AIMTo evaluate Jordanian ophthalmology residency programs in achieving competencies outlined by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and residents' satisfaction with available training programs in Jord...AIMTo evaluate Jordanian ophthalmology residency programs in achieving competencies outlined by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and residents' satisfaction with available training programs in Jordan, and to highlight weakness points that may be improved and strengthened.展开更多
It is presented a State of the Art of international standards in the field of monoblock concrete sleepers design and calculation.Taking into account the fact that the Argentinian broad track gauge(1,676 mm)is differen...It is presented a State of the Art of international standards in the field of monoblock concrete sleepers design and calculation.Taking into account the fact that the Argentinian broad track gauge(1,676 mm)is different to international track gauge(1,435 mm)that is worldwide used,a comparative analysis is developed in order to evaluate the performance of internationals standards in the design of the sleepers used in Argentinian railways.Recommendations for future research are provided.展开更多
How are the winners determined in most of the events that make up the Olympic Games? Theyare,of course,the athletes who run or swim faster,jump higher,lift heavier,throw further.But how is their prowess measured? By t...How are the winners determined in most of the events that make up the Olympic Games? Theyare,of course,the athletes who run or swim faster,jump higher,lift heavier,throw further.But how is their prowess measured? By the SI (Système inter-national) International System of Units,which展开更多
Initiated by IFAN,the 3<sup>th</sup> workshop of International Federation of Standards Users (IFAN) in China was held in Shenzhen on th 12th of June.It was hosted by the China Association for
Increasing volumes of oils and fats are produced annually with a large section that are traded internationally. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) body develops international standards covering al...Increasing volumes of oils and fats are produced annually with a large section that are traded internationally. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) body develops international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing with 23,882 standards currently published. Standards in the animal and vegetable fats and oils sector is developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 11, Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Standards are developed through consensus by national members that represent ISO in their country. Each Standard is developed within a determined timeframe and goes through various pre-determined stages such as project proposal, development, national voting and commenting on the draft Standard to final publication. ISO TC34/SC11 Standards range from sampling of oils and fats, sample preparation to analysis of its composition, the minor components, and quality and identity parameters as well as contaminants. The analysis results are used by industry for product development, labelling, research and to provide peace of mind for consumers on its safety. An important future trend is the focus on the safety concerns from either environmental contamination(e.g. mineral oils) or processing contaminants such as esters of 3-MCPDs(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol).展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To formulate the first clinical practice guideline for the treatment of cough using Chinese medicine based on the grading of recommendations assessment,development,and evaluation(GRADE)systematic approach,in...OBJECTIVE:To formulate the first clinical practice guideline for the treatment of cough using Chinese medicine based on the grading of recommendations assessment,development,and evaluation(GRADE)systematic approach,including clinical evidence,evaluation of ancient literature,and expert consensus.METHODS:In the process of development,the regulation of"evidence-based,consensus-assisted,and empirical"was followed,and a comprehensive systematic approach of recommendation assessment,GRADE,evidence-based evaluation,expert consensus,and the Delphi method was used.In the process of guideline development,evidence-based evaluation of ancient literature was included for the first time,and clinical evidence was fully integrated with clinical expert consensus.RESULTS:The clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of cough with Chinese herbal medicine were developed after a comprehensive consideration of evidence-based evaluation and expert opinions.The guideline recommendations focused on recommending herbal compound decoctions and Chinese patent medicines for cough in different conditions.Based on the GRADE systematic approach,we conducted an evidence-based evaluation of the recommended Chinese patent medicines one by one;meanwhile,the expert consensus method was used to unify the recommendations of both.CONCLUSION:Based on clinical evidence,ancient literature evaluation,and expert consensus,a clinical practice guideline for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)in the treatment of cough was developed,providing the first current clinical practice guideline for domestic and foreign TCM and Western medicine practitioners,especially respiratory professionals at home and abroad.展开更多
Objective: To review the current situation and progress of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) international standards, standard projects and proposals in International Organization for Standardization(ISO)/technic...Objective: To review the current situation and progress of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) international standards, standard projects and proposals in International Organization for Standardization(ISO)/technical committee(TC) 249. Methods: ISO/TC 249 standards and standard projects on the ISO website were searched and new standard proposals information were collected from ISO/TC 249 National Mirror Committee in China. Then all the available data were summarized in 5 closely related items, including proposed time, proposed country, assigned working group(WG), current stage and classification. Results: In ISO/TC 249, there were 2 international standards, 18 standard projects and 24 new standard proposals proposed in 2014. These 44 standard subjects increased year by year since 2011. Twenty-nine of them were proposed by China, 15 were assigned to WG 4, 36 were in preliminary and preparatory stage and 8 were categorized into 4 fields, 7 groups and sub-groups based on International Classification Standards. Conclusion: A rapid and steady development of international standardization in TCM can be observed in ISO/TC 249.展开更多
As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process...As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.展开更多
This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future un...This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future unpaid losses by combining the information channels of both the incurred claims and paid losses.We propose the recovery of the empirical distribution of the outstanding claims liabilities associated with a group of contracts via moment-based density approximation.We determine the risk measures and adjustments that are compliant with the new standard using the Monte–Carlo simulation method and approximated distributions.The historical data on the aggregate Ontario automobile insurance claims over a 15-year period are analyzed to examine the appropriateness and accuracy of our approach.展开更多
