Characteristics of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with chronic kidney disease

AIM:To evaluate the clinical characteristics of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(NGIH)in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).METHODS:From 2003 to 2010,a total of 72 CKD patients(male n=52,72.2%;female n=20,27.8%)who had undergone endoscopic treatments for NGIH were retrospectively identified.Clinical findings,endoscopic features,prognosis,rebleeding risk factors,and mortality-related factors were evaluated.The characteristics of the patients and rebleeding-related data were recorded for the following variables:gender,age,alcohol use and smoking history,past hemorrhage history,endoscopic findings(the cause,location,and size of the hemorrhage and the hemorrhagic state),therapeutic options for endoscopy,endoscopist experience,clinical outcomes,and mortality.RESULTS:The average size of the hemorrhagic site was 13.7±10.2 mm,and the most common hemorrhagic site in the stomach was the antrum(n=21,43.8%).The most frequent method of hemostasis was combination therapy(n=32,44.4%).The incidence of rebleeding was 37.5%(n=27),and 16.7%(n=12)of patients expired due to hemorrhage.In a multivariate analysis of the risk factors for rebleeding,alcoholism(OR=11.19,P=0.02),the experience of endoscopists(OR=0.56,P=0.03),and combination endoscopic therapy(OR=0.06,P=0.01)compared with monotherapy were significantly related to rebleeding after endoscopic therapy.In a risk analysis of mortality after endoscopic therapy,only rebleeding was related to mortality(OR=7.1,P=0.02).CONCLUSION:Intensive combined endoscopic treatments by experienced endoscopists are necessary for the treatment of NGIH in patients with CKD,especially when a patient is an alcoholic.

Visibility of the bleeding point in acute rectal hemorrhagic ulcer using red dichromatic imaging:A case report

BACKGROUND Red dichromatic imaging(RDI)is a novel image-enhanced endoscopy expected to improve the visibility of the bleeding point.However,it has not been thoroughly investigated.CASE SUMMARY A 91-year-old man developed a sudden massive hematochezia and underwent emergent colonoscopy.An ulcer with pulsatile bleeding was found on the lower rectum.Due to massive bleeding,the exact location of the bleeding point was not easy to detect with white light imaging(WLI).Upon switching to RDI,the bleeding point appeared in deeper yellow compared to the surrounding blood.Thus,RDI enabled us for easier recognition of the bleeding point,and hemostasis was achieved successfully.Furthermore,we reviewed endoscopic images and evaluated the color difference between the bleeding point and surrounding blood for WLI and RDI.In our case,the color difference of RDI was greater than that of WLI(9.75 vs 6.61),and RDI showed a better distinguished bleeding point from the surrounding blood.CONCLUSION RDI may improve visualization of the bleeding point by providing better contrast in color difference relative to surrounding blood.

Proton-pump inhibitors for prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients undergoing dialysis

AIM:To investigate the preventive effects of low-dose proton-pump inhibitors(PPIs) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB) in end-stage renal disease.METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort study that reviewed 544 patients with end-stage renal disease who started dialysis at our center between 2005 and 2013.We examined the incidence of UGIB in 175 patients treated with low-dose PPIs and 369 patients not treated with PPIs(control group).RESULTS:During the study period, 41 patients developed UGIB, a rate of 14.4/1000 person-years.The mean time between the start of dialysis and UGIB events was 26.3 ± 29.6 mo.Bleeding occurred in only two patients in the PPI group(2.5/1000 person-years) and in 39 patients in the control group(19.2/1000 person-years).Kaplan-Meier analysis of cumulative non-bleeding survival showed that the probability of UGIB was significantly lower in the PPI group than in the control group(log-rank test, P < 0.001).Univariate analysis showed that coronary artery disease, PPI use, anti-coagulation, and anti-platelet therapy were associated with UGIB.After adjustments for the potential factors influencing risk of UGIB, PPI use was shown to be significantly beneficial in reducing UGIB compared to the control group(HR = 13.7, 95%CI:1.8-101.6; P = 0.011).CONCLUSION:The use of low-dose PPIs in patients with end-stage renal disease is associated with a low frequency of UGIB.

