BIODIVERSITY MONITORING FOR AND MANAGEMENT OF FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS IN CHINA: A DISCUSSION AND POSITION PAPER

Due to the rapid economic growth and the continuous increase of human, ecosystem disturbances and habitat destructions, the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems in China is rapidly declining. This issue is gradually gaining the government’s attention as its environmental policy becomes more and more equally-weighed on both “pollution prevention and control” and “ecological conservation” issues while only the former was emphasized in the past. However, some unsolved issues still exist with regard to aquatic biodiversity monitoring and management in China. For example, there are functional overlaps among governmental departments; regional ecological function divisions are not clarified; biodiversity is usually neglected or not emphasized in environmental impact assessment for construction projects; and so on. In our opinion, the following areas should be emphasied: (a) enhancing the cooperation among governmental departments; (b) setting up mechanisms to allow ecological watershed management; (c) establishing the biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration planning for local freshwater ecosystem; (d) clarifying the ecological function divisions; (e) enhancing the biodiversity monitoring and management for freshwater ecosystem in environmental impact assessment studies for industrial construction and rural development projects; (f) establishing a technical regulatory framework for related monitoring and management activities which includes an index system for monitoring and assessment; (g) studying and establishing the related biological criteria for formulating assessment standards; and (h) paying attention to aquatic vegetation, fishes, benthic macro-invertebrates and other key aquatic assemblages.

Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus

This paper presents an experimental study on real-time air pollution monitoring using wireless sensors on public transport vehicles.The study is part of the GreenIoT project in Sweden,which utilizes Internet-of-Things to measure air pollution level in the city center of Uppsala.Through deploying low-cost wireless sensors,it is possible to obtain more fine-grained and real-time air pollution levels at different locations.The sensors on public transport vehicles complement the readings from stationary sensors and the only ground level monitoring station in Uppsala.The paper describes the deployment of wireless sensors on Uppsala buses and the integration of the mobile sensor network with the GreenIoT testbed.Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the communication quality and data quality of the system.

Mangrove Restoration and Regeneration Monitoring in Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State, India, Using Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics

Indian coast harbors richly diverse and critical coastal habitats like coral reefs and mangroves. Mangroves form one of the most important ecosystems of coastal and marine areas. It safeguards the ecology of the coastal areas and provides livelihood opportunities to the fishermen and pastoral families living in these areas. In real sense, mangrove is the Kalpvriksh (divine tree which fulfills all the desires) for the coastal communities. The restoration and plantation of mangroves have received a lot of attentions worldwide. To assess the impact of mangrove plantation activities and to monitor the mangrove regeneration and restoration in various villages, a joint study under the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) was taken up by Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) and Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geo-Informatics (BISAG) in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State.?The major objective of this study was to monitor the increase in mangrove cover in coastal areas of Gulf of Kachchh using the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data of 2005, 2011 and 2014. The mangrove regeneration was monitored using multi-temporal Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) LISS-III and LISS-IV digital data covering Gulf of Kachchh region. The multi-temporal IRS LISS-III data covering Gulf of Kachchh of October-2005, November-2011 and LISS-IV data of April-2014 was analyzed. The mangrove density and mangrove area in different talukas was estimated based on the analysis of IRS LISS-III digital data. The mangroves have been delineated based on the pink colour observed on satellite images and the area was estimated in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The taluka or block-level mangrove areas were estimated and changes in the areas were monitored during the period of six years from 2005 to 2011. It was observed that the areas where mangrove regeneration activities were carried out with active participation of Community Based Organizations (CBOs), mangrove density as well as mangrove area have substantially increased in the Gulf of Kachchh region.

