A novel protein refolding method integrating ion exchange chromatography with artificial molecular chaperone

Artificial molecular chaperone （AMC） and ion exchange chromatography （IEC） were integrated, thus a new refolding method, artificial molecular chaperone-ion exchange chromatography （AMC-IEC） was developed. Compared with AMC and IEC, the activity recovery of lysozyme obtained by AMC-IEC was much higher in the investigated range of initial protein concentrations, and the results show that AMC-IEC is very efficient for protein refolding at high concentrations. When the initial concentration of lysozyme is 180 mg/mL, its activity recovery obtained by AMC-IEC is still as high as 76.6%, while the activity recoveries obtained by AMC and IEC are 45.6% and 42.4%, respectively.

Impact of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Amino Acids Composition of Macadamia Protein: Approached Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography

In the present context, the objective of this study was to synthesize and analyze the content of AA of macadamia protein and the impact of hydrogen ion concentration (pH) on AA composition. The determination of AA mainly by cation-exchange chromatography was also investigated. Reproducible and reliable techniques for quantification and identification of AA usually require derivatization. However, techniques such as AA analyzer are composed of cation-exchange chromatography and other components can sideline the derivatization with significant accuracy. The present analysis revealed a higher concentration of essential amino acids especially acidic AA, Glu and Asp and basic AA, Arg than other AA in macadamia protein. The study constitutes first report of use of bubble chart for evaluation of AA and explaination of AAS. The results may elaborate that the degradation of AA of macadamia protein for extraction of pH 11 is caused by the impact of pH. Moreover, the nutritional values of AA present in macadamia protein could change for the better by adjusting pH of extraction.

Implications from protein uptake kinetics onto dextran-grafted Sepharose FF coupled with ion exchange and affinity ligands

Our previous studies have reported the presence of "chain delivery" effects of protein adsorption onto ion exchangers with polymer-grafted ion-exchange groups, such as dextran-grafted and poly(ethylenimine)-modified Sepharose gels. However, it is unclear if the "chain delivery" occurs on affinity adsorption with specific interactions. This work is designed to address this issue. A dextran-grafted Sepharose gel was prepared, and then the matrix was modified using diethylaminoethyl, a typical ion-exchange group, or octapeptide(FYCHWQDE), an affinity ligand for human immunoglobulin G(h Ig G) to prepare ion-exchange or affinity adsorbents, respectively.Results of h Ig G adsorption showed that the uptake rate represented by the effective diffusivity of h Ig G onto the dextran-grafted ion exchangers was obviously enhanced by the dextran grafting, indicating the presence of"chain delivery" of the bound proteins on the charged groups on the dextran chains. By contrast, the effective diffusivity of h Ig G changed little as ligand density increased on the dextran-grafted FYCHWQDE adsorbents.Their adsorption capacities decreased and effective diffusivities were not accelerated by the dextran grafting.Thus, this work clarified that grafted dextran could not accelerate h Ig G uptake rate on the affinity resins, or in other words, chain delivery did not occur on the specific interaction-based affinity adsorption.

Protein adsorption onto diethylaminoethyl dextran modified anion exchanger:Effect of ionic strength and column behavior

