Enriching Iodine and Regulating Grain Aroma,Appearance Quality,and Yield in Aromatic Rice by Foliar Application of Sodium Iodide

Applying iodine fertilizers to cultivate iodine-rich crops for daily intake is an effective approach for iodine supplementation,especially for aromatic rice.Field experiments were conducted during the early growing seasons of 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the impacts of foliar application of iodine fertilizer on aromatic rice and to explore the optimal iodine fertilizer concentration.At the full heading stage,six different concentrations of sodium iodide solutions of 0%(CK),0.010%(T1),0.025%(T2),0.050%(T3),0.075%(T4),and 0.100%(T5)were applied to indica aromatic rice cultivars Meixiangzhan 2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan.The results showed that sodium iodide treatments significantly increased the iodine and sodium contents in both leaves and grains.Compared with the CK,the T1 and T2 treatments increased the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)content in mature grains by 8.41%-101.66%and 13.58%-74.60%,respectively.Improvements in the contents of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid,proline,1-pyrroline,and methylglyoxal,as well as the activity of proline dehydrogenase were also detected.Additionally,sodium iodide treatments remarkably decreased the chalky grain rate,chalkiness area,and chalkiness degree of aromatic rice,with the T2 treatment exhibiting a 17.79%-47.42%decrease in chalkiness degree compared with the CK.Meanwhile,T1 and T2 treatments showed beneficial impacts on chlorophyll content,photosynthetic characteristics,and yield components,while T3,T4,and T5 treatments exhibited adverse effects on leaf and grain yields.The linear discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between treatments.The correlation analysis and piecewise structural equation modeling showed that the iodine and sodium influenced the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll content of the leaves,thereby regulating the 2-AP biosynthesis and yield components,ultimately affecting the 2-AP content and yield.Overall,this study suggests that foliar application of 0.025%sodium iodide is an effective method to enrich the iodine content in rice grains,improve the grain aroma and appearance quality of aromatic rice,without detrimental effects on grain yield.

Iodine Nutrition, Thyroid-stimulating Hormone, and Related Factors of Postpartum Women from three Different Areas in China: A Cross-sectional Survey

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women.Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured.Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00µg/L and 139.95µg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels.Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.

Performance investigation of a low-power Hall thruster fed on iodine propellant

The common propellants used for electric thrusters, such as xenon and krypton, are rare, expensive,and difficult to acquire. Solid iodine attracts much attention with the advantages of low cost,extensive availability, low vapor pressure, and ionization potential. The performance of a lowpower iodine-fed Hall thruster matched with a xenon-fed cathode is investigated across a broad range of operation conditions. Regulation of the iodine vapor's mass flow rates is stably achieved by using a temperature control method of the iodine reservoir. The thrust measurements are finished utilizing a thrust target during the tests. Results show that thrust and anode-specific impulse increase approximately linearly with the increasing iodine mass flow rate.At the nominal power of 200 W class, iodine mass flow rates are 0.62 and 0.93 mg/s, thrusts are7.19 and 7.58 m N, anode specific impulses are 1184 and 826 s, anode efficiencies are 20.8%and 14.5%, and thrust to power ratios are 35.9 and 37.9 m N/k W under the conditions of 250 V,0.8 A and 200 V, 1.0 A, respectively. The operating characteristics of iodine-fed Hall thruster are analyzed in different states. Further work on the measurements of plasma characteristics and experimental optimization will be carried out.

Ambulatory Radio Iodine Therapy in the Management of Hyperthyroidism in Africa: African Systematic Review and Perspectives in Burkina Faso

Introduction: In hyperthyroidism, selective irradiation of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine is a radical treatment and an alternative to surgery. The aim of this review is to assess the medium-term efficacy of outpatient treatment of hyperthyroidism with iodine-131 in Africa. Methods: We identified the studies carried out in Africa on outpatient radiation therapy between 2016 and 2020. For each article included, we noted the country concerned and the year of publication, the numbers studied, the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients, the indications for radio iodine therapy, the dose administered, the results of the hormonal dosage 6 months after radiation. Results: 13 retrospective studies were included to constitute a total population of 925 patients. The average age was 40.77 years, the sex ratio of 1/5.4 with a clear female predominance. The 3 main etiologies of hyperthyroidism justifying outpatient radio iodine therapy were Graves’ disease (55.89%), toxic multinodular goiter (22.70%) and toxic adenoma (21.40%). The average dose of iodine 131 administered per course is 13.7 mCi. No short-and medium-term complications were reported. The radio iodine therapy was effective in 86.08% (n = 796) of the patients with extremes of 72% and 100%. Conclusion: Radio iodine therapy is effective in Africa. It is simple, inexpensive on an outpatient basis and well tolerated. The introduction of outpatient radio iodine therapy could improve the management of patients with hyperthyroidism in Burkina Faso.