Rapid online analysis of liquid slag is essential for optimizing the quality and energy efficiency of steel production. To investigate the key factors that affect the online measurement of refined slag using laser-ind...Rapid online analysis of liquid slag is essential for optimizing the quality and energy efficiency of steel production. To investigate the key factors that affect the online measurement of refined slag using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS), this study examined the effects of slag composition and temperature on the intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. The experimental temperature was controlled at three levels: 1350℃, 1400℃, and 1450℃. The results showed that slag composition and temperature significantly affected the intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. Increasing the Fe content and temperature in the slag reduces its viscosity, resulting in an enhanced intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. Additionally, 42 refined slag samples were quantitatively analyzed for Fe, Si, Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn at 1350℃, 1400℃, and 1450℃.The normalized full spectrum combined with partial least squares(PLS) quantification modeling was used, using the Ca Ⅱ 317.91 nm spectral line as an internal standard. The results show that using the internal standard normalization method can significantly reduce the influence of spectral fluctuations. Meanwhile, a temperature of 1450℃ has been found to yield superior results compared to both 1350℃ and 1400℃, and it is advantageous to conduct a quantitative analysis of the slag when it is in a “water-like” state with low viscosity.展开更多
By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translatio...By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translations of specific terms of tongue proper,such as tongue colors,forms of tongue,motilities of tongue and sublingual veins in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine and WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.From a cross-cultural perspective,this paper emphasized the significance of the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terminology,and analyzed the merits and demerits of the English translations of TCM terms related to tongue proper from 2 different books,so as to provide references for the standardization of TCM terminology.展开更多
This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and ana...This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.展开更多
The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthenin...The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthening the quality management of sugar products.This paper systematically combs the development of national standard and industrial standard of white granulated sugar,and analyzes the technical requirements such as sensory indicators,physical and chemical indicators and health indicators.From the development of China's white granulated sugar product standard,the sucrose content of the same level of white granulated sugar has not been adjusted,while the standard for indexes other than sucrose content,have been improved to meet the needs of the development of China's sugar industry and the development of domestic and foreign trade.Through comparison with the international standard of white granulated sugar,it is concluded that China’s national standard of white granulated sugar has kept pace with international standard.展开更多
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), one of the currently worlswide largest and most authoritative international standardization organizations,is specialized in developing and promulgating internationa... International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), one of the currently worlswide largest and most authoritative international standardization organizations,is specialized in developing and promulgating international standards for the electric and electronic fields, which are widespread adopted through out the world and play an important role in the international trade of electric and electronic products. Moreover, according to the 2005 statistics by the World Bank, the population of countries participating in the IEC activities accounts for 92% of the world total and their trade volume accounts for 95% of the global total. ……展开更多
Year 2006 is the year marking the 100th anniversary of the founding of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC is mainly engaged in the international standardization for electrical and electronic tech... Year 2006 is the year marking the 100th anniversary of the founding of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC is mainly engaged in the international standardization for electrical and electronic technology field aiming at promoting international trade and technology cooperation and exchange, improving product and service quality, upgrading productivity and protecting the environment as well as human health and safety. Most countries worldwide adopt standards developed and promulgated by IEC, providing a platform to international trade and technical exchange. China has being a member since 1957. Electronic and IT are the most developed and energetic filed in recent decades. Number of IEC TC/SC specialized in electronic and IT amounts up to 52.……展开更多
ISO 18662-1:2017,Traditional Chinese medicine--Vocabulary--Part 1:Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)was officially released recently.The standard is the first terminology standard published by ISO/TC 249,Traditional Chinese ...ISO 18662-1:2017,Traditional Chinese medicine--Vocabulary--Part 1:Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)was officially released recently.The standard is the first terminology standard published by ISO/TC 249,Traditional Chinese medicine,which provides an important basis to standardize and uniform the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine in the展开更多
Chinese electrotechnical industry includes power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution equipment, multi-purpose equipment, and basic electrical material. The industry has 46 national technical ... Chinese electrotechnical industry includes power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution equipment, multi-purpose equipment, and basic electrical material. The industry has 46 national technical committees (TC) and sub-committees (SC), which mirrors to 70 TCs and SCs of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). During the past five years, leaded by Standardization Administration of China (SAC),China Electrical Equipment Industry Association (CEEIA) obtained many great achievements in promoting participation of international standardization activities by improving unified management and concentrating industrial strength:……展开更多
基金Supported in part by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness,Inc.New York,N.Y,USA
文摘AIMTo evaluate Jordanian ophthalmology residency programs in achieving competencies outlined by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and residents' satisfaction with available training programs in Jordan, and to highlight weakness points that may be improved and strengthened.