Our previous studies on bovine serum albumin(BSA) adsorption to diethylaminoethyl dextran(DEAE dextran,DexD, grafting-ligand) and DEAE(D, surface-ligand) modified Sepharose FF resins found that all the grafted resins(FF-DexD and FF-D-DexD) exhibited extremely fast uptake rate(effective diffusivity, D_e, D_e/D_O> 1.4),which was six times greater than the ungrafted resins(D_e/D_O < 0.3). In this work, the influence of ionic strength(IS) on 6 typical DEAE dextran-grafted resins was investigated. Bath adsorption equilibria and kinetics, breakthrough, and linear gradient elution experiments were conducted. Commercial DEAE Sepharose FF was used for comparison. It is found that protein adsorption capacities on DEAE dextran-FF resins and the commercial resin decreased with increasing IS, but DEAE dextran-FF resins exhibited much higher capacity sensitivity to salt concentration. Besides, steeper decrease of adsorption capacities could be obtained at higher graftingligand or surface-ligand density. It is worth noting that the facilitating role of surface-ligand to the "chain delivery" effect was weakened after adding salt, leading to the less improvement in uptake rate by increasing surface-ligand density at higher IS. Although the uptake rates of the DEAE dextran-FF resins increased first and then decreased with increasing IS, they kept the extremely high level of De values(D_e/D_O > 1.1) at the their working/binding IS range. Moreover, the DEAE dextran-FF resin displayed much higher adsorption capacities and De values than commercial ungrafted resin in their working condition. Furthermore, the column results of DEAE dextran-FF resins presented higher dynamic binding capacities than and similar elution ISs with DEAE Sepharose FF to achieve similar(or even higher) recoveries suggest the excellent chromatographic column performance of the DEAE dextran-FF resins. Finally, both high recovery and purity of BSA and γ-globulin could be easily achieved using the typical DEAE dextran-FF column, FF-D60-DexD160, to separate their binary mixtures,by step gradient elution. The research has provided new insights into the practical application of the series of DEAE-dextran grafted resins in protein chromatography and proved their superiority.

Modified DIX model for ion-exchange equilibrium of L-phenylalanine on a strong cation-exchange resin

L-phenylalanine,one of the nine essential amino acids for the human body,is extensively used as an ingredient in food,pharmaceutical and nutrition industries.A suitable equilibrium model is required for purification of L-phenylalanine based on ion-exchange chromatography.In this work,the equilibrium uptake of L-phenylalanine on a strong acid-cation exchanger SH11 was investigated experimentally and theoretically.A modified Donnan ion-exchange(DIX) model,which takes the activity into account,was established to predict the uptake of L-phenylalanine at various solution pH values.The model parameters including selectivity and mean activity coefficient in the resin phase are presented.The modified DIX model is in good agreement with the experimental data.The optimum operating pH value of 2.0,with the highest L-phenylalanine uptake on the resin,is predicted by the model.This basic information combined with the general mass transfer model will lay the foundation for the prediction of dynamic behavior of fixed bed separation process.

Suitability of Steric Mass-action Model for Ion-exchange Equilibrium of Micromolecule

The steric mass-action (SMA) model has been widely reported in the literature for ion-exchange and metal-affinity interaction adsorption equilibrium of biomacromolecules. In this paper, the usefulness of SMA model is analyzed for describing micromolecule ion-exchange equilibrium onto cation exchangers, CM Sephadex C-25 and Streamline SP. Batch adsorption experiments with ephedrine hydrochloride as a model adsorbate are carried out to determine the model parameters, that is, steric factor, characteristic charge and equilibrium constant. The result shows that the SMA model parameters of micromolecule cannot be obtained using the nonlinear least-square fitting method as protein's due to the remarkable difference between the molecular mass and dimension of micromolecule and protein. It is considered that the small size of the adsorbates dealt with in this study justifies the neglect of steric hindrances arising from adsorbate bulkiness. Thus, the three-parameter SMA model is reduced to two-parameter one (i.e., steric factor is equal to zero) for describing micromolecule ion-exchange equilibrium. It is found that the equilibrium constant for CM Sephadex C-25 increases with increasing ionic strength, while the equilibrium constant for Streamline SP shows an opposite trend. This is probably due to the remarkable difference between the physicalpro perties of the two adsorbents. Then, the relationship between the equilibrium constant and ionic strength is described by an expression. The computer simulations show that, the theoretical model with the correlation is promising in the prediction of micromolecule adsorption decrease with increasing ionic strength in a wide range of salt concentration.

Elution Behaviour of Monocarboxylic Acids on a Cation-exchange Resin Column

The retention mechanism of monocarboxylic acids on a cation-exchange resin column was investigated. It was assumed that both Donnan membrane equilibrium and adsorption equilibrium were involved in the chromatographic process. On the basis of the proposed mechanism, an equation was derived for correlating distribution coefficient, Kd, dissociation constant, Aa, and adsorption equilibrium constant, K, of the analyzed acid. By this approach, retention data for some aliphatic acids under different operating conditions were predicted. Results are reasonably in agreement with experiment.