Relationship between Dining Place, Iodine Source, and Iodine Nutrition in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

Objective This study assesses the impact of iodine-rich processed foods and dining places on the iodine nutritional status of children.Methods School-aged children(SAC) in seven provinces in China were selected by school-based multistage sampling. Urinary iodine, salt iodine, and thyroid volume(TVOL) were determined. Questionnaires were used to investigate dining places and iodine-rich processed foods. The water iodine was from the2017 national survey. Multi-factor regression analysis was used to find correlations between variables.Results Children ate 78.7% of their meals at home, 15.1% at school canteens, and 6.1% at other places.The percentage of daily iodine intake from water, iodized salt, iodine-rich processed foods, and cooked food were 1.0%, 79.2%, 1.5%, and 18.4%, respectively. The salt iodine was correlated with the urinary iodine and TVOL, respectively(r = 0.999 and-0.997, P < 0.05). The iodine intake in processed foods was weakly correlated with the TVOL(r = 0.080, P < 0.01). Non-iodized salt used in processed foods or diets when eating out had less effect on children’s iodine nutrition status.Conclusion Iodized salt remains the primary source of daily iodine intake of SAC, and processed food has less effect on iodine nutrition. Therefore, for children, iodized salt should be a compulsory supplement in their routine diet.

Aqueous Zinc Batteries with Ultra‑Fast Redox Kinetics and High Iodine Utilization Enabled by Iron Single Atom Catalysts

Rechargeable aqueous zinc iodine(ZnǀǀI_(2))batteries have been promising energy storage technologies due to low-cost position and constitutional safety of zinc anode,iodine cathode and aqueous electrolytes.Whereas,on one hand,the low-fraction utilization of electrochemically inert host causes severe shuttle of soluble polyiodides,deficient iodine utilization and sluggish reaction kinetics.On the other hand,the usage of high mass polar electrocatalysts occupies mass and volume of electrode materials and sacrifices device-level energy density.Here,we propose a“confinement-catalysis”host composed of Fe single atom catalyst embedding inside ordered mesoporous carbon host,which can effectively confine and catalytically convert I_(2)/I^(−)couple and polyiodide intermediates.Consequently,the cathode enables the high capacity of 188.2 mAh g^(−1)at 0.3 A g^(−1),excellent rate capability with a capacity of 139.6 mAh g^(−1)delivered at high current density of 15 A g^(−1)and ultra-long cyclic stability over 50,000 cycles with 80.5%initial capacity retained under high iodine loading of 76.72 wt%.Furthermore,the electrocatalytic host can also accelerate the I^(+)↔I_(2)conversion.The greatly improved electrochemical performance originates from the modulation of physicochemical confinement and the decrease of energy barrier for reversible I−/I_(2)and I_(2)/I^(+)couples,and polyiodide intermediates conversions.

Development of High Areal Capacity Electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn Battery via an Iodine Mediator

The commercialization of electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn batteries is highly applauded owing to the advantages of cost-effectiveness,high safety,high energy density,and durable working performance.However,due to the low reversibility of the cathode MnO_(2)/Mn^(2+)chemistry at high areal capacities and the severe Zn anode corrosion,the practical application of MnO_(2)-Zn batteries is hampered by inadequate lifespan.Leveraging the full advantage of an iodine redox mediator,here we design a highly rechargeable electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn battery with a high areal capacity.The MnO_(2)-Zn battery coupled with an iodine mediator in a mild electrolyte shows a high discharge voltage of 1.85 V and a robust areal capacity of 10 mAh cm^(-2)under a substantial discharge current density of 160 mA cm^(-2).The MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery with an areal capacity of 10 mAh cm^(-2)exhibits prolonged stability of over 950 cycles under a high-capacity retention of~94%.The scaled-up MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery reveals a stable cycle life under a cell capacity of~600 mAh.Moreover,our constructed MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery demonstrates a practical energy density of~37 Wh kg^(-1)and a competitive energy cost of<18 US$kWh^(-1)by taking into account the cathode,anode,and electrolyte.The MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery,with its remarkable reversibility and reasonable energy density,enlightens a new arena of large-scale energy storage devices.