Endoscopic clipping in the lower gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopic clipping has been established as a safe and effective method for the treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in numerous randomized studies.Recently,clipping has been applied to various lesions in the lower gastrointestinal tract,including diverticular bleeding,postpolypectomy bleeding,and repair of perforations with successful outcomes.We review the safety and efficacy of this maneuver for the management of diseases in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrointestinal bleeding caused by syphilis: A case report

BACKGROUND Syphilis is a chronic,classic sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum,which can invade almost all organs of the body and produce various symptoms and signs.Although there are some cases of colorectal bleeding caused by syphilis,small intestinal bleeding caused by syphilis is still rare.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old man had experienced recurrent abdominal pain and melena for 3 years.Repeated gastroenteroscopy and computed tomography angiography examinations failed to find bleeding lesions.During the same admission,multiple intestinal ulcers were found by capsule endoscopy,and syphilis was also diagnosed.With a history of atrial fibrillation and chronic pancreatitis,he had undergone mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valvuloplasty for valvular heart disease.After anti-syphilis treatment,the melena and abdominal pain disappeared and his hemoglobin gradually increased.It is considered that gastrointestinal bleeding,chronic pancreatitis,atrial fibrillation,and heart valvular disease may have been caused by syphilis.CONCLUSION This case report found that syphilis can mimic systemic disease and cause intestinal bleeding.In addition,treatment of the disease requires both sexual partners to be treated.Finally,although syphilis is easy to treat,it is more important to consider that bleeding could be caused by syphilis.

One fifth of hospitalizations for peptic ulcer-related bleeding are potentially preventable

AIM: To calculate the proportion of potentially preventable hospitalizations due to peptic ulcer disease (PUD), erosive gastritis (EG) or duodenitis (ED).

Endoscopic hemoclip treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer

AIM To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopichemoclip in the treatment of bleeding pepticulcer.METHODS Totally,40 patients with F1a andFib hemorrhagic activity of peptic ulcers wereenrolled in this uncontrolled prospective studyfor endoscopic hemoclip treatment.We used anewly developed rotatable clip-device for theapplication of hemoclip(MD850)to stopbleeding.Endoscopy was repeated if there wasany sign or suspicion of rebleeding,and re-clipping was performed if necessary andfeasible.RESULTS Initial hemostatic rate by clippingwas 95%,and rebleeding rate was only 8%.Ultimate hemostatic rates were 87%,96%,and93% in the Fla and Flb subgroups,and totalcases,respectively.In patients with shock onadmission,hemoclipping achieved ultimatehemostasis of 71% and 83% in F1a and F1bsubgroups,respectively.Hemostasis reached100% in patients without shock regardless ofhemorrhagic activity being F1a or F1b.Theaverage number of clips used per case was 3.0(range 2-5).Spurting bleeders required moreclips on average than did oozing bleeders(3.4versus 2.8).We observed no obviouscomplications,no tissue injury,or impairmentof ulcer healing related to hemoclipping.CONCLUSION Endoscopic hemoclip placementis an effective and safe method.With theimprovement of the clip and application device,the procedure has become easier and much moreefficient.Endoscopic hemoclipping deservesfurther study in the treatment of bleeding pepticulcers.

Gastric ulcer penetrating to liver diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy

Liver penetration is a rare but serious complication of peptic ulcer disease.Usually the diagnosis is made by operation or autopsy.Clinical and laboratory data were no specific.A 64-year-old man was admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Hepatic penetration was diagnosed as the cause of bleeding.Endoscopy showed a large gastric ulcer with a pseudotumoral mass protruding from the ulcer bed.Definitive diagnosis was established by endoscopic biopsies of the ulcer base.

