Recognition and quality mapping of traditional herbal drugs:way forward towards artificial intelligence

The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for identifying and mapping the quality of these herbal medicines.This article aims to provide practical insights into the application of artificial intelligence for quality-based commercialization of raw herbal drugs.It focuses on feature extraction methods,image processing techniques,and the preparation of herbal images for compatibility with machine learning models.The article discusses commonly used image processing tools such as normalization,slicing,cropping,and augmentation to prepare images for artificial intelligence-based models.It also provides an overview of global herbal image databases and the models employed for herbal plant/drug identification.Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential application of various machine learning models,including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks.The article delves into suitable validation parameters like true positive rates,accuracy,precision,and more for the development of artificial intelligence-based identification and authentication techniques for herbal drugs.This article offers valuable insights and a conclusive platform for the further exploration of artificial intelligence in the field of herbal drugs,paving the way for smarter identification and authentication methods.

HPTLC-MS: an advance approach in herbal drugs using fingerprint spectra and mass spectroscopy

High-performance thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPTLC-MS)is one of the most modern hyphenated analytical methods available today.HPTLC-MS has recently been used to perform extensive analytical work using advanced features and still more analyses are in progress using these advanced features.Herbal medicines contain a wide range of bioactives that require proper identification for the activity and quality control.Recently,herbal medicine identification and quality control have become increasingly popular using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of recent method developments in analysis,15 most significant herbal drug applications with their chromatographic conditions,pharmacological actions,and solvents used in the present paper.An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases,notably,Web of Knowledge,PubMed and Google Scholar,and other relevant published materials.In previous research,HPTLC and its hyphenation with MS allowed for quantification of analytes in complex matrixes at nanogram and picogram concentrations.Quantifying a wide variety of analytes using these techniques has been extremely accurate,selective,and sensitive.Throughout this review,the HPTLC-MS technique is discussed in relation to the quality control of herbal drugs.Hence,15 herbal drugs were identified based on their RF values and m/z ratio by mass spectrometry by HPTLC-MS for the first time.In this compilation,researchers can gain insights into HPTLC-MS techniques for resolving quality control issues with herbal drugs using their fingerprint spectra.Besides,the application of HPTLC-MS methods could to be sufficiently precise and reproducible for established conditions and after validation may be used for routine quality control of herbal drugs/formulations in herbal industries.

Treatment of Functional Retrograde Ejaculation with Acupuncture and TCM Herbal Drugs

Acupuncture at the Taichong (LR 3), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Ciliao (BL 32) points combined with TCM drugs for soothing the liver, replenishing the kidney, freeing the seminal passage, and eliminating the stasis showed effective for functional retrograde ejaculation in 25 cases. The total effective rate of 68.0% was significantly better than imipramine used in the control group (P<0.05).

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH IN THE PREPARATION OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL AND HERBAL DRUGS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Research into anticancer substances madefrom Chinese herbal drugs and their clinicalapplication is gaining international attention bythe medical profession of the more than 20analogues of camptothecine isolated from Camp-totheca tree in China, most exhibited anticanceractivity. Among them, 10-hydroxycamptothe-cine has a wide anticancer spectrum and is lesstoxic. In suspension, it exhibits some therapeu-tic effects on primary hepatic cancer, gastriccarcinoma, cancer of the urinary bladder andleukemia.

Chemometrics:A new scenario in herbal drug standardization

Chromatography and spectroscopy techniques are the most commonly used methods in standardization of herbal medicines but the herbal system is not easy to analyze because of their complexity of chemical composition. Many cutting-edge analytical technologies have been introduced to evaluate the quality of medicinal plants and significant amount of measurement data has been produced. Chemometric techniques provide a good opportunity for mining more useful chemical information from the original data. Then, the application of chemometrics in the field of medicinal plants is spontaneous and necessary. Comprehensive methods and hyphenated techniques associated with chemometrics used for extracting useful information and supplying various methods of data processing are now more and more widely used in medicinal plants, among which chemometrics resolution methods and principal component analysis （PCA） are most commonly used techniques. This review focuses on the recent various important analytical techniques, important chemometrics tools and interpretation of results by PCA, and applications of chemometrics in quality evaluation of medicinal plants in the authenticity, efficacy and consistency,