Computational and experimental investigations of a microfluidic mixer for efficient iodine extraction using carbon tetrachloride enhanced with gas bubbles

Numerous studies have been conducted on microfluidic mixers in various microanalysis systems, which elucidated the manipulation and control of small fluid volumes within microfluidic chips. These studies have demonstrated the ability to control fluids and samples precisely at the microscale. Microfluidic mixers provide high sensitivity for biochemical analysis due to their small volumes and high surface-to-volume ratios. A promising approach in drug delivery is the rapid microfluidic mixer-based extraction of elemental iodine at the micro level, demonstrating the versatility and the potential to enhance diagnostic imaging and accuracy in targeted drug delivery. Micro-mixing inside microfluidic chips plays a key role in biochemical analysis. The experimental study describes a microfluidic mixer for extraction of elemental iodine using carbon tetrachloride with a gas bubble mixing process. Gas bubbles are generated inside the microcavity to create turbulence and micro-vortices resulting in uniform mixing of samples. The bubble mixing of biochemical samples is analyzed at various pressure levels to validate the simulated results in computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The experimental setup includes a high-resolution camera and an air pump to observe the mixing process and volume at different pressure levels with time. The bubble formation is controlled by adjusting the inert gas flow inside the microfluidic chip. Microfluidic chip-based gas bubble mixing effects have been elaborated at various supplied pressures.

Effects of diquafosol sodium in povidone iodine-induced dry eye model

AIM:To investigate the effects of diquafosol sodium(DQS)for dry eye model induced with povidone-iodine(PI)solution.METHODS:Ten Sprague Dawley rats as the control group.Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish the dry eye model with stimulation of 10 g/L PI for 14d,then divided rats into three groups:dry eye group with no treatment(DED group,n=10);phosphate buffer saline treated group(PBS group,n=10);diquafosol treated group(DQS group,n=10).Clinical changes were observed by tear production test,fluorescein staining,tear breakup time(TBUT)test,corneal confocal microscope and ocular surface comprehensive analyzer.Eyeballs were collected on day 10 of treatment for hematoxylin-eosin(HE),periodic acid-Schiff(PAS),and alcian blue staining.TUNEL assay,polymorphonuclear(PMN)and mucin 1(MUC1)immunofluorescence were performed and corneal ultrastructural changes were detected by electron microscopy.RESULTS:Compared with DED and PBS groups,tear production(7.26±0.440 vs 4.07±0.474 mm;7.26±0.440 vs 3.74±0.280 mm;all P<0.01)and TBUT(7.37±0.383s vs 1.49±0.260s;7.37±0.383s vs 1.42±0.437s;all P<0.01)were significantly increased in DQS group.HE,PAS,and alcian blue staining and MUC1 immunofluorescence showed mucins and conjunctival goblet cells density(8.45±0.718 vs 5.21±0.813 cells/0.1 mm^(2);8.45±0.718 vs 5.36±0.615 cells/0.1 mm^(2);all P<0.01)increased in DQS group.Confocal microscopy,PMN immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining showed inflammatory infiltration and corneal epithelial cells apoptosis decreased in DQS group.The increased number of microvilli in corneal epithelial and the recovered cell junction were observed in DQS group.CONCLUSION:PI instillation can induce goblet cells and mucin loss,epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation,which are consistent with the pathological manifestations of dry eye.Diquafosol can repair the ocular surface damage caused by PI,reduce corneal inflammation,inhibit corneal epithelial cell apoptosis,promote mucin secretion and maintain tear film stability.

Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100-149 μg/L and 150-249 μg/L

Objective This study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100-149μg/L,compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150-249μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization.Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt,urine,and blood during their routine antenatal care in the18 counties in Fujian Province,China.The levels of salt iodine concentration,urinary iodine concentration(UIC),free triiodothyronine(FT3),free thyroid hormone(FT4),thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH),thyroglobulin(Tg),thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits.Results The median UIC(m UIC)in pregnant women was 130.8μg/L(interquartile range=91.5-198.1μg/L)in the counties with an m UIC of 100-149μg/L(Group I),and 172.0μg/L(interquartile range=123.5-244.4μg/L)in the counties with an m UIC of 150-249μg/L(Group II).Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II(P>0.05).Except for FT4 values,the TSH,FT4,FT3,Tg and Tg values>40(μg/L)and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate(TDR)showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II(P>0.05),whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken.Conclusion Compared with an m UIC of 150-249μg/L,not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology,but also the Tg value,rate of Tg values>40μg/L,and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an m UIC of 100-149μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province,China.