Endoclips vs large or small-volume epinephrine in peptic ulcer recurrent bleeding

AIM:To compare the recurrent bleeding after endoscopic injection of different epinephrine volumes with hemoclips in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.METHODS:Between January 2005 and December 2009,150 patients with gastric or duodenal bleeding ulcer with major stigmata of hemorrhage and nonbleeding visible vessel in an ulcer bed(Forrest Ⅱa) were included in the study.Patients were randomized to receive a small-volume epinephrine group(15 to 25 mL injection group;Group 1,n = 50),a large-volume epinephrine group(30 to 40 mL injection group;Group 2,n = 50) and a hemoclip group(Group 3,n = 50).The rate of recurrent bleeding,as the primary outcome,was compared between the groups of patients included in the study.Secondary outcomes compared between the groups were primary hemostasis rate,permanent hemostasis,need for emergency surgery,30 d mortality,bleeding-related deaths,length of hospital stay and transfusion requirements.RESULTS:Initial hemostasis was obtained in all patients.The rate of early recurrent bleeding was 30%(15/50) in the small-volume epinephrine group(Group 1) and 16%(8/50) in the large-volume epinephrine group(Group 2)(P = 0.09).The rate of recurrent bleeding was 4%(2/50) in the hemoclip group(Group 3);the difference was statistically significant with regard to patients treated with either small-volume or large-volume epinephrine solution(P = 0.0005 and P = 0.045,respectively).Duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter among patients treated with hemoclips than among patients treated with epinephrine whereas there were no differences in transfusion requirement or even 30 d mortality between the groups.CONCLUSION:Endoclip is superior to both small and large volume injection of epinephrine in the prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with peptic ulcer.

Idiopathic chronic ulcerative enteritis with perforation and recurrent bleeding: A case report

Idiopathic chronic ulcerative enteritis (ICUE) is a distinct entity without a defined etiology and is rarely seen in the clinic. Patients with ICUE mainly present with insidious abdominal symptoms such as chronic abdominal pain and intermittent gastrointestinal hemorrhage and symptoms of malnourishment in the early stages of the disease. ICUE is always difficult to diagnose. However, as the disease progresses, patients have a variety of acute abdominal complications such as hemorrhage, perforation, or ileus. Surgical intervention is always needed, and the condition can recur and require repeat laparotomy. When diffuse ulceration of the small bowel is present in the absence of recognizable causes, it is classified as nonspecific or idiopathic. The histological examination always demonstrates an acute, chronic inflammatory infiltration without giant cells, granulomas, or villous atrophy. The etiology of ICUE has not been identified, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood; therefore, radical surgical resection is considered the best available treatment. Here, we report a case of ICUE characterized by nonspecific, multiple, small intestinal ulcers resulting in perforation and recurrent bleeding. The differential diagnosis and the treatment are also discussed.

Does recombinant human erythropoietin accelerate correction of post-ulcer-bleeding anaemia?A pilot study

AIM:Anaemia caused by acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is treated with blood transfusion or iron,but patients usually face a two-month recovery period from post- haemorrhage anaemia.This prospective,randomised,open, pilot study was designed to investigate whether recombinant human erythropoietin(Epoetin)therapy accelerate haematocrit increase in the post-bleeding recovery period. METHODS:We studied hospitalised patients admitted because of acute ulcer bleeding or haemorrhagic gastritis, who had a haematocrit of 27-33% and did not receive blood transfusions.One day after the endoscopic confirmation of cessation of bleeding,they were randomised either to erythropoietin(20 000 IU Epoetin alfa subcutaneously,on days 0,4 and 6)plus iron(100 mg im,on days 1-6,(G_1)or iron only(G_2).Haematocdt was measured on days 0,6,14, 30,45,and 60,respectively. RESULTS:One patient from G_1 and two from G_2 were lost to follow-up.Therefore,14 and 13 patients from G_1 and G_2 respectively were analysed.Demographic characteristics,serum iron,ferritin,total iron binding capacity,reticulocytes,and haernatoait were not significantly different at entry to the study. Median reticulocyte counts were significantly different between groups on day six(G_1:4.0,3.0-6.4 vs G_2:3.5,2.1-4.4%, P=0.03)and median haematocrit on day fourteen [G_1:35.9, 30.7-41.0 vs G_2:32.5,29.5-37.0%(median,range),P=0.04]. CONCLUSION:Erythropoietin administration significantly accelerates correction of anemia after acute ulcer bleeding. The haematocrit gain is equivalent to one unit of transfused blood two weeks after the bleeding episode.