Recent Developments in Monitoring of Complex Population Systems

The paper is an update of two earlier review papers concerning the application of the methodology of mathematical systems theory to population ecology, a research line initiated two decades ago. At the beginning the research was concentrated on basic qualitative properties of ecological models, such as observability and controllability. Observability is closely related to the monitoring problem of ecosystems, while controllability concerns both sustainable harvesting of population systems and equilibrium control of such systems, which is a major concern of conservation biology. For population system, observability means that, e.g. from partial observation of the system (observing only certain indicator species), in principle the whole state process can be recovered. Recently, for different ecosystems, the so-called observer systems (or state estimators) have been constructed that enable us to effectively estimate the whole state process from the observation. This technique offers an efficient methodology for monitoring of complex ecosystems (including spatially and stage-structured population systems). In this way, from the observation of a few indicator species the state of the whole complex system can be monitored, in particular certain abiotic effects such as environmental contamination can be identified. In this review, with simple and transparent examples, three topics illustrate the recent developments in monitoring methodology of ecological systems: stock estimation of a fish population with reserve area;and observer construction for two vertically structured population systems (verticum-type systems): a four-level ecological chain and a stage-structured fishery model with reserve area.

Mapping cultural ecosystem services in mountain forests using mobile phone data

The aim of the work was to determine the spatial distribution of activity in the forest on the area of the Forest Promotional Complex“Sudety Zachodnie”using mobile phone data.The study identified the sites with the highest(hot spot)and lowest(cold spot)use.Habitat,stand,demographic,topographic and spatial factors affecting the distribution of activity were also analyzed.Two approaches were applied in our research:global and local Moran’s coefficients,and a machine learning technique,Boosted Regression Trees.The results show that 11,503,320 visits to forest areas were recorded in the“Sudety Zachodnie”in 2019.The most popular season for activities was winter,and the least popular was spring.Using global and local Moran’s I coefficients,three small hot clusters of activity and one large cold cluster were identified.Locations with high values with similar neighbours(hot-spots)were most often visited forest areas,averaging almost 200,000 visits over 2019.Significantly fewer visits were recorded in cold-spots,the average number of visits to these areas was about 4,500.The value of global Moran’s I was equal to 0.54 and proved significant positive spatial autocorrelation.Results of Boosted Regression Trees modeling of visits in forest,using tree stand habitat and spatial factors accurately explained 76%of randomly selected input data.The variables that had the greatest effect on the distribution of activities were the density of hiking and biking trails and diversity of topography.The methodology presented in this article allows delineation of Cultural Ecosystem Services hot spots in forest areas based on mobile phone data.It also allows the identification of factors that may influence the distribution of visits in forests.Such data are important for managing forest areas and adapting forest management to the needs of society while maintaining ecosystem stability.

The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea

The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities locally and globally.This opinion editorial describes the importance of research and monitoring in the Ross Sea and identifies opportunities and barriers to enhance them.

新疆农田和荒漠生态系统土壤有机碳储量及其影响因素

基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)长期监测数据,选取新疆维吾尔自治区代表暖温带干旱区的绿洲农田生态系统(阿克苏站)、代表暖温带荒漠区(策勒站)以及温带荒漠区(阜康站)的绿洲农田和荒漠生态系统综合观测场、辅助观测场和农户调查点2005—2020年0—100 cm土层的土壤有机碳(SOC)储量数据,分析新疆农田和荒漠生态系统SOC储量的影响因素。研究结果表明,2005—2020年0—100 cm土层SOC总储量平均值为阿克苏站(5.17 kg/m^(2))>阜康站(4.20 kg/m^(2))>策勒站(2.96 kg/m^(2))。0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm土层的SOC分别约占0—100 cm土层储量的27.3%—35.3%、23.1%—24.6%和15.8%—17.5%。在阿克苏站,施肥量最高、灌溉量最低的农户调查点SOC储量最高;而在策勒站和阜康站,农户调查点和辅助观测场的施肥和灌溉措施分别最有利于提高SOC储量。总体来看,土壤含水量、地上生物量与SOC储量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。在单一生态站的生态系统尺度,年平均气温与SOC储量相关性不显著;地上生物量与策勒站和阜康站的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但是与阿克苏站0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系;施纯钾量与策勒站0—60 cm土层的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但与阜康站40—100 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。总之,与自然状态下的荒漠和农田不施肥相比,灌溉和施肥的农田管理措施有利于增加干旱区SOC储量。不同生态站要根据自身区域特点制定合理的农田管理模式,以维持较高的SOC储量。

2006-2022年中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测站农田长期观测样地土壤养分数据集