文摘It is presented a State of the Art of international standards in the field of monoblock concrete sleepers design and calculation.Taking into account the fact that the Argentinian broad track gauge(1,676 mm)is different to international track gauge(1,435 mm)that is worldwide used,a comparative analysis is developed in order to evaluate the performance of internationals standards in the design of the sleepers used in Argentinian railways.Recommendations for future research are provided.
文摘How are the winners determined in most of the events that make up the Olympic Games? Theyare,of course,the athletes who run or swim faster,jump higher,lift heavier,throw further.But how is their prowess measured? By the SI (Système inter-national) International System of Units,which
文摘Initiated by IFAN,the 3<sup>th</sup> workshop of International Federation of Standards Users (IFAN) in China was held in Shenzhen on th 12th of June.It was hosted by the China Association for
文摘Increasing volumes of oils and fats are produced annually with a large section that are traded internationally. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) body develops international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing with 23,882 standards currently published. Standards in the animal and vegetable fats and oils sector is developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 11, Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Standards are developed through consensus by national members that represent ISO in their country. Each Standard is developed within a determined timeframe and goes through various pre-determined stages such as project proposal, development, national voting and commenting on the draft Standard to final publication. ISO TC34/SC11 Standards range from sampling of oils and fats, sample preparation to analysis of its composition, the minor components, and quality and identity parameters as well as contaminants. The analysis results are used by industry for product development, labelling, research and to provide peace of mind for consumers on its safety. An important future trend is the focus on the safety concerns from either environmental contamination(e.g. mineral oils) or processing contaminants such as esters of 3-MCPDs(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol).
基金National Key R&D Plan:Development of International Standards for Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology(No.2019YFC1712003)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To formulate the first clinical practice guideline for the treatment of cough using Chinese medicine based on the grading of recommendations assessment,development,and evaluation(GRADE)systematic approach,including clinical evidence,evaluation of ancient literature,and expert consensus.METHODS:In the process of development,the regulation of"evidence-based,consensus-assisted,and empirical"was followed,and a comprehensive systematic approach of recommendation assessment,GRADE,evidence-based evaluation,expert consensus,and the Delphi method was used.In the process of guideline development,evidence-based evaluation of ancient literature was included for the first time,and clinical evidence was fully integrated with clinical expert consensus.RESULTS:The clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of cough with Chinese herbal medicine were developed after a comprehensive consideration of evidence-based evaluation and expert opinions.The guideline recommendations focused on recommending herbal compound decoctions and Chinese patent medicines for cough in different conditions.Based on the GRADE systematic approach,we conducted an evidence-based evaluation of the recommended Chinese patent medicines one by one;meanwhile,the expert consensus method was used to unify the recommendations of both.CONCLUSION:Based on clinical evidence,ancient literature evaluation,and expert consensus,a clinical practice guideline for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)in the treatment of cough was developed,providing the first current clinical practice guideline for domestic and foreign TCM and Western medicine practitioners,especially respiratory professionals at home and abroad.
基金Supported by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese medicine of China(No.ZZYZK2013-Guohesi A)China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.Z0243,No.Z0411)
文摘Objective: To review the current situation and progress of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) international standards, standard projects and proposals in International Organization for Standardization(ISO)/technical committee(TC) 249. Methods: ISO/TC 249 standards and standard projects on the ISO website were searched and new standard proposals information were collected from ISO/TC 249 National Mirror Committee in China. Then all the available data were summarized in 5 closely related items, including proposed time, proposed country, assigned working group(WG), current stage and classification. Results: In ISO/TC 249, there were 2 international standards, 18 standard projects and 24 new standard proposals proposed in 2014. These 44 standard subjects increased year by year since 2011. Twenty-nine of them were proposed by China, 15 were assigned to WG 4, 36 were in preliminary and preparatory stage and 8 were categorized into 4 fields, 7 groups and sub-groups based on International Classification Standards. Conclusion: A rapid and steady development of international standardization in TCM can be observed in ISO/TC 249.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C01105)the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0101090003)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2701100)These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.
