Application of Secondary Logging Interpretation—Taking Yan 9 Reservoir in X Area as an Example

Logging data and its interpretation results are one of the most important basic data for understanding reservoirs and oilfield development. Standardized and unified logging interpretation results play a decisive role in fine reservoir description and reservoir development. Aiming at the problem of the conflict between the development effect and the initial interpretation result of Yan 9 reservoir in Hujianshan area of Ordos Basin, by combining the current well production performance, logging, oil test, production test and other data, on the basis of making full use of core, coring, logging, thin section analysis and high pressure mercury injection data, the four characteristics of reservoir are analyzed, a more scientific and reasonable calculation model of reservoir logging parameters is established, and the reserves are recalculated after the second interpretation standard of logging is determined. The research improves the accuracy of logging interpretation and provides an effective basis for subsequent production development and potential horizons.

Study of real-time LWD data visual interpretation and geo-steering technology

LWD（logging while drilling） data has been used to explore complex subtle reservoirs by realtime visual interpretation and geo-steering.The method comprises of computer communication,well log data processing,formation recognition,reservoir modeling and model updating in real time.We studied the key technologies related to real-time LWD data visual interpretation and geo-steering and developed computer software with Chinese intellectual property rights covering the following important aspects： 1） real-time computer communication of well site LWD data;2） visualization of geological model and borehole information;3） real-time interpretation of LWD data;4） real-time geological model updating and geo-steering technology.We use field application examples to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed technologies.

Application of Catastrophe Theory in 3D Seismic Data Interpretation of Coal Mine

In order to detect fault exactly and quickly, cusp catastrophe theory is used to interpret 3D coal seismic data in this paper. By establishing a cusp model, seismic signal is transformed into standard form of cusp catastrophe and catastrophe parameters, including time-domain catastrophe potential, time-domain catastrophe time, frequency-domain catastrophe potential and frequency- domain degree, are calculated. Catastrophe theory is used in 3D seismic structural interpretation in coal mine. The results show that the position of abnormality of the catastrophe parameter profile or curve is related to the location of fault, and the cusp catastrophe theory is effective to automatically pick up geology information and improve the interpretation precision in 3D seismic data.

Angular unconformity in Pennsylvanian strata from 3-D seismic interpretation,Goldsmith Field,West Texas

The Pennsylvanian unconformity,which is a detrital surface,separates the beds of the Permian-aged strata from the Lower Paleozoic in the Central Basin Platform.Seismic data interpretation indicates that the unconformity is an angular unconformity,overlying multiple normal faults,and accompanied with a thrust fault which maximizes the region's structural complexity.Additionally,the Pennsylvanian angular unconformity creates pinch-outs between the beds above and below.We computed the spectral decomposition and reflector convergence attributes and analyzed them to characterize the angular unconformity and faults.The spectral decomposition attribute divides the broadband seismic data into different spectral bands to resolve thin beds and show thickness variations.In contrast,the reflector convergence attribute highlights the location and direction of the pinch-outs as they dip south at angles between 2and 6.After reviewing findings from RGB blending of the spectrally decomposed frequencies along the Pennsylvanian unconformity,we observed channel-like features and multiple linear bands in addition to the faults and pinch-outs.It can be inferred that the identified linear bands could be the result of different lithologies associated with the tilting of the beds,and the faults may possibly influence hydrocarbon migration or act as a flow barrier to entrap hydrocarbon accumulation.The identification of this angular unconformity and the associated features in the study area are vital for the following reasons:1)the unconformity surface represents a natural stratigraphic boundary;2)the stratigraphic pinch-outs act as fluid flow connectivity boundaries;3)the areal extent of compartmentalized reservoirs'boundaries created by the angular unconformity are better defined;and 4)fault displacements are better understood when planning well locations as faults can be flow barriers,or permeability conduits,depending on facies heterogeneity and/or seal effectiveness of a fault,which can affect hydrocarbon production.The methodology utilized in this study is a further step in the characterization of reservoirs and can be used to expand our knowledge and obtain more information about the Goldsmith Field.