中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站(本文中简称“环江站”)是我国西南喀斯特地区重要的农业生态系统长期野外定位观测研究站,是依照中国生态系统研究网络(Chinese Ecosystem Research Network,简称CERN)联网监测规范布置的试验样地。自2005年以来,环江站依照国家生态系统观测研究网络(National Ecosystem Research Network of China,简称CNERN)和CERN农田生态系统观测指标要求,逐一开展针对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田生态系统水分、土壤、生物、气象等环境要素的监测活动。本数据集收集、整理了环江站2006–2022年8个长期联网监测样地的土壤养分数据,包括土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾、pH值等9项指标,均进行了严格的数据质量控制与评估,并附有完整的样地背景信息和分析方法记录。本数据集反映了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地农业区传统代表性作物早晚稻、玉米、大豆、桑叶、柑橘等农作地土壤常规养分含量动态变化,对指导喀斯特峰丛洼地农业生产、培育土壤地力具有参考依据。

红树林生态系统监测与评价研究进展综述

红树林生态系统是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,随着人类活动的影响,红树林资源不断遭到破坏。因此,亟须对红树林进行保护修复。然而,由于缺少红树林生态系统监测与评价的标准和体系,红树林生态系统监测与评价的内容、方法不一。基于此,通过查阅和梳理相关文献,对相关研究成果进行整理归纳,阐述红树林生态系统监测与评价的现状,以及发展趋势,并在此基础上对红树林生态系统的监测与评价进行展望,以期为我国红树林生态系统的监测与评价提供参考。

Is the Sundarbans of Bangladesh in a State of Pollution?

The Sundarbans is the world’s most extensive natural mangrove forest and home to various natural resources. The population in the vicinity has increased, causing more dependency on the resources of the Sundarbans. The increasing industrialization, urbanization, aquaculture, intensive agricultural practices, seaports, tourism facilities, and so on in the peripheral areas of the Sundarbans have made significant changes in the surrounding and upstream land uses of the Sundarbans. This situation may have detrimental influences on the ecosystem components of the Sundarbans. Therefore, it is highly demanded to prepare a piece of baseline information or database of different sources of pollution and their present status in the various components of the Sundarbans. This effort helps to identify issues and concerns, determine the key elements of the ecosystem to monitor the level or overall quality of the Sundarbans ecosystem. The present study systematically collects the potential sources of pollution, types, and current levels in the ecosystem components of the Sundarbans using academic databases, libraries, and online resources. Discharge of industrial waste into water, soil and air, heavy metal pollution, use of agrochemicals, oil (refined and crude) pollution, plastic materials from urban areas, and tourism are the major issues and concerns related to the sustainability of the Sundarbans ecosystem. The air quality of the Sundarbans is in good condition with 0 - 50 AQI of Bangladesh. While BOD, COD, TDS, TSS varied from 2.0 to 3.8 mg/L, 21.6 to 416 mg/L, 146.9 to 24,100 mg/L and 54 to 155 mg/L, respectively. Soil EC, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus ranged from 3.01 - 5.82 mS/cm, 1.41% - 2.69%, 0.51 - 1.05 mg/g, and 0.32 - 0.51 mg/g respectively. The air, water and soil quality parameters varied with the sites and seasons and not much at the state of contamination. Indeed, we must pay much attention to the Sundarbans’ air, water and soil quality with the massive and progressive change of the nearby land use pattern.

空基遥感植被监测概述

空基遥感(高塔平台或高处建筑物搭载多种监测仪器)具有时空分辨率高、不受天气状况影响的优势,可作为连接地面观测网络与卫星遥感影像的“桥梁”,解决二者时间、空间不匹配的问题。本研究探讨了空基高光谱遥感在植被监测方面的可行性和优势,并以通辽空基遥感观测站监测结果为基础,给出空基遥感基本植被参数反演结果实例,说明空基遥感在植被监测方面的可行性,并对空基遥感的方向和挑战进行了分析。空基遥感在小范围精细化动态监测和植被异常快速发现方面具有优势,但是由于固定站点观测的观测距离有限,空基站点选择方面需要根据观测目的和研究区域情况综合考虑。同时,通过空基高时空分辨率和卫星的全区域监测相结合,可实现优势互补,有效弥补当前单一卫星遥感监测时效性不足、精度不够等短板。

