Fuzzy Difference Equations in Diagnoses of Glaucoma from Retinal Images Using Deep Learning

The intuitive fuzzy set has found important application in decision-making and machine learning.To enrich and utilize the intuitive fuzzy set,this study designed and developed a deep neural network-based glaucoma eye detection using fuzzy difference equations in the domain where the retinal images converge.Retinal image detections are categorized as normal eye recognition,suspected glaucomatous eye recognition,and glaucomatous eye recognition.Fuzzy degrees associated with weighted values are calculated to determine the level of concentration between the fuzzy partition and the retinal images.The proposed model was used to diagnose glaucoma using retinal images and involved utilizing the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and deep learning to identify the fuzzy weighted regularization between images.This methodology was used to clarify the input images and make them adequate for the process of glaucoma detection.The objective of this study was to propose a novel approach to the early diagnosis of glaucoma using the Fuzzy Expert System(FES)and Fuzzy differential equation(FDE).The intensities of the different regions in the images and their respective peak levels were determined.Once the peak regions were identified,the recurrence relationships among those peaks were then measured.Image partitioning was done due to varying degrees of similar and dissimilar concentrations in the image.Similar and dissimilar concentration levels and spatial frequency generated a threshold image from the combined fuzzy matrix and FDE.This distinguished between a normal and abnormal eye condition,thus detecting patients with glaucomatous eyes.

意识是物质的反映吗?

有一种理论,叫做反映论。其观点有：＂意识是客观物质世界的反映＂;＂没有被反映着,就不可能有反映。＂＂没有客观存在的事物,就不能有客观事物的映象。＂在这里,铿锵作响的字眼是：＂客观事物＂、＂客观存在＂、＂客观物质世界＂。这种哲学是对得起＂客观＂,却太轻看主观了,可是,此哲学之言者就是主观地说着。殊不知,过分地强调客观之时,就表现了一种强烈的主观,两者相伴而行,想把主观甩开都做不到;正如强烈的主观表现,也演绎了一种客观现象。我们来分析一下,这种反映论,大约也是对这种＂反映论＂的一种反映吧。

试论邓小平新时期教育思想的突出贡献

十一届三中全会以后，邓小平同志准确把握时代脉搏，拨乱反正，抓住教育的根本问题，逐步形成和确立了我国新时期的教育思想。在邓小平教育思想的指引下，我国的教育取得了显著成绩，并正以前所未有的“改革与发展”的步伐迈向新世纪。本文试就邓小平新时期教育思想的突出...

Using Monte Carlo Simulation Technology to Improve Intuitive Effect of Teaching Probability and Mathematical Statistics Course

With the illustration of a specific problem, this paper demonstrates that using Monte Carlo Simulation technology will improve intuitive effect of teaching Probability and Mathematical Statistics course, and save instructors' effort as well.And it is estimated that Monte Carlo Simulation technology will be one of the major teaching methods for Probability and Mathematical Statistics course in the future.

鲜艳色彩的平民主义与精英主义

什么是好的色彩？在人类的文明史上,我们明显地看到两种截然相反的取向：更多的色彩是更好的色彩,更少的色彩是更好的色彩。当然,这里的多或少不仅指色相的多少,也同样指色彩饱和度的高低。一般情况下,我们会把前一种取向与人类初始时期的朴素冲动联系在一起,因而为了强调教育与文化所带来的启蒙,我们会用后一种取向代表一种更为＂文明＂、更经＂教化＂的色彩价值观：西方基督教文化中的＂色彩恐惧症＂,中国传统宋明建筑装饰相对于清朝彩画的气定神闲.

信息系统可用性系列讲座之三 可用性实践

对于信息系统的可用性的研究和应用,在一些著名的机构中得到了特别的关注。最后一期讲座中,我们列举了一些先行者的经验和做法,期望给处于可用性研究门槛之外的众多国内企业一点提示和参考。如果能够有些触动,那就是我们推出这个系列讲座的最大收获。

The 2 ℃ Global Temperature Target and the Evolution of the Long-TermGoal of Addressing Climate Change-From the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change to the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.

Multi-attribute decision making method for air target threat evaluation based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets

The function of the air target threat evaluation （TE） is the foundation for weapons allocation and senor resources management within the surface air defense. The multi-attribute evaluation methodology is utilized to address the issue of the TE in which the tactic features of the detected target are treated as evaluation attributes. Meanwhile, the intuitionistic fuzzy set （IFS） is employed to deal with information uncertainty in the TE process. Furthermore, on the basis of the entropy weight and inclusion-comparison probability, a hybrid TE method is developed. In order to accommodate the demands of naturalistic decision making, the proposed method allows air defense commanders to express their intuitive opinions besides incorporating into the threat features of the detected target. An illustrative example is provided to indicate the feasibility and advantage of the proposed method.