Research Progress on the Separation of Alkaloids from Chinese Medicines by Column Chromatography

Alkaloids have a variety of bioactivities and great development value in the fields of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and health food. Column chromatography is a common method for preparing alkaloids. In this paper, the research status of the separation and purification of alkaloids from Chinese medicines by column chromatography is reviewed, and the factors that influence the refining of alkaloids via a macroporous adsorption resin, ion exchange resin and silica gel are summarized. The thermodynamic and kinetic modeling methods for the static adsorption of adsorbents are also reviewed in this paper. It is suggested that the modeling method of the column chromatography process be deeply studied to establish a more stringent quality control method for sampling liquid and to strengthen the online detection of the chromatography process to improve the refining effect of alkaloids.

Purification of L-Lysine in Simulated Moving Bed and Fixed-Bed Chromatography

L-Lysine was produced by a microbial process utilizing a Corynebacterium glutamicum （ATCC 21799） strain. L-Lysine was purified from the cultivated medium by fixed-bed and simulated moving bed （SMB） chromatography. The separation conditions including pH, eluent concentration and Lys+ and Lys2+ adsorption isotherms were studied in batch adsorption. The column capacity, eluent flow rate and eluent concentration have been studied in fixed-bed chromatography. Maximum purification rate of lysine was obtained as 0.066 （g/（g·h）） （per gram resin and per hour） at an eluent flow rate of 10 （mL/min） in fixed-bed chromatography. The results obtained from SMB were 0.11 （g/（g·h）） for L-lysine purification rate and 96% for L-lysine recovery.

Separation and purification of Yb_(2)O_(3) by ion exchange chromatography and preparation of ultra-high purity Yb_(2)O_(3)

Ultra-high purity Yb_(2)O_(3) is the critical material of many high-tech materials such as laser glass and fiber,in which impurities seriously affect the laser color quality,intensity and power.In order to reduce the influence of impurities on the properties of laser materials,the purification process of Yb_(2)O_(3) was studied by comparing two kinds of resins(RT-1 and RS-1)using improved ion-exchange chromatography(IEC)method.In this study,through the synergistic improvement of resin structure and eluting system,the environmental pollution caused by ammonia water in the traditional IEC method was reduced,and the requirements of high temperature and pressure were cut.The ion exchange behavior and impurity removal mechanism in the resin column during the loading and eluting process were compared and analyzed.The experimental results show that RS-1 resin is all superior to RT-1resin in elements selectivity,ion exchange capacity and impurities removal rate.After separation and purification by IEC with RS-1 resin,the total removal rate of rare earth impurities was 77.59%and that of non-rare earth impurities was 95.86%when Yb recovery was more than 70%,both higher than that of RT-1 resin(73.26%and 83.18%).This indicates that the improved IEC method is very effective in separating and removing different metal impurities from Yb_(2)O_(3).The pilot test results of IEC method separating and purifying Yb_(2)O_(3) with RS-1 resin show that the purity of Yb_(2)O_(3) can be increased from 99.9929%to 99.9997%by IEC method.It has exhibited huge potential of preparing ultra-high purity Yb_(2)O_(3),especially the deep removal of non-rare earth impurities.

Effects of Cross Linking on the Chromatographic Nitrogen Isotope Separation

The effects of cross linking with porous cation exchange resin were studied for nitrogen isotope separation. The displacement chromatography was conducted by the resin with cross linking rang from 20% to 40%. A sharp adsorbed ammonium band was maintained for each operation. Enriched 15N isotopes with 0.93% were obtained by 20% cross linking resin and two meters chromatographic operation which started from the natural abundance of ammonium molecule. The effect of cross linking percentage on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) was evaluated in the present work and the HETP value is proportional to the cross linking percentage. HETP value of 0.036 cm was obtained at the present system by using 20% cross linking resin.