基金This study was funded by the MITACS Accelerate Grant-Award Number IT12339the Foreign Young Talents Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(QN20200017001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672913).
文摘This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future unpaid losses by combining the information channels of both the incurred claims and paid losses.We propose the recovery of the empirical distribution of the outstanding claims liabilities associated with a group of contracts via moment-based density approximation.We determine the risk measures and adjustments that are compliant with the new standard using the Monte–Carlo simulation method and approximated distributions.The historical data on the aggregate Ontario automobile insurance claims over a 15-year period are analyzed to examine the appropriateness and accuracy of our approach.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program Projects of China (No.2021YFB3202402)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62173321)。
文摘Rapid online analysis of liquid slag is essential for optimizing the quality and energy efficiency of steel production. To investigate the key factors that affect the online measurement of refined slag using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS), this study examined the effects of slag composition and temperature on the intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. The experimental temperature was controlled at three levels: 1350℃, 1400℃, and 1450℃. The results showed that slag composition and temperature significantly affected the intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. Increasing the Fe content and temperature in the slag reduces its viscosity, resulting in an enhanced intensity and stability of the LIBS spectra. Additionally, 42 refined slag samples were quantitatively analyzed for Fe, Si, Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn at 1350℃, 1400℃, and 1450℃.The normalized full spectrum combined with partial least squares(PLS) quantification modeling was used, using the Ca Ⅱ 317.91 nm spectral line as an internal standard. The results show that using the internal standard normalization method can significantly reduce the influence of spectral fluctuations. Meanwhile, a temperature of 1450℃ has been found to yield superior results compared to both 1350℃ and 1400℃, and it is advantageous to conduct a quantitative analysis of the slag when it is in a “water-like” state with low viscosity.
基金Supported by Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Cultivation Project(NO.ZY3-GJHZ-1-1001-11)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Special Technical Standard Project(NO.14DZ0500400)。
文摘By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translations of specific terms of tongue proper,such as tongue colors,forms of tongue,motilities of tongue and sublingual veins in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine and WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.From a cross-cultural perspective,this paper emphasized the significance of the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terminology,and analyzed the merits and demerits of the English translations of TCM terms related to tongue proper from 2 different books,so as to provide references for the standardization of TCM terminology.
文摘This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.
文摘The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthening the quality management of sugar products.This paper systematically combs the development of national standard and industrial standard of white granulated sugar,and analyzes the technical requirements such as sensory indicators,physical and chemical indicators and health indicators.From the development of China's white granulated sugar product standard,the sucrose content of the same level of white granulated sugar has not been adjusted,while the standard for indexes other than sucrose content,have been improved to meet the needs of the development of China's sugar industry and the development of domestic and foreign trade.Through comparison with the international standard of white granulated sugar,it is concluded that China’s national standard of white granulated sugar has kept pace with international standard.
文摘 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), one of the currently worlswide largest and most authoritative international standardization organizations,is specialized in developing and promulgating international standards for the electric and electronic fields, which are widespread adopted through out the world and play an important role in the international trade of electric and electronic products. Moreover, according to the 2005 statistics by the World Bank, the population of countries participating in the IEC activities accounts for 92% of the world total and their trade volume accounts for 95% of the global total. ……
文摘 Year 2006 is the year marking the 100th anniversary of the founding of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC is mainly engaged in the international standardization for electrical and electronic technology field aiming at promoting international trade and technology cooperation and exchange, improving product and service quality, upgrading productivity and protecting the environment as well as human health and safety. Most countries worldwide adopt standards developed and promulgated by IEC, providing a platform to international trade and technical exchange. China has being a member since 1957. Electronic and IT are the most developed and energetic filed in recent decades. Number of IEC TC/SC specialized in electronic and IT amounts up to 52.……
文摘ISO 18662-1:2017,Traditional Chinese medicine--Vocabulary--Part 1:Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)was officially released recently.The standard is the first terminology standard published by ISO/TC 249,Traditional Chinese medicine,which provides an important basis to standardize and uniform the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine in the
文摘 Chinese electrotechnical industry includes power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution equipment, multi-purpose equipment, and basic electrical material. The industry has 46 national technical committees (TC) and sub-committees (SC), which mirrors to 70 TCs and SCs of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). During the past five years, leaded by Standardization Administration of China (SAC),China Electrical Equipment Industry Association (CEEIA) obtained many great achievements in promoting participation of international standardization activities by improving unified management and concentrating industrial strength:……