Head-mounted display-based intuitive virtual reality training system for the mining industry

Virtual reality(VR) training technology in the mining industry is a new field of research and utilization.The successful application of VR training system is critical to mine safety and production. Through the statistics of the current research and applications of VR training systems in mining industry, all the input/output devices are classified. Based on the classifications of the input/output devices that are used in the VR system, the current VR training systems for the mining industry could be divided into three types: screen-based general type, projector-based customized type, and head-mounted display(HMD)-based intuitive type. By employing a VR headset, a smartphone and a leap motion device, an HMDbased intuitive type VR training system prototype for drilling in underground mines has been developed.Ten trainees tried both the HMD-based intuitive system and the screen-based general control system to compare the experiences and training effects. The results show that the HMD-based system can give a much better user experience and is easy to use. Three of the five components of a VR training system,namely, the user, the tasks, and software and database should be given more attention in future research.With more available technologies of input and output devices, VR engines, and system software, the VR training system will eventually yield much better training results, and will play a more important role in as a training tool for mine safety.

Dark,Beyond Deep:A Paradigm Shift to Cognitive AI with Humanlike Common Sense

Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a“big data for small tasks”paradigm,under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task.In this paper,we call for a shift that flips this paradigm upside down.Specifically,we propose a“small data for big tasks”paradigm,wherein a single artificial intelligence(AI)system is challenged to develop“common sense,”enabling it to solve a wide range of tasks with little training data.We illustrate the potential power of this new paradigm by reviewing models of common sense that synthesize recent breakthroughs in both machine and human vision.We identify functionality,physics,intent,causality,and utility(FPICU)as the five core domains of cognitive AI with humanlike common sense.When taken as a unified concept,FPICU is concerned with the questions of“why”and“how,”beyond the dominant“what”and“where”framework for understanding vision.They are invisible in terms of pixels but nevertheless drive the creation,maintenance,and development of visual scenes.We therefore coin them the“dark matter”of vision.Just as our universe cannot be understood by merely studying observable matter,we argue that vision cannot be understood without studying FPICU.We demonstrate the power of this perspective to develop cognitive AI systems with humanlike common sense by showing how to observe and apply FPICU with little training data to solve a wide range of challenging tasks,including tool use,planning,utility inference,and social learning.In summary,we argue that the next generation of AI must embrace“dark”humanlike common sense for solving novel tasks.

Clinical decision making on the use of physical restraint in intensive care units

Physical restraint is a common nursing intervention in intensive care units and nurses often use it to ensure patients'safety and to prevent unexpected accidents.However,existing literature indicated that the use of physical restraint is a complex one because of inadequate rationales,the negative physical and emotional effects on patients,but the lack of perceived alternatives.This paper is aimed to interpret the clinical decision-making theories related to the use of physical restraint in intensive care units in order to facilitate our understanding on the use of physical restraint and to evaluate the quality of decisions made by nurses.By reviewing the literature,intuition and heuristics are the main decision-making strategies related to the use of physical restraint in intensive care units because the rapid and reflexive nature of intuition and heuristics allow nurses to have a rapid response to urgent and emergent cases.However,it is problematic if nurses simply count their decision-making on experience rather than incorporate research evidence into clinical practice because of inadequate evidence to support the use of physical restraint.Besides that,such a rapid response may lead nurses to make decisions without adequate assessment and thinking and therefore biases and errors may be generated.Therefore,despite the importance of intuition and heuristics in decision-making in acute settings on the use of physical restraint,it is recommended that nurses should incorporate research evidence with their experience to make decisions and adequate assessment before implementing physical restraint is also necessary.

Modeling and Analysis of Matthew Effect Under Switching Social Networks via Distributed Competition

Dear editor,This letter models and analyzes the Matthew effect under switching social networks via distributed competition.A competitive strategy is leveraged to trace the evolution of individuals in social systems under the Matthew effect.In addition,a consensus filter is utilized to decentralize the model with undirected graphs used to describe the interactions among individuals in social networks.Further,a term is added to the dynamic consensus filter to compensate for the influence of the switching of communication networks on the model.In this letter,the convergence of the proposed Matthew effect model is theoretically proved,and simulative experiments are conducted to verify the availability of the model.In particular,this letter points out the state and evolution of each individual in social systems with distributed competition,and the influence of the social environment on the development of individuals is also intuitively displayed.