犬细小病毒层析纯化方法的建立

病毒纯度是抗体制备和疫苗免疫效果提升的关键,本文利用Purose shell V15离子交换层析和Sepharose 4FF分子筛层析分别建立了犬细小病毒(CPV)的纯化方法。将CPV经过离心澄清和膜包浓缩后,用AKTA蛋白纯化仪结合Purose shell V15和Sepharose 4FF分别进行纯化,最后使用超滤管浓缩,通过病毒含量测定、总蛋白回收率测定、SDS-PAGE、Western blot和电镜观察分析病毒的纯化效果。结果:2种方法纯化后病毒形态典型,病毒颗粒大小约20 nm,总蛋白去除率97%以上,回收率71%以上;Purose shell V15纯化后的病毒经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析显示无细胞成分的杂带,而Sepharose 4FF纯化后的病毒有少量的牛血清白蛋白条带。本试验结果表明这2种方法均可用于CPV的纯化,Purose shell V15纯化后的病毒纯度更高。

离子交换层析分离单抗电荷异质体的模型辅助过程优化

针对单抗电荷异质体分离,采用离子交换层析机理模型,预测洗脱分离行为,辅助工艺条件优化。设计了校准实验,拟合得到模型参数,模型计算与实验吻合良好,具有良好的预测能力。利用模型分析比较了不同洗脱方式,得到最优的两步阶跃洗脱方案,具有较高的收率,但发现该分离过程对盐浓度极为敏感。进一步针对第一步洗脱盐浓度进行过程稳健性约束的过程优化,发现盐浓度为108.5 mmol/L时过程稳健性增强。经实验验证,两步阶跃洗脱收率最高可达到85.3%,稳健约束优化后第一步等度洗脱盐浓度操作区间增大为98.9~117.5 mmol/L。结果表明,模型辅助的工艺优化可以进行复杂条件分析,促进难分离体系的分离过程优化,并能够针对过程稳健性给出合理解决方案。

他克莫司的分离提纯研究

目的 开发一种他克莫司的分离提纯工艺。方法 采用离子交换树脂脱色除杂、纳滤、结晶等手段得到高质量的他克莫司粗粉,再经反相色谱硅胶层析、复合溶液结晶,得到符合USP标准的他克莫司精粉。结果 优选的脱色树脂为D002,所得他克莫司粗粉效价大于800μg/mg,二氢他克莫司含量小于4%;该粗粉经UniSil C8Ultra Plus层析纯化,精粉含量大于99.5%,最大单杂小于0.1%。结论 该工艺操作简单、能耗低、收率高,适于他克莫司的产业化应用。

离子交换色谱-紫外检测器法测定马铃薯中马来酰肼的残留量

提出了离子交换色谱-紫外检测器法测定马铃薯中马来酰肼残留量的方法。称取1 g洗净、去皮、搅碎的马铃薯样品,加入10 mL甲醇,超声提取30 min,于60℃水浴加热5 min,离心20 min,取上清液过0.22μm滤膜和反相前处理柱。采用Dionex IonPac AS16分析柱和Dionex IonPac AG16保护柱分离,KOH溶液梯度洗脱,在205 nm波长下进行检测。结果表明:马来酰肼的质量浓度在0.1825~10.14 mg·L^(-1)内与对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.06 mg·L^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,马来酰肼回收率为97.9%~108%;柱温、流量和紫外检测波长的微小改变,对MH的检测均没有影响;方法用于实际马铃薯样品分析,均未检出马来酰肼。

混合型离子交换反相吸附固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中23种非甾体抗炎药的残留

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)作为一种新型有机污染物,在环境水体中普遍检出,对生态系统及人体健康造成潜在的威胁,开发准确、可靠的测定水中痕量非甾体抗炎药的检测方法至为重要.本文采用Oasis MCX固相萃取柱对水样进行富集,建立测定水中23种非甾体抗炎药的超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析方法.采用酸性条件(pH=4)萃取水样,上样的流速为2 mL·min^(−1),用4 mL甲醇-4 mL5%氨水甲醇进行洗脱,浓缩定容后用ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm),以2 mmol·L^(−1)乙酸铵+0.05%(V/V)甲酸水溶液-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应选择离子监测(MRM)模式进行检测,内标法定量.23种NSAIDs在相关线性范围内线性良好(r=0.9951—0.9992),回收率为80.2%—120%,相对标准偏差为0.4%—12.5%,方法检出限为0.20—4.84 ng·L^(−1).将该方法应用于10份地表水的检测,结果显示有10种NSAIDs检出,质量浓度在ND—83.5 ng·L^(−1)之间.该方法简单、灵敏、高效,可应用于环境水体中NSAIDs的检测.