Duodenal ulcer caused by coil wiggle after digital subtraction angiography-guided embolization: A case report

BACKGROUND Acute gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)is a life-threatening medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality.Transcatheter embolization with endovascular coils under digital subtraction angiography guidance is a common and effective method for the treatment of GIB with high technical success rates.Duodenal ulcers caused by coils wiggled from the branch of the gastroduodenal artery,which is a rare complication,have not previously been reported in a patient with right intrathoracic stomach.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man had undergone thoracoscopy-assisted radical resection of esophageal cancer and gastroesophageal anastomosis 3 years ago,resulting in right intrathoracic stomach.He was admitted to the hospital 15 mo ago for dizziness and suffered acute GIB during his stay.Interventional surgery was urgently performed to embolize the branch of the gastroduodenal artery with endovascular coils.After 15 mo,the patient was re-admitted with a chief complaint of melena for 2 d,esophagogastroduodenoscopy and abdominal computed tomography revealed that some endovascular coils had migrated into the duodenal bulb,leading to a deep ulcer.Bleeding was controlled after conservative treatment.Seven months later,duodenal balloon dilatation was performed to relieve the stenosis after the removal of a few coils,and the patient was safely discharged with only one coil retained in the duodenum due to difficulties in complete removal and risk of bleeding.Mild melena recurred once during the long-term follow-up.CONCLUSION Although rare,coil wiggle after interventional therapy requires careful attention,effective precautionary measures,and more secure alternative treatment methods.

早期隐源性多灶性溃疡性狭窄性小肠炎病例报告附文献复习

目的报告1例隐源性多灶性溃疡性狭窄性小肠炎(CMUSE)的诊疗过程,以提高对小肠多发性溃疡导致的消化道出血的认识,为临床诊治提供参考.方法天津市人民医院2021年9月收治1例早期CMUSE病例,依据临床特点、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜检查、组织病理学及治疗方法与随访结果进行病例分析和相关文献资料的统计,并与克罗恩病(CD)、非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)相关性肠炎、肠结核等进行比较,归纳总结CMUSE的治疗原则与临证心得.结果患者男性,54岁,主因"暗红色血便5d"于2021年9月就诊.患者小肠镜检查示:空回肠多发斑片溃疡,局部覆盖白苔,边缘肿胀,部分呈愈合状,部分肠腔见环周狭窄.组织病理学检查示:空肠、回肠黏膜急慢性炎症伴溃疡及肉芽组织,大量中性粒细胞浸润,除外其他小肠疾病后诊断为CMUSE.给予甲泼尼龙治疗28 d,影像学及实验室检查指标明显好转后出院.2年后复查小肠镜提示未见异常,随访至2023年9月,患者未再复发.结论CMUSE是一种病因不明的罕见疾病.多发小肠溃疡消化道出血及溃疡部位纤维狭窄引起的慢性小肠梗阻应考虑CMUSE.胶囊内镜和肠镜检查可支持诊断,但胶囊内镜可能卡在狭窄段,导致肠梗阻.确诊后应尽早使用糖皮质激素治疗,可以取得满意疗效.

消化性溃疡患者并发上消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的分析探讨消化性溃疡(PU)患者并发上消化道出血(UGH)的危险因素。方法选取2021年4月至2022年4月郑州市第九人民医院收治的90例PU患者作为研究对象,收集患者性别、年龄、溃疡长径、溃疡病程、溃疡部位、职业、有无吸烟史、有无饮酒史、是否合并幽门螺杆菌感染、入院时血清单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)水平、入院时CD4+水平、入院时CD8+水平、有无高血压病史、有无糖尿病病史、是否长时间应用非甾体抗炎药、是否合并UGH等资料,并根据患者是否合并UGH将其分为并发UGH组和未并发UGH组,多因素Logistic回归分析PU患者并发UGH的危险因素。结果90例PU患者中22例(24.44%)患者合并UGH,设为并发UGH组;68例(75.56%)患者未合并UGH,设为未并发UGH组。单因素分析结果显示,并发UGH组有饮酒史、长时间应用非甾体抗炎药患者比例明显高于未并发UGH组(χ^(2)=17.113、10.399,P<0.001、P=0.001),血清MCP-1水平、CD4+水平明显高于未并发UGH组(t=18.595、4.757,P均<0.001);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,有饮酒史、长时间应用非甾体抗炎药、血清MCP-1高水平、CD4+高水平是PU患者并发UGH的独立危险因素(95%CI为3.386~30.422、1.805~14.281、1.047~1.131、1.098~1.349,P<0.001、P=0.002、P<0.001、P<0.001)。结论PU患者并发UGH与饮酒史、非甾体抗炎药应用史以及MCP-1与CD4+水平密切相关,临床应予以重点关注,及时根据患者具体情况采取针对性干预措施,以预防UGH的发生。

