,very few of those studies investigated the possible mechanisms underlying that association.This study aims to examine the relationship between internal migration and depressive symptoms and various mechanisms behind this relationship among Chinese middle-aged and older adults.The data was drawn from the national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)2011.The depressive symptoms were defined by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D-10).Within the broader definition of internal migration,we divided migration status into multiple types based on individuals’hukou information.Structural equation models(SEMs)were adopted to examine the association between different types of migration and depressive symptoms and disaggregate the relationship between internal migration and depressive symptoms into direct and mediation pathways.After considering selection features related to migration processes,we found strong relationships between multiple types of internal migration and depressive symptoms.Compared with rural non-migrants,rural-to-urban migrants with urban hukou,urban-to-urban migrants,and urban non-migrants had fewer depressive symptoms(β=-0.75,95%CI:-1.02,-0.49;β=-1.21,95%CI:-1.68,-0.73;andβ=-0.39,95%CI:-0.49,-0.29,respectively).Post-migration experiences,such as living conditions,household income per capita and social participation,mediated the relationship between internal migration and depressive symptoms.These findings of the mechanisms underlying the link between internal migration and depressive symptoms offer evidence for developing mental health interventions for migrants during the rapid progress of urbanization in China.

China between Economic Growth and Mass Immigration

In order to continue along its path of sustained economic growth, China will need, probably in just a few years, certainly after 2030, an extremely high number of immigrants. This conclusion, which contrasts with a recent World Bank scenario suggesting that the decline in labor supply due to demographic trends can be faced with sustained growth in productivity, is based upon a demand-driven model of migration. Moreover, according to the same model, the decline infertility （and the one ehild policy that has been partially responsible for it） will end up provoking immigration flows above replacement level. The working age population and the total population will continue to increase, and China will remain the most populous country on the planet. The last part of the paper surveys the policies that China could adopt to reduce its structural need for foreign labor.

New Trends in Internal Migration in China： Profiles of the New-generation Migrants

Three decades since the first wave of rural-urban migration, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of internal migration in China. The present paper comprehensively explores the profiles of the new generation of migrant workers in urban China. We find that the ＂new generation＂ migrants are more educated and skilled, and are likely to work in manufacturing and service industries than in the construction industry. Moreover, they tend to allocate more time to non-farm activities and have more months away from home per year in urban areas. In contrast to their predecessors, they tend to migrate to urban areas with their spouses, consume more in urban areas and send less money back home. Our findings suggest that the differences in features between the new generation of rural migrants and urban residents have become smaller and the integration of rural migrants into urban China has taken place gradually.

Spatial inequality, characteristics of internal migration, and pulmonary tuberculosis in China, 2011–2017: a spatial analysis

Background: Human migration facilitate the spread of tuberculosis(TB).Migrants face an increased risk of TB infection.In this study,we aim to explore the spatial inequity of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB(SS+PTB)in China;and the spatial heterogeneity between SS+PTB and internal migration.Methods:: Notified SS+PTB cases in 31 provinces in China's Mainland were obtained from the national web-based PTB surveillance system database.Internal migrant data were extracted from the report on China’s migrant population development.Spatial autocorrelations were explored using the global Moran’s statistic and local indicators of spatial association.The spatial variation in temporal trends was performed using Kulldorff’s scan statistic.Fixed effect and spatial autoregressive models were used to explore the spatial inequity between SS+PTB and internal migration.Results: A total of 2380233 SS+PTB cases were reported in China between 2011 and 2017,of which,1716382(72.11%)were male and 663851(27.89%)were female.Over 70%of internal migrants were from rural households and had lower income and less education.The spatial variation in temporal trend results showed that there was an 9.9%average annual decrease in the notification rate of SS+PTB from 2011 to 2017;and spatial clustering of SS+PTB cases was mainly located in western and southern China.The spatial autocorrelation results revealed spatial clustering of internal migration each year(2011–2017),and the clusters were stable within most provinces.Internal emigration,urban-to-rural migration and GDP per capita were significantly associated with SS+PTB,further,internal emigration could explain more variation in SS+PTB in the eastern region in mainland.However,internal immigration and rural-to-urban migration were not significantly associated with SS+PTB across China.Conclusions: Our study found the spatial inequity between SS+PTB and internal migration.Internal emigration,urban-to-rural migration and GDP per capita were statistically associated with SS+PTB;the negative association was identified between internal emigration,urban-to-rural migration and SS+PTB.Further,we found those migrants with lower income and less education,and most of them were from rural households.These findings can help stakeholders to implement effective PTB control strategies for areas at high risk of PTB and those with high rates of internal migration.