Application of Seismic Inversion Using Logging Data as Constraints in Coalfield

Seismic inversion and basic theory are briefly presented and the main idea of this method is introduced. Both non-linear wave equation inversion technique and Complete Utilization of Samples Information (CUSI) neural network analysis are used in lithological interpretation in Jibei coal field. The prediction results indicate that this method can provide reliable data for thin coal exploitation and promising area evaluation.

Application of Integrated Seismic Data Processing and Interpretation to Subtle Reservoir Survey

Nowadays, it becomes very urgent to find remain oil under the oil shortage worldwide.However, most of simple reservoirs have been discovered and those undiscovered are mostly complex structural, stratigraphic and lithologic ones. Summarized in this paper is the integrated seismic processing/interpretation technique established on the basis of pre-stack AVO processing and interpretation.Information feedbacks occurred between the pre-stack and post-stack processes so as to improve the accuracy in utilization of data and avoid pitfalls in seismic attributes. Through the integration of seismic data with geologic data, parameters that were most essential to describing hydrocarbon characteristics were determined and comprehensively appraised, and regularities of reservoir generation and distribution were described so as to accurately appraise reservoirs, delineate favorite traps and pinpoint wells.

THE METHOD OF ORIGINAL LOGGING DATA PROCESSING BASED ON VBA

目前主流测井仪器生成的ASCII、LAS、WIS文件格式，在卡奔BendlinkEx等测井解释软件中无法直接加载。以处理LAS文件以适应卡奔导入要求为例，介绍以ExcelBVA为基础的测井数据处理方法。利用VBA进行编程，首先通过“格式化格式”函数处理单个文件，删除卡奔软件加载时多余的信息，保留测井作业范围上各种曲线每个采点上的数值，并生成TxT文件；然后利用“批量处理”函数，对工区所有测井LAS文件进行批量处理，完成测井解释数据准备工作。该方法极大的降低了重复性数据操作，减少了人工参与和人为错误的发生，提高了工作效率，对从事地球物理和地质开发研究的人有重要意义。

An intelligent coastline interpretation of several types of seacoasts from TM/ETM+ images based on rules

A coastline is defined as the average spring tide line. Different types of seacoast, such as sandy, silty, and bio- logical coast, have different indicators of interpretation. It is very difficult to develop a universal method for interpreting all shorelines. Therefore, the sandy, the silty, and the biological coast are regarded as research objects, and with data mining technolog,found the rules of interpretation of those three types of coastlines. Then, an intelligent coastline interpretation method based on rules was proposed. Firstly, the rules for ex- tracting the waterline in Landsat TM/ETM＋ （Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus） imagery were discovered. Then, through analyzing the features of sandy, silty and biological coast, the indicators of interpreting different types of shoreline were determined. According to the indicators, the waterline could be corrected to the real coastline. In order to verify the validity of the proposed algorithms, three Landsat TM/ETM＋ imageries were selected for case studies. The experimental results showed that the proposed methods could interpret the coastlines of sandy; silty, and biological coasts with high precision and without human intervention, which exceeded three pixels.

Deep Learning-Driven Data Curation and Model Interpretation for Smart Manufacturing

Characterized by self-monitoring and agile adaptation to fast changing dynamics in complex production environments,smart manufacturing as envisioned under Industry 4.0 aims to improve the throughput and reliability of production beyond the state-of-the-art.While the widespread application of deep learning(DL)has opened up new opportunities to accomplish the goal,data quality and model interpretability have continued to present a roadblock for the widespread acceptance of DL for real-world applications.This has motivated research on two fronts:data curation,which aims to provide quality data as input for meaningful DL-based analysis,and model interpretation,which intends to reveal the physical reasoning underlying DL model outputs and promote trust from the users.This paper summarizes several key techniques in data curation where breakthroughs in data denoising,outlier detection,imputation,balancing,and semantic annotation have demonstrated the effectiveness in information extraction from noisy,incomplete,insufficient,and/or unannotated data.Also highlighted are model interpretation methods that address the“black-box”nature of DL towards model transparency.