蛛网膜下腔出血并发应激性溃疡的防治及护理

蛛网膜下腔出血是临床常见的出血性脑血管疾病,分为自发性和外伤性2种情况,自发性蛛网膜下腔出血为脑底或脑表面血管破裂,血液进入蛛网膜下腔。患者起病急,致残率、死亡率高,早期往往并发再次出血、脑血管痉挛、急性脑积水、癫痫发作等。部分危重患者常伴有应激性消化道溃疡并出血,临床上普遍应用各种抑制胃酸制剂和去甲肾上腺素进行防治。对于应激性溃疡发病机制的认识由早期的胃酸分泌增多到胃肠黏膜屏障保护功能受损,现已延伸到了神经内分泌功能失调等综合因素的结果;治疗方面在积极处理原发病的基础上早期留置胃管、给予肠内营养、肠外营养、应用抑制胃酸剂、胃黏膜保护剂以及中医中药等综合治疗可更好地防治应激性上消化道溃疡出血。因此,如何观察和护理应激性溃疡的发生,对提高蛛网膜下腔出血患者的治愈率、挽救患者的生命起着十分重要的作用。

学龄期儿童消化性溃疡并发出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨分析学龄期儿童消化性溃疡并发出血的相关危险因素。方法选取2020年3月至2023年3月南阳市中心医院收治的213例学龄期消化性溃疡患儿作为研究对象,收集患儿性别、有无家族史、年龄、溃疡类型、溃疡病程、是否喜好酸辣、有无幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染、有无心理障碍、有无可加重消化性溃疡病情药物(抗生素、激素、非甾体类抗炎药等)应用史、临床症状(有无呕血、柏油样便或血便等)、是否并发出血等相关资料,并根据患儿并发出血情况将其分为出血组和非出血组,Logistic回归分析并发出血的相关危险因素。结果213例消化性溃疡患儿并发出血60例(28.17%),临床表现为呕血25例(41.67%)、柏油样便35例(58.33%)、嗳气反酸22例(36.67%)、腹痛不适20例(33.33%)、恶心呕吐21例(35.00%),设为出血组;其余153例(71.83%)未并发出血,设为非出血组。单因素分析结果显示,出血组中性别为男性、有家族史、年龄为11~13岁、溃疡病程≥1年、喜好酸辣、有Hp感染、有心理障碍、有可加重消化性溃疡病情药物应用史的患儿明显多于非出血组(χ^(2)=7.502、50.233、8.851、6.927、7.148、8.759、4.719、7.392,P=0.006、P<0.001、P=0.003、P=0.008、P=0.008、P=0.003、P=0.030、P=0.007)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别为男性、有家族史、年龄为11~13岁、溃疡病程≥1年、喜好酸辣、有Hp感染、有心理障碍、有可加重消化性溃疡病情药物应用史是学龄期儿童消化性溃疡并发出血的独立危险因素(95%CI为1.329~4.516、1.318~11.888、1.848~32.710、1.188~6.046、1.133~5.763、1.937~7.914、1.182~11.257、1.155~1.771,P=0.004、0.014、0.005、0.017、0.023、0.001、0.024、0.001)。结论学龄期儿童消化性溃疡并发出血以呕血和柏油样便为主要临床表现,且其发生与性别、有无家族史、年龄、溃疡病程、是否喜好酸辣、有无Hp感染、有无心理障碍、有无可加重消化性溃疡病情药物应用史密切相关。

