Low-Level Temperature Inversions and Their Effect on Aerosol Condensation Nuclei Concentrations under Different Large-Scale Synoptic Circulations

Knowledge of the statistical characteristics of inversions and their effects on aerosols under different large-scale synoptic circulations is important for studying and modeling the diffusion of pollutants in the boundary layer. Based on results gen- erated using the self-organizing map （SOM） weather classification method, this study compares the statistical characteristics of surface-based inversions （SBIs） and elevated inversions （EIs）, and quantitatively evaluates the effect of SBIs on aerosol condensation nuclei （CN） concentrations and the relationship between temperature gradients and aerosols for six prevailing synoptic patterns over the the Southern Great Plains （SGP） site during 2001-10. Large-scale synoptic patterns strongly influ- ence the statistical characteristics of inversions and the accumulation of aerosols in the low-level atmosphere. The activity, frequency, intensity, and vertical distribution of inversions are significantly different among these synoptic patterns. The verti- cal distribution of inversions varies diurnally and is significantly different among the different synoptic patterns. Anticyclonic patterns affect the accumulation of aerosols near the ground more strongly than cyclonic patterns. Mean aerosol CN con- centrations increase during SBIs compared to no inversion cases by 16.1%, 22.6%, 24.5%, 58.7%, 29.8% and 23.7% for the six synoptic patterns. This study confirms that there is a positive correlation between temperature gradients and aerosol CN concentrations near the ground at night under similar large-scale synoptic patterns. The relationship is different for different synoptic patterns and can be described by linear functions. These findings suggest that large-scale synoptic patterns change the static stability of the atmosphere and inversions in the lower atmosphere, thereby influencing the diffusion of aerosols near the ground.

Temperature Inversion in the Bay of Bengal Prior to the Summer Monsoon Onsets in 2010 and 2011

Freshwater input such as runoff and rainfall can enhance stratification in the Bay of Bengal(BOB) through the formation of a "barrier layer",which can lead to the formation of a temperature inversion.The authors focused on the temperature inversion in spring,especially before the onset of the summer monsoon,because previous research has mainly focused on the temperature inversion in winter.Using the hydrographic data from two cruises performed during 24-30 April 2010 and 1-4 May 2011,the authors found that inversions appeared at two out of nine Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Recorder(CTD) stations across the 10°N section and at seven out of 13 CTD stations across the 6°N section in the BOB.In 2010,the inversions(at stations N02 and N05) occurred at depths of approximately 50-60 meters,and their formation was caused by the advection of cold water over warm water.In 2010,the N02 inversion was mainly influenced by the warm saline water from the east sinking below the cold freshwater from the west,while the N05 inversion was affected by the warm saline water from its west sinking below the cold freshwater from its east.In 2011,the inversions appeared at depths of 20-40 meters(at stations S01,S02,S07,S08,and S09) and near 50 m(S12 and S13).The inversions in 2011 were mainly caused by the net heat loss of the ocean along the 6°N section.

Site-testing at Muztagh-ata site Ⅲ:temperature inversion in surface-layer atmosphere

In this article,we present detailed seasonal,monthly and daily statistics of temperature difference in the surface layer at the Muztagh-ata site based on the temperature measurements at two heights of 2 m and6 m.We find that temperature inversion occurs frequently at our site during nighttime,especially during the cold season.Strong temperature inversion always represents stable atmospheric turbulence,which is crucial for an optical observatory.By analyzing the behavior of temperature inversion and its correlation with wind and cloud amount,one conclusion can be made that radiation inversion is the main reason for the existence of temperature inversion in the surface-layer at the Muztagh-ata site.

A temperature inversion in "Chinese Arctic Research Expedition 1999

Using the boundary layer observation data collected by 'Arctic Upper Air Observation 1999' in Chinese Arctic Research Expedition 1999, a strong temperature inversion in summer is studied. It shows that the intensity (6.3℃/(100 m)) is much stronger than the climatology average value in summer and winter. The temperature inversion took on a remarkable diurnal variation. The intensity of inversion gradually weakened from night to daytime.

Temperature inversion in the Huanghai Sea bottom cold water in summer

Using conductivity-Temperature-depth data of a recent cruise during July 22-28, 2008 and historical data, it is found that temperature inversions occur from time to time in the Huanghai Sea（Yellow Sea） cold water mass （HSCWM） in summer. The temperature inversions are produced by the movement of the fresh and cold HSCWM masses above the warm and saline Huanghai Sea Warm Current water at the central bottom of the Huanghai Sea Trough. The non-homogeneous profiles of the temperature and the salinity suggest that vertical mixing in the HSCWM, which is of great importance to the circulation in the Huanghai Sea in summer, is weak. Trajectories of satellite-tracked surface drifters suggest that waters in the northern reach of the Huanghai Sea move southward along the 40-50 m isobaths and descend into the southern Huanghai Sea to form the western core of the HSCWM.