Experimental study of gas-water elongated bubble flow during production logging

In order to improve the interpretation of production log data on gas-water elongated bubble （EB） flow in horizontal wells, a multi-phase flow simulation device was set up to conduct a series of measurement experiments using air and tap water as test media, which were measured using a real production logging tool （PLT） string at different deviations and in different mixed flow states. By understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of gas-water EB flow in transparent experimental boreholes during production logging, combined with an analysis of the production log response characteristics and experimental production logging flow pattern maps, a method for flow pattern identification relying on log responses and a drift-flux model were proposed for gas-water EB flow. This model, built upon experimental data of EB flow, reveals physical mechanisms of gas-water EB flow during measurement processing. The coefficients it contains are the specific values under experimental conditions and with the PLT string used in our experiments. These coefficients also reveal the interference with original downhole flow patterns by the PLT string. Due to the representativeness that our simulated flow experiments and PLT string possess, the model coefficients can be applied as empirical values of logging interpretation model parameters directly to real production logging data interpretation, when the measurement circumstances and PLT strings are similar.

Oil-gas reservoir in the Mesozoic strata in the Chaoshan depression,northern South China Sea:a new insight from long off set seismic data

The Chaoshan depression,a Mesozoic basin in the Dongsha sea area,northern South China Sea,is characterized by well-preserved Mesozoic strata,being good conditions for oil-gas preservation,promising good prospects for oil-gas exploration.However,breakthrough in oil-gas exploration in the Mesozoic strata has not been achieved due to less seismic surveys.New long-off set seismic data were processed that acquired with dense grid with single source and single cable.In addition,the data were processed with 3D imaging method and fi ner processing was performed to highlight the target strata.Combining the new imaging result and other geological information,we conducted integrated interpretation and proposed an exploratory well A-1-1 for potential hydrocarbon.The result provides a reliable basis for achieving breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration in the Mesozoic strata in the northern South China Sea.

Design and Implementation of Log Data Analysis Management System Based on Hadoop

With the rapid development of the Internet,many enterprises have launched their network platforms.When users browse,search,and click the products of these platforms,most platforms will keep records of these network behaviors,these records are often heterogeneous,and it is called log data.To effectively to analyze and manage these heterogeneous log data,so that enterprises can grasp the behavior characteristics of their platform users in time,to realize targeted recommendation of users,increase the sales volume of enterprises’products,and accelerate the development of enterprises.Firstly,we follow the process of big data collection,storage,analysis,and visualization to design the system,then,we adopt HDFS storage technology,Yarn resource management technology,and gink load balancing technology to build a Hadoop cluster to process the log data,and adopt MapReduce processing technology and data warehouse hive technology analyze the log data to obtain the results.Finally,the obtained results are displayed visually,and a log data analysis system is successfully constructed.It has been proved by practice that the system effectively realizes the collection,analysis and visualization of log data,and can accurately realize the recommendation of products by enterprises.The system is stable and effective.

Alternative 3D Modeling Approaches Based on Complex Multi-Source Geological Data Interpretation

Due to the complex nature of multi-source geological data, it is difficult to rebuild every geological structure through a single 3D modeling method. The multi-source data interpretation method put forward in this analysis is based on a database-driven pattern and focuses on the discrete and irregular features of geological data. The geological data from a variety of sources covering a range of accuracy, resolution, quantity and quality are classified and integrated according to their reliability and consistency for 3D modeling. The new interpolation-approximation fitting construction algorithm of geological surfaces with the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) technique is then presented. The NURBS technique can retain the balance among the requirements for accuracy, surface continuity and data storage of geological structures. Finally, four alternative 3D modeling approaches are demonstrated with reference to some examples, which are selected according to the data quantity and accuracy specification. The proposed approaches offer flexible modeling patterns for different practical engineering demands.

Estimation on organic carbon content of source rocks by logging evaluation method as exemplified by those of the 4^(th) and 3^(rd) members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag of the Liaohe Oilfield