泮托拉唑静脉滴注治疗急性上消化道出血的疗效

目的 :观察静脉滴注泮托拉唑治疗急性上消化道出血的疗效。方法 :将 70例病人分为 2组 :泮托拉唑治疗组 4 0例 ,静脉滴注泮托拉唑 4 0mg ,q 12h ,持续 2～ 3d ,出血停止后均予泮托拉唑胶囊4 0mg ,po ,qd维持。雷尼替丁对照组 30例 ,静脉滴注雷尼替丁 15 0～ 2 0 0mg ,q 12h ,持续 2～ 3d ,出血停止后均予以雷尼替丁 30 0mg ,po ,qd维持。结果 :泮托拉唑治疗组有效率 92 % ,止血时间 (1.6±0 .5 )d ,再出血率 3% ,明显优于雷尼替丁对照组[分别为 6 7% ,(2 .5± 0 .6 )d和 2 0 % ],均P <0 .0 5。结论 :静脉滴注泮托拉唑是治疗急性上消化道出血有效、安全的药物 ,尤其适用于中。

胃溃疡合并非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的循证治疗

目的为1例胃溃疡合并非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者制定循证治疗方案。方法根据患者情况提出临床问题,计算机检索Cochrane Library(网络版)、PubMed(1970—2012年)、EMBase(1970—2012年)、维普(1990—2012年)、中国知网(1990—2012年)数据库,获得与胃溃疡合并非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗相关的文献证据。结合文献证据及患者病情和需要制定治疗方案。结果共纳入10篇Meta分析和25篇随机对照试验,制定治疗方案如下:调整饮食习惯;适当补充血容量;给予奥美拉唑40 mg口服;内镜治疗并静脉注射奥美拉唑5 d,同时应用阿莫西林和甲硝唑三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌。经过6个月门诊随访,患者行胃镜检查未见溃疡及出血病灶,制定的治疗方案有效。结论应用循证医学的方法,根据高质量的文献证据为胃溃疡合并非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者制定合理的治疗方案,有助于提高治疗效果,改善患者预后。

围术期奥美拉唑预防高血压脑出血、重型颅脑损伤后急性应激性溃疡的疗效观察

目的探讨高血压脑出血、重型颅脑损伤患者围术期早期预防性应用奥美拉唑对胃液pH值的影响以及对应激性溃疡(SU)的疗效。方法 30例急诊高血压脑出血、重型颅脑损伤患者行开颅手术,随机均分为三组,A组于麻醉诱导前予以奥美拉唑40mg,B组和C组在手术后分别予以奥美拉唑40mg、西咪替丁800mg,观察并记录麻醉前(T0)、手术2h(T1)、术毕(T2)及术后ICU第1天(T3)、第2天(T4)、第3天(T5)各时点胃液pH值、胃液红细胞计数及潜血阳性率变化、血浆皮质醇(Cor)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)浓度。结果 A组胃液pH值在T1～T3时均高于B组和C组(P<0.05),A组血浆ACTH和Cor浓度T1～T3时均低于B组和C组(P<0.05),A组无一例发生SU,B组1例、C组2例发生SU。结论重型颅脑损伤及高血压脑出血患者围术期尽早应用奥美拉唑可以有效的预防SU的发生。

老年人急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血病因分析

目的分析老年急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血（ANVUGIB）的病因。方法对解放军总医院消化内科2011年1月至2015年12月期间收治的233例老年ANVUGIB患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果233例老年ANVUGIB患者，年龄60-96（74．38±8．86）岁。最常见的病因为消化性溃疡（111例，占47．6％），内胃溃疡49例，十二指肠溃疡43例，复合溃疡19例。排在第二、三位的病因分别为消化系恶性肿瘤（74例，占31．8％）、急性胃黏膜病变出血（20例，占8．6％）。老年ANVUGIB的危险因素中，非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）及抗凝药物相关消化道出血占28．8％。性别亦是危险因素之一。结论消化性溃疡是老年ANVUGIB最常见的病因，NSAIDs及抗凝药物相关消化道出血是其最常见的危险因素。