Spatiotemporal variation and mechanisms of temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean

In the northern Bay of Bengal,the existence of intense temperature inversion during winter is a widely accepted phenomenon.However,occurrences of temperature inversion during other seasons and the spatial distribution within and adjacent to the Bay of Bengal are not well understood.In this study,a higher resolution spatiotemporal variation of temperature inversion and its mechanisms are examined with mixed layer heat and salt budget analysis utilizing long-term Argo(2004 to 2020)and RAMA(2007 to 2020)profiles data in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean(EEIO).Temperature inversion exists(17.5%of the total 39293 Argo and 51.6%of the 28894 RAMA profiles)throughout the year in the entire study area.It shows strong seasonal variation,with the highest occurrences in winter and the lowest in spring.Besides winter inversion in the northern Bay of Bengal,two other regions with frequent temperature inversion are identified in this study for the first time:the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal and the eastern part of the EEIO during summer and autumn.Driving processes of temperature inversion for different subregions are revealed in the current study.Penetration of heat(mean~25 W/m;)below the haline-stratified shallow mixed layer leads to a relatively warmer subsurface layer along with the simultaneous cooling tendency in mixed layer,which controls more occurrence of temperature inversion in the northern Bay of Bengal throughout the year.Comparatively lower cooling tendency due to net surface heat loss and higher mixed layer salinity leaves the southern part of the bay less supportive to the formation of temperature inversion than the northern bay.In the EEIO,slightly cooling tendency in the mixed layer along with the subduction of warm-salty Arabian Sea water beneath the cold-fresher Bay of Bengal water,and downwelling of thermocline creates a favorable environment for forming temperature inversion mainly during summer and autumn.Deeper isothermal layer depth,and thicker barrier layer thickness intensify the temperature inversion both in the Bay of Bengal and EEIO.

Centimeter-sized Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)single crystals grown by oleic acid assisted inverse temperature crystallization strategy and their films for high-quality X-ray imaging

Low-dimensional halide perovskites have become the most promising candidates for X-ray imaging,yet the issues of the poor chemical stability of hybrid halide perovskite,the high poisonousness of lead halides and the relatively low detectivity of the lead-free halide perovskites which seriously restrain its commercialization.Here,we developed a solution inverse temperature crystal growth(ITCG)method to bring-up high quality Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)crystals with large size of centimeter order,in which the oleic acid(OA)is introduced as an antioxidative ligand to inhibit the oxidation of cuprous ions effieiently,as well as to decelerate the crystallization rate remarkalby.Based on these fine crystals,the vapor deposition technique is empolyed to prepare high quality Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films for efficient X-ray imaging.Smooth surface morphology,high light yields and short decay time endow the Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films with strong radioluminescence,high resolution(12 lp/mm),low detection limits(53 nGyair/s)and desirable stability.Subsequently,the Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films have been applied to the practical radiography which exhibit superior X-ray imaging performance.Our work provides a paradigm to fabricate nonpoisonous and chemically stable inorganic halide perovskite for X-ray imaging.

Physical mechanism and numerical simulations of surface layer temperature inversion in tropical ocean

The one-dimensional Kraus- Turner mixed layer model improved by Liu is developed to consider the effect of salinity and the equa- tions of temperature and salinity under the mixed layer. On this basis, the processes of growth and death of surface layer temperature inversion is numerically simulated under different environmental parameters. At the same time, the physical mechanism is preliminari- ly discussed combining the observations at the station of TOGA- COARE 0°N, 156°E. The results indicate that temperature inversion sensitively depends on the mixed layer depth, sea surface wind speed and solar shortwave radiation, etc., and appropriately meteoro- logical and hydrological conditions often lead to the similarly periodical occurrence of this inversion phenomenon.