One of the most important tasks of evaluating natural resources of petroliferous basins is to determine the organic matter abundance of source rocks in the basin.The usual method for assessing the organic carbon content of source rocks is based on laboratory analyses.There is a deviation in calculating organic carbon content due to the heterogeneous distribution of organic matter and the artificial factors when sampling.According to the continuous characteristics of information logging,the conventional logging curves(mainly acoustics and resistivity,etc.) were calibrated with the organic carbon experimental data of cores,cuttings or sidewall cores.The organic carbon content of source rocks of the 4 th(Es 4) and 3 rd(Es 3) members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag in the Liaohe depression was estimated directly by a great amount of continuous data including resistivity and acoustic logging,etc.Comparison between the results from computer processing and lab analysis of logging data shows that the organic carbon contents derived from the computer processing of logging data have the same reliability and accuracy as the lab analysis results.The present data show that this method is suitable to evaluate the source rocks of western sag in the Liaohe depression and has great potential in evaluating natural resources of sedimentary basins in the future.On the basis of logging data of source rocks,experimental data and existing geochemical analyses of the Liaohe Oilfield,the corresponding total organic carbon(TOC) isograms of source rocks were plotted.The source rocks of Es 4 and Es 3 of the Shahejie Formation are thought to be beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation due to the high TOC.

Logging Data High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy

The recognition and contrast of bed sets in parasequence is difficult in terrestrial basin high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. This study puts forward new methods for the boundary identification and contrast of bed sets on the basis of manifold logging data. The formation of calcareous interbeds, shale resistivity differences and the relation of reservoir resistivity to altitude are considered on the basis of log curve morphological characteristics, core observation, cast thin section, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thickness of calcareous interbeds is between 0.5 m and 2 m, increasing on weathering crusts and faults. Calcareous interbeds occur at the bottom of a distributary channel and the top of a distributary mouth bar. Lower resistivity shale （4-5 Ω · m） and higher resistivity shale （〉 10Ω·m） reflect differences in sediment fountain or sediment microfacies. Reservoir resistivity increases with altitude. Calcareous interbeds may be a symbol of recognition for the boundary of bed sets and isochronous contrast bed sets, and shale resistivity differences may confirm the stack relation and connectivity of bed sets. Based on this, a high-resolution chronostratigraphic frame- work of Xi-1 segment in Shinan area, Junggar basin is presented, and the connectivity of bed sets and oil-water contact is confirmed. In this chronostratigraphic framework, the growth order, stack mode and space shape of bed sets are qualitatively and quantitatively described.

Effective Electromagnetic Log Data Interpretation in Realistic Reservoir Models

This paper analyzes some specific features of the numerical interpretation of high-frequency electromagnetic logging data in vertical, deviated and horizontal boreholes entering oil- and water-saturated formations. The interpretation is based on numerical modeling for signals.

Infections Related to Health Care in Newborns: Documental Study Based on Analysis of Research Database

This documentary research aimed to describe the results of an epidemiological survey that sought to determine the prevalence of Infections Related to Health Care (IRHC) in newborns admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the city of Rio de Janeiro. For methodology, the existing data in the original research database were used as the primary source. The method used was the case study in a quantitative approach. The data have been statistically arranged by odds ratio, which measured the possibility of IRHC development at the 102 newborns, by exposition at the risk factors. Results: IRHC prevalence with pneumonias, sepsis, navel’s infection and ocular infections predominance rises. Prematures are 4.10 more susceptible. Twelve hours after amniotic rupture there are 1.77 more chances of infections. Babies with more than 10 days of hospitalization are 4.70 more susceptible than those with 10 days. The registers examined were incipient at the IRHC’s characterization, beginning and duration, which make the IRHC’s diagnostic/notification difficult.

Gas hydrate saturation model and equation for logging interpretation

Since gas hydrate exists in three different forms at the same time such as pore filling,particle support and separate stratification,the calculation method of hydrate saturation using traditional shaly sand formation interpretation models is equivalent to considering only the simple case that hydrate exists as pore filling,and does not consider other complex states.Based on the analysis of hydrate resistivity experimental data and the general form of the resistivity-oil(gas)saturation relationship,the best simplified formula of hydrate saturation calculation is derived,then the physical meaning of the three items are clarified:they respectively represent the resistivity index-saturation relationship when hydrate particles are completely distributed in the pores of formation rocks,supported in the form of particles,and exist in layers,corresponding quantitative evaluation method of hydrate saturation is built.The field application shows that the hydrate saturation calculated by this method is closer to that obtained by sampling analysis.At the same time,it also provides a logging analysis basis for the effective development after hydrate exploration.