直觉的理性与理智的感性

你可能觉得,在项目刚开始或建成之前,她的作品倚赖直觉而我们（OMA）的作品依靠理性;而一旦项目完成后,我们的作品变成了直觉性的——或者说不那么复杂——而她的作品却是图解性的。

浅谈英语学习中语感的培养

本文通过对语感本质和特征的分析,探讨了英语学习者如何在学习中培养语感的方法。

DIGITAL GENERATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FIELD OF TURBULENCE FOR FLIGHT SIMULATION

In some special cases of flight simulation (e.g. for formation flight, in-flight tanking) it is required to generate a two-dimensional field of turbulence, in which the turbulent wind speeds are stochastic functions of two coordinates (e.g. x in the flight direction and y in the wing span direction). For this purpose a simple and efficient technique for the digital generation of a two-dimensional field of turbulence, i.e. for the production of turbulent speed sequences on a rectangular network, is proposed in this paper. The correlation of the turbulent field so generated is found to be in good agreement with the theoretical correlation of the turbulence model, and thus the feasibility of the proposed method is verified. Two possible operation modes (off-line and on-line) of the turbulence generator in flight simulation are also discussed.

面向21世纪 构建具有中国特色社会主义的高校师德规范

构建面向２１世纪具有中国特色社会主义高等学校的师德规范，既是全面贯彻落实党的十四届六中全会关于“当前要以加强职业道德建设，纠正行业不正之风为重点”的精神的具体行动，也是我国社会转型期，社会由“失序”、道德由“失范”向新的有序、有范过度的必然要求。本文...

Development and Application of a Tyrosinase-Based Time-Temperature Indicator(TTI) for Determining the Quality of Turbot Sashimi

Time-temperature indicators(TTIs) are convenient intuitive devices that are widely used to predict food quality. The aim of this study is to develop a new simple device which can be attached to food packages as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi. In this study, a solid TTI based on the reaction between tyrosinase and tyrosine was developed. The Arrhenius behavior of this enzymatic TTI was studied. The kinetics of the tyrosinase-based TTI was investigated in the form of color change from colorless to dark black induced by the enzymatic reaction. The mathematical formula for the color alterations as a function of time and temperature was established. The longest indication time for the developed TTI was 50 hours at 4℃. The activation energy of the tyrosinase-based TTI was 0.409 k J mol^(-1). The suitability of the tyrosinase-based TTI was validated for turbot sashimi using total plate count. The feasibility of using this TTI as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi was assessed based on the activation energy and indication time. Therefore, the tyrosinasebased TTI system developed in this study could be used as an effective tool for monitoring the quality changes of turbot sashimi during the distribution and storage.

Multi-Topology Hierarchical Collaborative Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for WSN

Wireless sensor networks(WSN)are widely used in many situations,but the disordered and random deployment mode will waste a lot of sensor resources.This paper proposes a multi-topology hierarchical collaborative particle swarm optimization(MHCHPSO)to optimize sensor deployment location and improve the coverage of WSN.MHCHPSO divides the population into three types topology:diversity topology for global exploration,fast convergence topology for local development,and collaboration topology for exploration and development.All topologies are optimized in parallel to overcome the precocious convergence of PSO.This paper compares with various heuristic algorithms at CEC 2013,CEC 2015,and CEC 2017.The experimental results show that MHCHPSO outperforms the comparison algorithms.In addition,MHCHPSO is applied to the WSN localization optimization,and the experimental results confirm the optimization ability of MHCHPSO in practical engineering problems.

Contemporary Analytic Philosophy and Bayesian Subjectivism： Why Both Are Incoherent

My purpose in this paper is to argue for two separate, but related theses. The first is that contemporary analytic philosophy is incoherent. This is so, I argue, because its methods contain as an essential constituent a non-classical conception of intuition that cannot be rendered consistent with a key tenet of analytic philosophy unless we allow a Bayesian-subjectivist epistemology. I argue for this within a discussion of two theories of intuition： a classical account as proposed by Descartes and a modem reliabilist account as proposed by Komblith, maintaining that reliabilist accounts require a commitment to Bayesian subjectivism about probability. However, and this is the second thesis, Bayesian subjecfivism is itself logically incoherent given three simple assumptions： （1） some empirical propositions are known, （2） any proposition that is known is assigned a degree of subjective credence of 1, and （3） every empirical proposition is evidentially relevant to at least one other proposition. I establish this using a formal reductio proof. I argue for the t-u-st thesis in section 1 and for the second in section 2. The final section contains a summary and conclusion.

从东西方传统思维方式探讨中医药理论的特色及其前景(续)

七、中医药理论中的个案性原则与现代科学的统计学原理 《内经》一再强调临床诊断治疗必须因时制宜、因地制宜和因人制宜。历代医家也颇多发挥,如“运气不齐,古今异规”,“古方不能治今病”、“师其法而不拘其方”、“板方不能治活病”,等等,这些论述都是强调特殊性和个体性原则的。事实上,世界上没有两个人是完全一样的,因此更没有两个病是完全一样的,即使是同一个人,前后二次患同样的病,二次病情也不会完全一样。因为人本身在变,病因在变,其病变必然随之亦要变。