Contributions of shortwave radiation to the formation of temperature inversions in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean:A modeling approach

Variations in incoming shortwave radiation influence the net surface heat flux,contributing to the formation of a temperature inversion.The effects of shortwave radiation on the temperature inversions in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean have never been investigated.Thus,a high-resolution(horizontal resolution of 0.07°×0.07° with 50 vertical layers) Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS) model is utilized to quantify the contributions of shortwave radiation to the temperature inversions in the study domain.Analyses of the mixed layer heat and salt budgets are performed,and different model simulations are compared.The model results suggest that a 30% change in shortwave radiation can change approximately 3% of the temperature inversion area in the Bay of Bengal.Low shortwave radiation reduces the net surface heat flux and cools the mixed layer substantially;it also reduces the evaporation rate,causing less evaporative water vapor losses from the ocean than the typical situation,and ultimately enhances haline stratification.Thus,the rudimentary outcome of this research is that a decrease in shortwave radiation produces more temperature inversion in the study region,which is primarily driven by the net surface cooling and supported by the intensive haline stratification.Moreover,low shortwave radiation eventually intensifies the temperature inversion layer by thickening the barrier layer.This study could be an important reference for predicting how the Indian Ocean climate will respond to future changes in shortwave radiation.

Temperature Inversions,Meteorological Variables and Air Pollutants and Their Influence on Acute Respiratory Disease in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone,Jalisco,Mexico

The presence of temperature inversions (TI), concentration of air pollutants (AP) and meteorological variables (MV) affect the welfare of the population, creating public health problems (acute respiratory diseases ARDs, among others). The Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone (GMZ) experiences high levels of air pollution, which associated with the presence of temperature inversions and meteorological variations is conducive to the incidence of ARDs in children. The aim of this work is to evaluate the TI, MV, AP and their influence on the ARDs in children under five years in the GMZ from 2003 to 2007. In this period, the moderate and strong TI are the most frequent presenting from November to May. The AP shows a variable behavior during the year and between years, with the highest concentration of particles less than 10 microns (PM10), followed by ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the most affected areas are the southeast of the GMZ. Annual arithmetic mean is 213,510 ± 41,209 ARDs consultations. The most important diseases are acute respiratory infections (98.0%), followed by pneumonia and bronchopneumonia (1.1%), asthma and status asthmaticus (0.5%) and streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis (0.4%). Months with most inquiries were from October to March, mainly in the southeast, south and center of the city, coinciding with high levels of AP. Statistical analysis shows that the TI have significant correlation with ARDs in three years, temperature (Temp) in two, relative humidity (RH) in two, wind speed (WS) in three, wind direction (WD) in two, while that air pollutants NOX and NO2 showed significant correlation with ARDs throughout the period. CO and SO2 showed significance in two years, while the PM10 and O3 in one.

On the Shallowing of Antarctic Low-Level Temperature Inversions Projected by CESM-LE under RCP8.5

Temperature inversions are frequently observed in the boundary layer and lower troposphere of polar regions.Future variations of the low-level temperature inversions in these regions,especially the Antarctic,are still poorly understood.Due to the scarcity of observations in the Antarctic,reanalysis data and numerical simulations are often used in the study of Antarctic climate change.Based on ERA-Interim,ERA5,JRA-55,and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis products,this study examines temporal and spatial variations of Antarctic inversion depth in austral autumn and winter during 1979-2020.Deeper inversions are found to occur over the high plateau areas of the Antarctic continent.Based on the Mann-Kendall test,ERA-Interim and ERA5 data reveal that the Antarctic inversion depth in austral autumn and winter increased during 1992-2007,roughly maintained afterwards,and then significantly decreased since around 2016.The decrease trend is more obvious in the last two months of winter.Overall,JRA-55 better represents the spatial distribution of inversion depth,and ERA-Interim has better interannual variability.The Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble(CESM-LE)30-member simulations in 1979-2005 were first verified against JRA-55,showing reasonable consistency,and were then used to project the future changes of Antarctic low-level inversion depth over 2031-2050 under RCP8.5.The CESM-LE projection results reveal that the temperature inversion will shallow in the Antarctic at the end of the 21st century,and the decrease in depth in autumn will be more pronounced than that in winter.In particular,the temperature inversion will weaken over the ice-free ocean,while it will remain stable over the ice sheet,showing certain spatial heterogeneity and seasonal dependence on the underlying cryospheric surface conditions.In addition,the decrease of inversion depth is found closely linked with the reduction in sea ice,suggesting the strong effect of global warming on the thermal structure change of the Antarctic.