Short-term efficacy assessment of transarterial chemoembolization combined with radioactive iodine therapy in primary hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)is an effective treatment for primary hepatocellular carcinoma(PHC).Radioactive iodine therapy has been used in the treatment of advanced PHC,especially in patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis.However,data on the therapeutic effect of TACE combined with radioactive iodine therapy in PHC are scarce.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of TACE combined with radioactive iodine implantation therapy in advanced PHC via perfusion computed tomography(CT).METHODS For this study,98 advanced PHC patients were recruited and divided randomly into the study and control groups.Patients in the study group were treated with TACE combined radioactive iodine implantation therapy.Patients in the control group were treated with only TACE.The tumor lesion length,clinical effect,serum alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and CT perfusion parameters were compared before and after therapy,and statistical analysis was performed.RESULTS There was no significant difference in tumor length and serum AFP between the study and control groups(P>0.05)before treatment.However,the tumor length and serum AFP in the study group were lower than those in the control group 1 mo and 3 mo after therapy.After 3 mo of treatment,the complete and partial remission rate of the study group was 93.88%,which was significantly higher than the control group(77.55%)(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no significant differences between the two groups on the perfusion CT variables,including the lesion blood volume,permeability surface,blood flow,hepatic artery flow and mean transit time(P>0.05).After 3 mo of treatment,all perfusion CT variables were lower in the study group compared to the control group(P<0.05).The survival time of patients in the study group was 22 mo compared to 18 mo in the control group,which was significantly different[log rank(Mantel-Cox)=4.318,P=0.038].CONCLUSION TACE combined with radioactive iodine implantation in the treatment of advanced PHC can inhibit the formation of blood vessels in tumor tissue and reduce the perfusion level of tumor lesions,thereby improving the clinical efficacy and prolonging the survival time of patients.

Rapid progression of heart failure secondary to radioactive iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism:A case report

BACKGROUND The deterioration of thyroid health is involved in the progression of heart failure(HF).This is usually a lengthy process,so there are almost no reports on its rapid development.Here we report a case of a young male who rapidly developed hypothyroid cardiomyopathy secondary to radioactive iodine treatment,suggesting that severe HF might occur even after a short period of hypothyroidism.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old man was referred to our hospital for HF presenting with dyspnea on exertion and chest discomfort lasting for 1 mo.He received radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism 1 year ago and had an almost normal echocardiogram 6 mo ago.Admission echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)revealed left ventricle(LV)global hypokinesia and severely depressed systolic function.In addition,late gadolinium enhancement indicated no obvious changes in the myocardium.Thyroid function tests showed decreased serum levels of thyroid hormone(TH)and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone.Based on an exclusionary examination,the patient was diagnosed with hypothyroid cardiomyopathy and was started on replacement therapy.His HF symptoms were completely relieved during the six-month follow-up,and echocardiogram and CMR revealed recovered LV size and ejection fraction.CONCLUSION This report demonstrates that severe fluctuations in TH levels may lead to acute HF,which can completely recover with timely thyroid hormone replacement.In addition,our findings highlight the importance of routinely detecting cardiac function in patients treated with radioactive iodine.

A Comparative Study of the Hydroxyl Value and Iodine Value in Polyoxyl Stearyl Ether in United States Pharmacopeia Specifications

The iodine value (iodine number) and hydroxyl value are important analytical characteristics of fats and oils. The iodine (I2) required saturating the fatty acids present in 100 grams of the oil or fat. Iodine value is a measure of the total number of double bonds (-C=C-) present in fats and oils. Unsaturated compounds contain molecules with double and triple bonds which are very reactive towards iodine. The iodine value has been determined according to Hanus with iodine monobromide in glacial acetic acid, and then the amount of iodine remaining unreacted is determined by titration using sodium thiosulfate volumetric standard solution. The hydroxyl value is the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is equivalent to the hydroxyl amount of 1 gram of the sample (mg KOH/g sample). Poloxyl Stearyl Ether is a mixture of the monostearyl ethers of mixed polyethylene glycols. It may contain various amounts of free stearyl alcohol and some free polyethylene glycol. In this study, the iodine value and hydroxyl value have been determined by titration in polyoxyl stearyl ether. Iodine value 1.84 g of I2 absorbed/100g sample, and hydroxyl value 162.65 mg KOH/g sample have been found in poloxyl stearyl ether. The iodine value and hydroxyl value results met the United States Pharmacopeia specifications for Polyoxyl Stearyl Ether.

