The influence of charge characteristics of suspension droplets on the ion flow field in different temperatures and humidity

In order to clarify the charging characteristics of suspension droplets in ion flow field under different temperatures and humidity,the effective charging factor used to characterize the charging characteristics of suspension droplets is introduced in this paper,and a calculation method of charging factor is proposed based on the upstream finite element method(FEM).Then,the charging factor under different temperatures and humidity is calculated,and the analytic expression of the charging factor considering the influence of temperature and humidity is obtained by fitting the calculation results.The influence of suspension droplets on the ion flow field is analyzed.The results show that the charging factor is small and increases little with the relative humidity when the relative humidity is less than 60%,and the charging factor is large and increases rapidly with the relative humidity when the relative humidity is more than 60%.At the same relative humidity,the charging factor increases linearly with the temperature.The influence of charged suspension droplets on the ion flow field can be ignored when the relative humidity is less than 60%and must be considered under high temperature and humidity.The calculation method and analytic expression of the charging factor proposed in this paper can be used to model of ion flow field considering the influence of temperature and humidity and provide technical support for the construction of HVDC transmission lines across high temperature and humidity.

Ion Flow Field Calculation of Multi-circuit DC Transmission Lines

An upwind finite element(FE)based algorithm to calculate the ion flow field in the vicinity of multi-circuit DC transmission lines is described.The initial value estimation and boundary condition are optimized,so details of the transmission lines such as bundle conductors and ground wires can be taken into account in the simulation model.Comparison between measured and computed ground level total electrical field and ion current density shows satisfactory agreement.The ion flow field of a ±500 kV HVDC project with bipolar lines on the same tower is simulated.The total electrical field and ion current density on ground level are compared among different line arrangements.

An Investigation of Ionic Flows in a Sphere-Plate Electrode Gap

This paper presents analyses of ion flow characteristics and ion discharge pulses in a sphere-ground plate electrode system. As a result of variation in electric field intensity in the electrode gap, the ion flows towards electrodes generate non-uniform discharging pulses. Inspection of these pulses provides useful information on ionic stream kinetics, the effective thickness of ion cover around electrodes, and the timing of ion clouds discharge pulse sequences. A finite difference time domain （FDTD） based space-charge motion simulation is used for the numerical analysis of the spatio-temporal development of ionic flows following the first Townsend avalanche, and the simulation results demonstrate expansion of the positive ion flow and compression of the negative ion flow, which results in non-uniform discharge pulse characteristics.

Design and parametric optimization of thermal management of lithium-ion battery module with reciprocating air-flow

Single cell temperature difference of lithium-ion battery(LIB) module will significantly affect the safety and cycle life of the battery. The reciprocating air-flow module created by a periodic reversal of the air flow was investigated in an effort to mitigate the inherent temperature gradient problem of the conventional battery system with a unidirectional coolant flow with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). Orthogonal experiment and optimization design method based on computational fluid dynamics virtual experiments were developed. A set of optimized design factors for the cooling of reciprocating air flow of LIB thermal management was determined. The simulation experiments show that the reciprocating flow can achieve good heat dissipation, reduce the temperature difference, improve the temperature homogeneity and effectively lower the maximal temperature of the modular battery. The reciprocating flow improves the safety, long-term performance and life span of LIB.

On-line Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Metals in Water Samples by Flow Injection Combined with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry via Calix[4]arene Carboxylic Acid Packed Micro-column

An adsorbent calix[4]arene carboxylic acid was employed as the adsorption material for on-line flow in jection（FI） micro-column preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry（FAAS） determination of trace heavy metals（Cu, Pb, Co, Ni and Cd）. Parameters such as the pH, loading time and flow rate of sample, and the concentration, volume and flow rate of eluent were optimized. The enrichment factors are 50.0, 56.5, 11.6, 12.1 and 19.1 for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd, respectively, and a sample throughput of 20 h–1 was obtained. The limits of de tection for Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd were in a range of 1.56―3.91 μg/L, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs） were less than 2.76%（n=7）. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd in certified reference materials and various water samples.

Momentum-Dependent Symmetry Potential from Nuclear Collective Flows in Heavy Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model, we investigate the nuclear collective flows produced in semi-central 197 Au＋197 Au collisions at intermediate energies. The neutron proton differential flows and difference of neutron proton collective flows are sensitive to the momentum-dependent symmetry potential. This sensitivity is less affected by both the isoscalar part of nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon- nucleon cross sections. Moreover, this sensitivity becomes pronounced with increasing the rapidity cut.