A Study of the Relationship between Low-level Jet and inversion Layer over an Agroforest Ecosystem in East China Plain

The relationship between the super–low–level jet (LLJ) and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem on the Huang–Huai–Hai plain in the eastern China is studied by means of a time–independent K–closure model. It is found that the intensified inversion near the surface of a luxuriantly growing agroforest ecosystem leads to the formation and development of the LLJ, the more intense the inversion, the stronger is the LLJ. The critical value of inversion intensity index for the LLJ formation is 0.75°C/ 100 m, which relates to the necessary geostraphic wind velocity of 6.0 to 10 m / s at the top level of the model. The numerical calculations show that the roughness length of the underlying surface has considerable effects on the LLJ structure. Key words Low?level jet - Temperature inversion - Agroforest ecosystem The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (49975016).

Crystal engineering regulation achieving inverse temperature symmetry breaking ferroelasticity in a cationic displacement type hybrid perovskite system

Ferroelastic hybrid perovskite materials have been revealed the significance in the applications of switches,sensors,actuators,etc.However,it remains a challenge to design high-temperature ferroelastic to meet the requirements for the practical applications.Herein,we reported an one-dimensional organicinorganic hybrid perovskites(OIHP)(3-methylpyrazolium)CdCl_(3)(3-MBCC),which possesses a mmmF2/m ferroelastic phase transition at 263 K.Moreover,utilizing crystal engineering,we replace-CH_(3) with-NH_(2) and-H,which increases the intermolecular force between organic cations and inorganic frameworks.The phase transition temperature of(3-aminopyrazolium)CdCl_(3)(3-ABCC),and(pyrazolium)CdCl_(3)(BCC)increased by 73 K and 10 K,respectively.Particularly,BCC undergoes an unconventional inverse temperature symmetry breaking(ISTB)ferroelastic phase transition around 273 K.Differently,it transforms from a high symmetry low-temperature paraelastic phase(point group 2/m)to a low symmetry high-temperature ferroelastic phase(point group ī)originating from the rare mechanism of displacement of organic cations phase transition.It means that crystal BCC retains in ferroelastic phase above 273 K until melting point(446 K).Furthermore,characteristic ferroelastic domain patterns on crystal BCC are confirmed with polarized optical microscopy.Our study enriches the molecular mechanism of ferroelastics in the family of organic-inorganic hybrids and opens up a new avenue for exploring high-temperature ferroic materials.

High-precision temperature retrieval algorithm and verification for mesospheric airglow spectrum photometer

Photometric technology,characterized by its compact structure and relatively high stability,finds wide application in measuring airglow spectra.This instrumentation is anticipated to assume a pivotal role as the primary equipment for extensive network observations of middle and upper atmospheric temperatures in China,thereby providing crucial support for space environmental monitoring and atmospheric dynamic research.Nevertheless,susceptibility to various factors such as instrument inconsistency,variability in observation conditions,and alterations in the background atmospheric environment across different stations poses a challenge,potentially resulting in data inconsistencies in network observations.In response to these challenges,we propose a multiple-parameter iterative inversion(MPII)algorithm for temperature retrieval based on a mesospheric airglow spectrum photometer(MASP)developed by our research group.This algorithm accurately identifies the center of the image circle,corrects image distortion,and thereby obtains an accurate synthetic spectrum reflective of actual observations.It encompasses five adjustable parameters:sky background light,atmospheric temperature,filter temperature,optical system focal length,and degree of synthetic spectrum modulation.Compared to traditional methods,significant enhancements in the accuracy of the inverted temperature are achieved.To validate the effectiveness of the MPII algorithm,we conducted combined active and passive remote sensing synchronous measurements using MASP in conjunction with a sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar developed by the National Space Science Center.By utilizing the lidar temperature as a reference,atmospheric background radiation is mitigated from the MASP data,and the temperature is inverted using the MPII algorithm.Comparative analysis with the traditional method reveals that temperatures calculated by the MPII algorithm exhibit better consistency than those observed by the lidar.

Analysis of Weather Element Characteristics and Air Pollution Status during Continuous Fog Days in Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the formation, duration and disappearance of fog. [Method] Based on the weather data and physics of Liaoning Province, and considering the continuous 4 foggy days in 11 places in Liaoning from November 29 to December 2, 2009, detailed analysis of this consecutive foggy days was given proceeding from the weather situation, element characteristics, especially the occurrence, duration and disappearance of dense fog. [Result] This dense fog was because that Liaoning was in the saddle pressure field. The weak cold air divergence set the ground in many weak mild scale convergence areas. The high temperature in the early time resulted in melting snow and long duration of dense fog days, along with radiation low temperature and southwest convergence transmission. In the meantime, because of the existence of small wind speed and existence of upper inversion temperature layer, it was inconvenient for the divergence of wet air; in addition, there was dense fog in north China. The upper southwest airstream transmitted wet air in the north China to the air of Liaoning, increasing the intensity of dense fog in Liaoning. [Conclusion] The study offered reference for the further forecast of air pollution.