大型工程建设对生物多样性影响的浅析

随着全球经济的快速发展,大型工程建设项目,如风电、光伏、抽水蓄能水利等新能源项目以及道路、输变电线路建设等基础设施工程,日益增多。这些工程在推动经济社会发展的同时,也对生物多样性产生了深远影响。本文分析了大型工程建设对生态系统,特别是森林景观,以及植物、动物、微生物等多重生物多样性的具体影响,提出了相应的减缓与保护策略,旨在探索建立大型工程建设的生物多样性影响监测评价体系,以期为制定生物多样性保护宏观政策和科学编制发展规划提供科学依据和参考。

浅谈环境监测在生态系统保护中的应用与挑战

环境监测通过评估生态系统健康、跟踪变化、监测人类活动的影响和评估保护措施,在生态系统保护中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,数据获取有限、技术困难和资源限制等挑战阻碍了对环境的有效监测。因此,相关工作人员应探索应对这些挑战的策略,通过利用先进技术改进数据收集方式、通过伙伴关系解决资源限制、促进融合协作,以及不断地探索新技术,从而进一步增强其在保护生态系统方面的有效性。

气候变化对湖泊生态系统的影响研究——基于长期环境监测

气候变化是湖泊生态系统的重要影响因子,长期环境监测能够揭示气候变化与湖泊生态系统健康的关联性。以米易县晃桥水库为例,结合长期环境监测,运用卡尔森营养状态指数评估湖泊的营养状况,并分析气候变化对湖泊生态系统的影响。研究表明,气候变化会导致湖泊水温上升,进而影响湖泊中生物的生存环境及其多样性,并威胁湖泊水质和生态平衡。

智能传感器技术在水质监测中的应用

水体污染和水生态系统退化问题日渐突出,技术创新成为解决该问题的突破口。智能传感器技术应用于水质监测中,具有可实时监测和共享、可大规模部署、数据精准性高、功耗低、可进行高效预警和应急响应等优势。分析了智能传感器技术的工作原理,探讨了其在水质环境、水温、水中油与浊度影响下的误差修正能力和面临的技术挑战。

森林生态系统碳估测方法及展望

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统重要组成部分,拥有陆地表面最大的碳库,其消长变化对全球碳循环有着深远影响。在当今温室效应日益显著,极端气候出现日益频繁的大背景下,精准估测森林生态系统碳储量、加强森林生态系统碳储量监测体系建设,对深入理解全球碳循环过程、预测全球气候变化有着极其重要的意义。以加强森林生态系统碳汇功能、实现“双碳”目标为切入点,系统阐述了森林生态系统固碳功能实现机理,分析比较了当前森林碳估测的几种主流方法,着重提出了构建中国森林碳储量监测体系的可行之策,以期为中国森林生态系统碳储量监测能力稳定提升提供理论参考,为“双碳”目标如期实现提供科学支撑。

Building African Ecosystem Research Network for Sustaining Local Ecosystem Goods and Services

A new form of producing and sharing knowledge has emerged as an international(United States of America,Asia,and Europe) research collaboration,known as the Long-Term Ecological Research(LTER) Network.Although Africa boasts rich biodiversity,including endemic species,it lacks the long-term initiatives to underpin sustainable biodiversity managements.At present,climate change may exacerbate hunger and poverty concerns in addition to resulting in ecosystem degradation,land use change,and other threats in Africa.Therefore,ecosystem monitoring was suggested to understanding the effects of climate change and setting strategies to mitigate these changes.This paper aimed to investigate ecosystem monitoring ground sites and address their coverage gaps in Africa to provide a foundation for optimizing the African Ecosystem Research Network(AERN) ground sites.The geographic coordinates and characteristics of ground sites-based ecosystem monitoring were collected from various networks aligned with the LTER implementation in Africa.Additionally,climatic data and biodiversity distribution maps were retrieved from various sources.These data were used to assess the size of existing ground sites and the gaps in description,ecosystems and biomes.The results reveal that there were 1089 sites established by various networks.Among these sites,30.5%,27.5%,and 28.8% had no information of area,year of establishment,current status,respectively.However,68.0% of them had an area equal to or greater than 1 km2.Sites were created progressively over the course of the years,with 68.9% being created from 2000 to 2005.To date,only 41.5% of the sites were operational.The sites were scattered across Africa,but they were concentrated in Eastern and Southern Africa.The unbalanced distribution pattern of the sites left Central and Northern Africa hardly covered,and many unique ecosystems in Central Africa were not included.To sustain these sites,the AERN should be based on operational sites,seeking secure funding by establishing multiple partnerships.