Influences of nitrogen flow rate on the structures and properties of Ti and N co-doped diamond-like carbon films deposited by arc ion plating

In this paper, Ti-C-N nanocomposite films are deposited under different nitrogen flow rates by pulsed bias arc ion plating using Ti and graphite targets in the Ar/N2 mixture gas. The surface morphologies, compositions, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the Ti-C-N films are investigated systematically by field emission scanning electron mi- croscopy （FE-SEM）, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, grazing incident x-ray diffraction （GIXRD）, Raman spectra, and nano-indentation. The results show that the nanocrystalline Ti（C,N） phase precipitates in the film from GIXRD and XPS analysis, and Raman spectra prove the presence of diamond-like carbon, indicating the formation of nanocomposite film with microstructures comprising nanocrystalline Ti（C,N） phase embedded into a diamond-like matrix. The nitrogen flow rate has a significant effect on the composition, structure, and properties of the film. The nano-hardness and elastic modulus first increase and then decrease as nitrogen flow rate increases, reaching a maximum of 34.3 GPa and 383.2 GPa, at a nitrogen flow rate of 90 sccm, respectively.

SPES/PVDF Binary Membrane as an Alternative Proton Exchange Membrane in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Application

SPES/PVDF blends were employed to prepare the ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery（VRB） application for the first time. The addition of the highly crystalline and hydrophobic PVDF effectively limited the swelling behavior of SPES. The vanadium ion permeability of SPES/PVDF membranes was one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion 117 membrane and pristine SPES membrane. Single cells with SPES/PVDF composite membranes showed significantly lower capacity loss, higher coulombic efficiency and higher energy efficiency than that with Nafion117 and pristine SPES membranes. The blend membrane with 40 wt% of PVDF(denoted as S;P;) showed energy efficiency of 83.2% at 30 mA?cm;, which was superior to that of the Nafion117 and SPES membranes. In the self-discharge test, S;P;membrane showed twice longer duration in open circuit decay than that with Nafion 117 membrane. With all the good properties and low cost, the SPES/PVDF membranes are expected to have excellent commercial prospects as ion exchange membranes for VRB system.

Role of Chloride Ion and Dissolved Oxygen in Electrochemical Corrosion of AA5083-H321 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy in NaCl Solutions under Flow Conditions

Flow-induced corrosion consists electrochemical and mechanical components. The present paper has to assessed the role of chloride ion and dissolved oxygen in the electrochemical component of flow induced corrosion for AA5083-H321 aluminum-magnesium alloy which is extensively used in the construction of high-speed boats, submarines, hovercrafts, and desalination systems, in NaCI solutions. Electrochemical tests were carried out at flow velocities of 0, ：2, 5, 7 and 10 m/s, in aerated and deaerated NaCI solutions with different sodium chloride concentrations. The results showed that the high rate of oxygen reduction under hydrodynamic conditions causes an increase in the density of pits on the surface. The increase of chloride ions concentration under flow conditions accelerates the rate of anodic reactions, but have no influence on the cathodic reactions. Thus, in the current work, it was found that under flow conditions, due to the elimination of corrosion products inside the pits, corrosion resistance of the alloy is increased.

Effects of Hall Current and Ion-Slip on Unsteady MHD Couette Flow

The unsteady MHD Couette flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid between two infinite non- conducting horizontal porous plates under the boundary layer approximations has been studied with the consideration of both Hall currents and ion-slip. An analytical solution of the governing equations describing the flow is obtained by the Laplace transform method. It is seen that the primary velocity decreases while the magnitude of secondary velocity increases with increase in Hall parameter. It is also seen that both the primary velocity and the magnitude of secondary velocity decrease with increase in ion-slip parameter. It is observed that a thin boundary layer is formed near the stationary plate for large values of squared Hartmann number and Reynolds number. The thickness of this boundary layer increases with increase in either Hall parameter or ion-slip parameter.

Influence of Chiral Mean Field on Kaon In-plane Flow in Heavy Ion Collisions

The influence of the chiral mean field on the K+ in-plane flow in heavy ion collisions at SIS energy is investigated within covariant kaon dynamics. For the kaon mesons inside the nuclear medium a quasi-particle picture including scalar and vector fields is adopted and compared to the standard treatment with a static potential. It is confirmed that a Lorentz force from spatial component of the vector field provides an important contribution to the inmedium kaon dynamics and strongly counterbalances the influence of the vector potential on the K+ in-plane flow. The calculated results show that the new FOPI data can be reasonably described using the Brown & Rho parametrization,which partly takes into account the correction of higher order contributions in the chiral expansion. This indicates that one can abstract the information on the kaon potential in a nuclear medium from the analysis of the K+ in-plane flow.