Analysis on A Synoptic Process of Freezing Rain in Anshan City

Based on MICAPS(Meteorological Information Combine Analysis and Process System) and observational data in Anshan Observatory,the freezing rain event occurred rarely in Anshan on February 24 in 2010 was analyzed.The results showed that there existed the inversion layer from the ground to 850 hpa level even to 700 hPa level when the local surface temperature was below 0 ℃.The temperature stratification structure of coldness-warmth-coldness was prevailing from the upper level to the ground with the existence of the ice melting layer of a certain thickness.Thus the freezing event occurred in Anshan.

Drying Characteristics of Wood under Vacuum-superheated Steam

This paper presents comparison and analysis of thermal-dynamic characteristics of air-drying and superheated steam drying under vacuum. The result reveals that for both convective heat transfer coefficient and resistance of mass transfer on the surface, superheated steam drying under vacuum is superior to air-drying under the same condition. With Masson pine as specimen, we found that the inversion temperature really exists through comparable experiments of air-drying and superheated steam drying under vacuum. When temperature is above inversion point of temperature, drying speed is faster than that of air-drying; however, if temperature is below the point, the result is opposite. The inversion temperature of experiment ranges from 80 to 85 ℃.

Fate of Particulate Matter from Cruise-Ship Emissions in Glacier Bay during the 2008 Tourist Season

Simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, inline coupled with chemistry, were used to examine the fate of particulate matter with diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) in Glacier Bay, Alaska during the 2008 tourist season. The simulations demonstrated that mesoscale and synoptic scale weather systems affect the residence time of PM10, the magnitude of concentrations, and its transport in and out of Glacier Bay. Strong inversions exceeding 2 K (100 m)-1 cause notable trapping of pollutants from cruise-ship emissions, increasing PM10 concentrations up to 43% compared to days with cruise-ship visits without the presence of an inversion. Inversions occurred locally in Glacier Bay on 42% of the 124-day tourist season with an average lifetime of 9 h. Pollutants occasionally originated from outside the National Park when southerly winds advected pollutants from ship traffic in Icy Strait. Occasionally, orographically forced lifting over the Fairweather Mountains transported pollutants from the Gulf of Alaska into Glacier Bay. While hourly (daily) PM10 concentrations reached ~44 μg·m-3 (22 μg·m-3) in some areas of Glacier Bay, overall seasonal average PM10 concentrations were below 2 μg·m-3. Despite up to two cruise-ship visits per day, Glacier Bay still has pristine air quality. Surface and upper air meteorological state variables were evaluated through an extensive network of surface and radiosonde observations, which demonstrated that the model was able to capture the meteorological conditions well.

Effect of seasonal barrier layer on mixed-layer heat budget in the Bay of Bengal

Time series measurements (2010–2017) from the Research Moored Array for African–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) moorings at 15°N,90°E and 12°N,90°E are used to investigate the effect of the seasonal barrier layer (BL) on the mixed-layer heat budget in the Bay of Bengal (BoB).The mixed-layer temperature tendency (?T/?t) is primarily controlled by the net surface heat flux that remains in the mixed layer(Q’) from March to October,while both Q’and the vertical heat flux at the base of the mixed layer (Q_(h)),estimated as the residual of the mixed-layer heat budget,dominate during winter (November–February).An inverse relation is observed between the BL thickness and the mixed-layer temperature (MLT).Based on the estimations at the moorings,it is suggested that when the BL thickness is≥25 m,it exerts a considerable influence on ?T/?t through the modulation of Q_(h) (warming) in the BoB.The cooling associated with Q_(h) is strongest when the BL thickness is≤10 m with the MLT exceeding 29°C,while the contribution from Q_(h) remains nearly zero when the BL thickness varies between 10 m and 25 m.Temperature inversion is evident in the BoB during winter when the BL thickness remains≥25 m with an average MLT<28.5°C.Furthermore,Q_(h) follows the seasonal cycle of the BL at these RAMA mooring locations,with r>0.72 at the 95%significance level.

Vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to temperature over the Manasi River Basin of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature(LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that:(1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent(SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low(<2100 m) and high altitude(>3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature.(2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter.(3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m.(4) The snow cover days(SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range.(5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.