The association between internal migration and pulmonary tuberculosis in China,2005–2015:a spatial analysis

Background:Internal migration places individuals at high risk of contracting tuberculosis(TB).However,there is a scarcity of national-level spatial analyses regarding the association between TB and internal migration in China.In our research,we aimed to explore the spatial variation in cases of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB(SS+PTB)in China;and the associations between SS+PTB,internal migration,socioeconomic factors,and demographic factors in the country between 2005 and 2015.Methods:Reported cases of SS+PTB were obtained from the national PTB surveillance system database;cases were obtained at the provincial level.Internal migration data were extracted from the national population sampling survey and the census.Spatial autocorrelations were explored using the global Moran’s statistic and local indicators of spatial association.The spatial temporal analysis was performed using Kulldorff’s scan statistic.Fixed effects regression was used to explore the association between SS+PTB and internal migration.Results:A total of 4708563 SS+PTB cases were reported in China between 2005 and 2015,of which 3376011(71.7%)were male and 1332552(28.3%)were female.There was a trend towards decreasing rates of SS+PTB notifications between 2005 and 2015.The result of global spatial autocorrelation indicated that there were significant spatial correlations between SS+PTB rate and internal migration each year(2005–2015).Spatial clustering of SS+PTB cases was mainly located in central and southern China and overlapped with the clusters of emigration.The proportions of emigrants and immigrants were significantly associated with SS+PTB.Per capita GDP and education level were negatively associated with SS+PTB.The internal migration flow maps indicated that migrants preferred neighboring provinces,with most migrating for work or business.Conclusions:This study found a significant spatial autocorrelation between SS+PTB and internal migration.Both emigration and immigration were statistically associated with SS+PTB,and the association with emigration was stronger than that for immigration.Further,we found that SS+PTB clusters overlapped with emigration clusters,and the internal migration flow maps suggested that migrants from SS+PTB clusters may influence the TB epidemic characteristics of neighboring provinces.These findings can help stakeholders to implement effective PTB control strategies for areas at high risk of PTB and those with high rates of internal migrants.

Aging and Migration： Micro and Macro Evidence from China

Post-reform China has been experiencing two major demographic changes： an increasingly aging population and an extraordinary surge of rural-urban migrants. The question we ask is： are these two demographic changes related？ If yes, then, how？ The standard view in the migration literature is that the older the migrant, the lower the likelihood of migration. This paper proposes a simple theory of temporary migration for unskilled labor to fit the context of China Motivated by our model, we then use both cross-sectional micro data and panel macro data to examine the potential impacts of aging on migration. We find that shifts in China＇s age distribution have generated significant changes in the country＇s migration patterns： migration will shift to closer provinces （probably switching from interprovincial migration to intra-provincial migration） and will concentrate to a few destination provinces.

Age Patterns of China's Repeat Migration

This study analyzes the relationship between the age of first migration and the probability of repeat migration focusing on rural to urban migrants in China.It is based on the data of the 2015 Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey(MDMS).The data shows that 52.64% of migrants had experienced repeat migration before 2015,the amount of which is huge.The empirical results indicate an inverted U-shaped connection between age of first migration and the probability of repeat migration.The probability of making repeat migration from rural to urban areas reaches its peak if an individual experienced his/her first migration at around 16 years old.The probability for repeat migration continues to increase before the age of 16 and keeps dropping afterward.Additionally,this study explores the reason for this inverse U-shaped relationship,and it finds that reasons for first migration have great impacts.Specifically,the probability of repeat migration goes up with age if an individual first migrates before age 16 and is accompanied by parents.This probability decreases with age,if an individual first migrates after or at age 16,because of work.