Chemiluminescence flow Sensor for determination of the Ammonium ion

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for NH4+ combined with flow injection analysis is presented in this paper. It is based on the inhibition effect of NH4+ on the CL reaction between luminol, immobilized electrostatically on an anion-exchange column, and hypochlorous acid electrogenerated on-line. The sensor responds linearly to NH4+ concentration in 1.0x10(-6)-4.0x10(-9) g/ml range. A complete analysis could be performed in 1 min. The system is stable for 200 determination.

Zonal Flows and Geodesic Acoustic Mode Oscillations in Tokamaks and Helical Systems

This paper reviews the theoretical foundations of zonal flow, putting emphasis on the linear response function of plasma to the external flow drive. An extension of the theory is made in order to apply it to helical systems and to study the properties of the zonal flow in the low frequency range. Further refinement of the theory is made incorporating the orbital effects of particles more precisely, and the role of neoclassical polarization current is identified.

五个杨树品种生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性比较分析

通过比较不同品种杨树(Populus)的生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性差异,为速生适应性强品种的早期选育提供参考。以渤丰3号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 3’)、渤丰1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 1’)、西雄1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Xixiong 1’)、中雄7号杨(P.×euramericana‘Zhongxiong 7’)和中雄4号杨(P.deltoides×P.suaveolens cl.‘Zhongxiong 4’)5个杨树品种1年生苗为研究对象,于正常培养条件下的试验开始和试验结束(30 d)时分别测定株高、地径等生长指标,并于10、20、30 d时分别测定幼苗的叶片数量、单叶面积、叶长、叶宽、瞬时净光合速率(P_(n))、胞间CO_(2)摩尔浓度(C_(i))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶绿素相对含量以及根尖K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、H^(+)流速等指标,经过30 d的正常管理,5个品种的株高生长量之间的差异达到显著水平,由高到低依次为中雄4号杨、西雄1号杨、渤丰3号杨、中雄7号杨、渤丰1号杨;其中光合特性指标和蒸腾速率渤丰1号杨均表现为最大,中雄4号杨均表现为最小,但是中雄4号杨的单叶面积((57.49±2.37)cm^(2))、总叶面积((1721.10±28.59)cm^(2))、单株净光合速率((17863.10±910.21)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((3.15±0.06)μmol·mmol^(-1))均表现为最大,且K^(+)外排流速最慢,为(62.68±0.45)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,为(-74.24±1.29)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),而渤丰1号的单株净光合速率((8539.70±164.64)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((2.64±0.07)μmol·mmol^(-1))最小,且K^(+)外排流速((130.81±1.71)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最快,Ca^(2+)内流流速((-34.43±0.84)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最慢。综上所述,5个杨树品种中,中雄4号杨总叶面积、单株净光合速率、水分利用率最高,蒸腾速率最小,根尖K^(+)外排流速最慢,Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,植物体内K^(+)、Ca^(2+)离子含量最多,H^(+)最活跃,株高生长表现最好,可能具有潜在的较强环境适应能力,适宜种植的范围更广。

基于风速概率分布与风切变指数的直流输电线路离子流场数值模拟方法

特高压直流(UHVDC)输电线路下方的离子流场是电磁环境的重要评估指标之一。风速作为常见也是影响较大的因素之一,有着明显的地域特点。为了避免资源浪费,在对地高度设计时,应考虑到不同地区的风速分布差异,而不是用过大裕度换取安全度。为此,该文提出一种基于风速概率分布与风切变指数的输电线路离子流场数值模拟方法。该方法通过待计算地区的风速数据构建Weibull风速概率分布函数模型,选择风速数据在95%以内的最大临界风速作为参考值,考虑风速传感器的安装高度,根据风切变指数计算场域不同高度处的风速分布,作为离子流场计算中不同高度节点的风速输入量。结果表明,引入风切变指数后的离子流密度与合成电场强度误差分别下降了16.2百分点和3.8百分点,明显优于传统固定风速模型。并以昆明地区某±800kV直流输电线路为例,采用该方法进行了计算。该方法能够有针对性地考虑输电线路所处区域的风速影响,特别是在高海拔高风速地区,可为输电线路在合成电场安全限值下的对地高度设计提供参考依据。