乡村生态景观生物多样性维护与预警技术研究

针对乡村生态景观中生物多样性维护的保护管理需求,本研究以物种、基因和生态系统为基础,采用分子遗传标记、无人机航拍等现代高新技术与传统地面调查相结合的研究方法,构建了乡土景观生物多样性检测、筛选、分类和空间制图的方法,解析了生物多样性变化规律和驱动因素,研发出面向乡村三生空间的基因、物种和生态系统3个层次生物多样性维护技术,建立了基于“驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应”的生物多样性监控预警机制和可视化平台,形成了乡村生态景观生物多样性多尺度全链条“识别-维护-预警”技术体系。研究成果突破了单一学科研究手段的局限性,为乡土植物的遴选、配置和景观营造提供了“师法自然”的成套技术方案,解决了乡村生态景观营造中生物多样性的维护技术缺失问题,为动态管理乡村生物资源和美丽中国建设提供了关键技术支撑。

中国森林碳汇生产总值核算及分析

根据第九次全国森林资源清查数据和中国林业统计年鉴,按照国家正式颁布的《生态系统评估:生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算技术规范》及联合国SEEA-EEA推荐的生态产值核算方法,对2013—2018年我国森林碳汇生产总值进行了核算,并与第八、第九次森林资源清查碳汇监测结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,2013—2018年,我国森林碳储量、碳汇量呈增长态势,碳储量年均增长3.58%,碳汇量年均增长14.95%。在价值核算上,2013年我国森林碳储量价值为8044.24亿元,2018年为8824.20亿元,年均增长1.87%。2013年、2018年森林碳汇价值量分别为142.23亿元和272.06亿元,2018年森林碳汇价值约占林业总产值的0.34%。按相关研究提供的投入产出完全消耗系数计算的2018年森林碳汇生产总值为141.47亿元~152.35亿元,约占2018年我国GDP总量的0.015%~0.017%。研究表明,2013—2018年,我国森林碳汇生产总值占GDP的比重呈下降态势,但森林碳储量、碳汇实物量呈增长态势。研究认为,建立统一的GEP核算标准体系、减小森林生态系统的中间消耗、提高森林资源的产出效率和森林资源的生产力、加强相关数据的统计监测和基础研究等是未来GEP核算的努力方向。

新疆草地生态健康智能监测网络体系构建

针对新疆天然草地面积广、类型多与监测评价复杂的特征,本研究重点阐述了构建新疆草地生态健康智能网络监测的紧迫性(超载过牧导致荒漠化及其灾害频发)、总体技术框架以及实施途径。新疆草地生态健康智能监测网络系统,由3个子系统(草地生态健康监测、评估与预警)和1个云数据库(“星-空-地-土”一体化云数据)组成。草地生态健康监测子系统(物联感知系统),由感知层、传输层和数据中心组成,能够获取草地生物特征指标、生物物理指标与生态系统指标;草地生态健康评估子系统,一套草地生态健康评价综合体系用于快速、准确地定量评估草地生态健康状况;草地生态健康预警子系统,一种高度耦合草地生态健康感知与评估的智能化预警系统,致力于短期草地非生物灾害(旱灾、雪灾与火灾)与生物(鼠害、虫害、毒草与害草)灾害的预警。“星-空-地-土”一体化云数据,由星基、空基与地基协同的立体监测网络及其相关硬件、软件组成,实现了草地生态健康的智慧监测与多源数据汇总。草地生态健康智能监测网络系统的有效运转,需要政府政策支持、行业部门引导和专业的人才队伍建设。这对新疆草地绿色发展与高质量生态建设,尤其新疆生态安全与社会经济发展具有重大意义。