Is the Prophylactic Administration of Povidone Iodine Intranasally Preoperatively in Elective Total Knee Replacement as Effective as MRSA Prophylactic Screening and Mupirocin Treatment?—A Retrospective Analysis

Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) remain a prevalent issue in healthcare. An average of 2% to 4% of all Total Knee Arthroplasties (TKA/TKR) result in a Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) (Ashraf et al. , 2018). These surgical site infections cause significant distress to the patient and require extended courses of antibiotic treatment and revision surgery of the infected joint. SSIs also reduce financial reimbursement to the surgery facility and affect the performing surgeon’s performance scores. To prevent surgical infection, healthcare facilities have implemented various screening or decolonization methods to prevent surgical infection to may cause infection. Various treatment methods exist for managing MRSA preoperatively which include Povidone Iodine (PI) application as a universal decolonization method and/or screening every patient pre-operatively for MRSA and treating MRSA-positive patients with Mupirocin ointment. Both interventions are well-established in the literature. At the author’s facility, the elective TKR populations were analyzed while each intervention was implemented. In 2019 TKR patients underwent MRSA swabbing and testing and in 2021 PI decolonization was the decolonization method of choice. The study revealed that MRSA testing and swabbing were better at reducing SSI related to MRSA than Povidone Iodine decolonization.

Relationship between Whole Body Iodine-131 Effective Half-Life and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Radioactive Iodine Therapy

Background: The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as indicator of renal efficiency potentially related to the ability to release radioactive iodine from the patients bodies and the radioactive iodine whole body effective half-life (WBEHL) defined as the time taken for the administered activity to decay to half of its value for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients undergoing radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) in a tertiary care medical Centre. Methods: This retrospective observational study included seventy nine patients, sixty females and nineteen males. The patients were divided in two subgroups, those who have WBEHL of less than 11 hours (n = 51) and those with more than 11 (n = 28) hrs based on k-means clustering technique. Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find out if there is a statistically significant difference between the two subgroups Conclusion: There was not a statistically significant difference between the short and the longer WBEHL patients’ groups analyzed in this study. .

Dietary Iodine Intake in the Chinese Population

Objective To evaluate dietary iodine intake and its potential risks among the Chinese population Methods Individual dietary iodine intake was calculated using food consumption data multiplying by iodine concentration in foods, table salt and drinking water, followed by summing, and then compared with the corresponding age-specific reference values, including Upper Intake Level （UL） and Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI）. Results In areas with water iodine concentration （Wl） lower than 150 ug/L, 80.8% of residents had iodine intake between the RNI and UL, 5.8% higher than UL, and the remaining （13.4%） lower than RNI if iodized salt was consumed. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.0% of residents between RNI and UL, 1.4% higher than UL, and a large part of residents （97.6%） lower than RNI. In areas with Wl higher than 150 ug/L ,all residents had iodine intake between RNI and UL if iodized salt was consumed, except 10.5% and 24.9% of residents higher than UL in areas with Wl at 150-300 ug/L and higher than 300 ug/L respectively. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.5% and 1.7% of residents had higher iodine intake than UL respectively. Conclusion The findings suggested that in general, the dietary iodine intake by the Chinese population was appropriate and safe at the present stage. People in areas with WI lower than 150 ug/L were more likely to have iodine deficiency. While people in areas with WI higher than 150 ug/L were more likely to have excessive iodine intake if iodized salt was consumed.