NaOH碱熔法在硅酸盐硼同位素测试中的应用

硼同位素是地球与行星科学研究中的一个重要工具,但是精确测量硅酸盐的硼同位素还存在一定的挑战,其主要原因源于样品消解。碱熔法是一种适合于硅酸盐样品的熔样方法。目前用于测量硅酸盐硼同位素的碱熔法采用昂贵的铂金或者玻璃碳坩埚和较高的助熔剂比例,容易在前处理过程中造成硼损失。为了实现硅酸盐样品的完全消解并避免硼的损失,文章报道一种使用银坩埚的NaOH碱熔法。该方法采用5:1的助熔剂与样品质量比,以及改进的溶样方法,实现了样品的完全消解并有效地避免了硼的流失。结合改进的硼特效树脂分离提纯技术和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)测量流程,文章报道了五个硅酸盐国际标样的硼同位素组成和硼含量数据。实验结果与国内外发表的数据在误差范围内一致。这个绿色且高效的方法对硅酸盐硼同位素研究具有重要意义。

体外检测试剂盒阻断剂的制备方法及特性分析

目的探讨体外检测试剂盒阻断剂的制备方法及特性。方法采用6周龄BALB/c小鼠进行抗原免疫,构建杂交瘤细胞并克隆。采用动物体内诱导单克隆抗体的方法大量制备单克隆抗体,分别采用G柱亲和层析、蓝胶+Q柱离子交换层析两种方法进行纯化,核酸蛋白检测仪记录波长280 nm下的光密度(optical density,OD),紫外分光光度计测量成品浓度。采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)检测抗体纯度。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)双抗体夹心法检测该阻断剂(CN302)对假阳性样本的阻断能力。结果G柱亲和层析法提取阻断剂的收率(3个批次分别为6.49、6.12、6.27 g/L)高于蓝胶+Q柱离子交换层析法(3个批次分别为1.78、1.68、1.61 g/L)。两种纯化方法的纯度均高达95%以上。G柱亲和层析法、蓝胶+Q柱离子交换层析法所得阻断剂的活性分别为106.54%、92.45%;与空白组相比,两种纯化方式所得阻断剂CN302对假阳性样本的检出率均降低,其OD值均小于0.2,与基准阻断剂大致相同。G柱亲和层析法所得阻断剂CN302未冻融的活性为99.86%,冻融5次后活性为99.83%。无阻断剂存在时,对假阳性样本检测的OD值约为2.5,最高可达到4.0;加入阻断剂后,OD值明显降低;阻断剂CN302对假阳性样本检测的OD值低于其他阻断剂。结论本研究所得阻断剂能显著消除样本内源性干扰,且活性几乎全部保留。G柱亲和层析法提取抗体的收率和阻断能力均高于蓝胶+Q柱离子交换层析法。

高压酸水解-离子交换色谱法测定乳粉中的酵母β-葡聚糖

目的:采用高压酸水解-离子交换色谱法建立乳粉中酵母β-葡聚糖含量的分析方法。方法:先对乳粉中的酵母β-葡聚糖进行富集,富集得到的酵母β-葡聚糖利用高压酸水解成葡萄糖后利用离子色谱法检测分析,最后通过公式换算计算出酵母β-葡聚糖的含量。结果:葡萄糖在2~200 mg/L质量浓度范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数r为0.9998。酵母β-葡聚糖的定量限为11.1 mg/100 g。在20,50,100 mg/100 g加标水平下,酵母β-葡聚糖的加标回收率为81.5%~99.8%,相对标准偏差小于5%。结论:该方法简便高效、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于乳粉中酵母β-葡聚糖的定量检测。