高离子选择性PI基两性离子交换膜的制备与应用

两性离子交换膜可以结合质子交换膜和阴离子交换膜的优点,解决质子传输能力与钒离子渗透能力之间的权衡关系。针对许多报道中阴阳离子位于同一侧链而限制了调控其比例的问题,本文以5-氨基-2-(4-氨基苯基)苯并咪,4,4′-二氨基-2,2′-二磺酸基-联苯和4,4′-二氨基二苯砜为二胺单体,以1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸酐为二酐单体,制备了含有苯并咪唑结构主链的磺化聚酰亚胺膜材料,利用苯并咪唑的易修饰性,制备了具有长功能基团侧链的两性聚酰亚胺膜材料,可灵活调控阴阳离子的比例。通过调控长侧链阳离子基团的含量制备了QBISPI-x(x=0,33,67,100)系列膜。QBISPI-0具有最高的质子传导率(27.4622 mS·cm^(−1))和离子选择性(6.598×10^(5)S·min·cm^(−3)),在VRFB的测试中表现出最佳性能,在高电流密度(200 mA·cm^(−2))下能量密度可达到73.6%。

储能电池建模与状态估计研究进展

储能电池具有能够平滑可再生能源输出,提高电力系统灵活性和应对电力需求峰谷等优势,有助于推动可再生能源发展,从而应对环境污染和能源紧缺的双重压力。目前市场主流的储能电池为锂离子电池,具有高比能特性,同时新型储能电池也在蓬勃发展,其中全钒液流电池具有高安全性的优势,液态金属电池具有超长循环寿命,在电力储能领域具有重要应用前景。储能电池的建模和状态估计对提高储能电池系统性能,确保其安全性以及优化维护效率至关重要,因此文中对锂离子电池、全钒液流电池和液态金属电池的建模和状态估计进行综述。首先,介绍了储能电池状态估计的整体框架,对基于实验的方法、基于模型的方法和基于数据驱动的方法进行整体介绍,并对荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)、健康状态(state of health,SOH)和剩余使用寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)进行概括;然后,从原理出发,分别总结了不同储能电池体系的内部工作过程、模型构建、状态估计与电池管理过程;最后,对不同储能电池体系的主要工作特性进行横向对比和总结,旨在为储能电池选择和发展提供启示。

Nafion膜对多硫化钠/溴电池性能的影响

在单电池中用充电-放电循环测试方法研究了不同厚度Nafion膜对多硫化钠/溴单电池效率及电池负极液中的多硫(Sx+12-)及硫氢根离子(H S-)向正极溶液中扩散(即透硫率)的影响。结果表明:随着膜厚度的增加,电池的库仑效率升高,膜的透硫率及电压效率降低。用四丁基溴化胺(TBA B)对N afion112膜进行了初步改性处理,显著提高了电池的库仑效率,减少了膜的透硫率,但由于改性膜电阻的增加,致使电池电压效率下降。

离子膜电解槽碱液流量计波动原因

分析离子膜电解槽配备的碱液流量计显示值低于实际值的原因有:电磁干扰,安全仪表系统控制器故障,流量计未接地,流量计安装偏差或其他工艺因素。针对以上原因提出相应的技改措施。实施后,可以快速有效排除故障。

液冷锂电池热管理系统性能与电池热物性特征耦合分析

温度是影响锂离子电池安全性及电化学性能的重要因素。设计高效的电池热管理系统对锂离子电池进行温度控制,是确保电池安全性、提升电化学性能的关键。构建了基于液冷的圆柱形锂离子电池组热管理模型,采用数值模拟的方法分析了冷却工质入口流速、电池冷却面积等系统参数以及电池径向热阻等电池自身参数对系统冷却性能的影响。结果表明:冷却工质流速增大,在提高电池冷却性能的同时也会导致系统压降大幅提高而降低系统经济性;通过增加冷却块数目或者冷却块高度的方式均可以提高电池冷却面积,前者效果更优;在相同冷却面积下,采用高度较小而数量较多的冷却块,能够实现多点冷却,从而提高电池模组温度均匀性;锂离子电池散热性能由电池内部导热热阻主导,提高电池径向热导率能够显著降低电池最高温度并提高其温度均匀性。因此,电池热管理系统的设计,必须综合考虑冷却系统参数、电池热物性参数以及电池运行情况,以确保电池组及热管理系统安全、高效、稳定运行。