Surveys in Areas of High Risk of Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in China, 2012-2014： Current Status and Examination of the Relationship between Urinary Iodine Concentration and Goiter Prevalence in Children Aged 8-10 Years

Objective We aimed to evaluate goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status in areas with high levels of water iodine; to monitor the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders （IDD） in areas at high risk of IDD; and to compare the prevalence of goiter and urine iodine （UI） concentrations between children living in the two areas. Methods Based on surveillance from 2012-2014, we analyzed the concentration of UI and prevalence of goiter in 8-10-year-old children from 12 high-risk IDD provinces, and from 8 provinces and municipalities with excessive water iodine. We calculated goiter prevalence for each UI level according to World Health Organization （WHO） standards and constructed predictive prevalence curves. Results The goiter prevalence and median UI of children from areas with high water iodine were not optimal, being above the WHO standards （5% and 100-199 μg/L, respectively）, whereas those in high-risk areas fell within the standard. UI and goiter prevalence exhibited a U-shaped relationship in high-risk endemic areas and a parabolic relationship in areas of iodine excess. Conclusion Iodine surplus in high-iodine areas leads to high goiter prevalence and UI. However, in high-risk areas, UI was optimal and goiter prevalence met the national criteria for IDD elimination.

Serum Thyroglobulin——A Sensitive Biomarker of Iodine Nutrition Status and Affected by Thyroid Abnormalities and Disease in Adult Populations

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of the thyroglobulin （Tg） level in adults as a nutritiona biomarker of iodine status and to identify the factors related to the serum Tg level. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in adult populations of areas differing in iodine nutrition from three provinces （Autonomous Region） in China. Serum levels of thyroid hormones and Tg as well as thyroid autoantibodies were measured. The thyroid volume and nodule were measured by ultrasound. A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess iodine intake and other indeterminate factors associated with the serum Tg level. Results A total of 573 adults were recruited for this study. The serum Tg levels differed significantly among the three groups （22.27 ~g/L, 9.73 pg/L and 15.77 pg/L in the excess, more-than-adequate, and deficient groups, respectively）. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis indicate that excess and deficient iodine intake, goiter, thyroid nodule, hypothyroidism are significantly related with higher Tg level, and TgAb positivity is significantly related with lower serum Tg. Conclusion The serum Tg level reflects abnormal thyroid function and is a sensitive functiona biomarker of iodine nutrition status.

Excess iodine exposure:An emerging area of concern for male reproductive physiology in the post-salt iodization era

To prevent iodine deficiency disorders,the universal salt iodization programme has been introduced all over the globe,including environmentally iodine sufficient regions irrespective of their iodine status.As a result,iodine-induced thyroid dysfunctions namely hyperthyroidism,hypothyroidism,autoimmune thyroid diseases,endemic goiter and even thyroid cancer including infertility,still births,abortions and embryo toxicity have emerged as a major public health problem.In other words,the consequence of iodine deficiency and excess is almost‘U’-shaped.Hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency affects reproductive functions of organisms;however,such undesirable effects of iodine overload on male gonadal physiology together with hormonal profiles are yet to be adequately explored.The discovery of iodide transporter in the testis justifies an independent role of iodine in male reproductive function,which is not entirely known.Recent studies on human subjects and animal models are now revealing further perceptions into the effect of excess iodine on male infertility with euthyroid status.Excess iodine exposure has been linked with deterioration of structural and functional changes of testis leading to compromised spermatogenesis by affecting various cellular and molecular signaling pathways culminating into disrupted the blood-testis barrier and cytoskeleton.This review provides an update and summarizes various novel insights of excess iodine exposure on reproduction by establishing the independent role of iodine on male reproductive endocrinology,which might help in formulating future strategies to prevent iodine-induced male infertility,an emerging global concern,especially in the post-salt iodization era.

Iodine speciation in aerosol particle samples collected over the sea between offshore China and the Arctic Ocean

Iodine species collected by an onboard PM10 particle sampling system during the Second Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （July-September 2003） were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Iodine （I^-） was detected in all samples over the Arctic Ocean, whereas additional iodine species including insoluble iodine, soluble organic iodine plus I were detected over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The results suggest that the main form of iodine is different within the Arctic Ocean than it is outside. Enrichment factor values showed moderate enrichment of iodine in the northwestern Pacific, whereas a high enrichment factor was found in polar regions, implying sources other than sea salt. A potential explanation was ascribed to the role of sea ice melt in the Arctic and rapid growth of algae in seawater, which enhances the production of iodocarbon and air-sea exchange. This was confirmed by the larger values of total iodine in 2008 than in 2003, with greater sea ice melt in the former year. In comparison with earlier reports, ratios of iodate to iodide （IO3^-/I^-） were much smaller than 1,0. These ratios were also different from modeling results, implying more complicated cycles of atmospheric iodine than are presently understood.