Physicochemical and elemental studies of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. for standardization as herbal drug

Objective: To explore the leaves of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. as a source of safe and effective antibacterial herbal medicine.Methods: The standardization was validated by stepwise physicochemical studies,element analysis, determination of ash values, fluorescence analysis, assessment of moisture content, extractive values in different solvent systems and extraction methods.Heavy metal contents, mineral and element contents were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and CHNS/O analyser, respectively.Results: The methanol extract of the folklore medicinal plant having antibacterial efficacy contained flavonoids and phenolic OH groups. The ICP multi standard indicated the presence of three major compounds with molecular mass of 161 190 and 221 Da. Heavy metals viz. lead, mercury and copper content were 4.38 ppm, < 0.05 ppm and 24.70 ppm,respectively. Minerals content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron were 1 190.94 mg/100 g, 375.57 mg/100 g, 2 820 mg/100 g and 340.20 mg/100 g of plant sample, respectively. Elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents were38.18%, 5.67%, 2.23% and 0.51%, respectively. Heavy metal profile of the tested plant was within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities.Conclusions: Hence the present physicochemical and elements studies reveals that the plant Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. could be a potent source of herbal preparation as well as a safe and novel synthetic antibacterial drug.

A Critical Review on Traditional Herbal Drugs: An Emerging Alternative Drug for Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease reaching an epidemic proportion in many parts of the world. By the year 2025 it is expected that 333 million people of the world will have diabetes as their main ailment. As today, India assumes the position of the diabetic capital of the world with the highest percentage of its population suffering from diabetes. It is pathetic to mention that in proportion to its people suffering from diabetes, this country has very weak spending power for treatment because of wide spread poverty. Therefore, this review is aimed at opening up new vistas in realizing the therapeutic potential of Ayurveda in treatment of diabetes and other chronic diseases. All drugs which we have discussed in this review have a significant role in therapy of diabetes mellitus.

PROGRESS IN THE TREATMENT OF NERVE-ROOT-TYPE CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS WITH CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS

With the highest morbidity rate, cervicalspondylosis of the nerve root type is mostcommon among various other types. It is fromthis type of cervical spondylosis that peoplebegan to know the disease. In recent years,conservative treatment for this type of cervicalspondylosis has been adopted by modernmedicine for most patients, while surgicaltreatment has also been used for a smallnumber of patients who were

Treatment of Neurofibromatosis with Chinese Herbal Drugs

Neurofibromatosis is a dominantly inheriteddefect of the ectoderm,characterized by cafe au laitspots since the childhood and multiple tumorsderived from elements of peripheral and cranialnerves.Hernia-like tumors of various sizes can oftenbe felt under the skin and serve as a valuablecharacteristic in making diagnosis.However,theycan also affect brain,vegetative nerve system or othertissues and lead to bony abnormalities,mentaldisturbances and sometimes,endocrine abnormalities,

Classification of Herbal Drug Effects by Discriminant Analysis of Quantitative Human EEG Data

Clinical indications for herbal drugs very often only rely on traditional knowledge. Single plant-derived preparations are used for many purposes and cannot be classified to belong to a single category like calming or stimulating drugs. With respect to the brain a unique possibility exists to analyze drug effects by recording the EEG. It is common knowledge that many drugs change the frequency content of electric brain activity. Quantitative analysis of the EEG by Fast Fourier Transformation reveals parameters like spectral power, which can be processed further (CATEEM&#174;). Source density was determined from 17 channels of the quantitative EEG from 10 clinical studies recorded in a relaxed state with open eyes. Linear discriminant analysis was used to differentiate the effects of Placebo (circadian rhythm) from CNS-active herbal drugs in comparison to Valium&#174;. Calmvalera&#174;, L-Theanine, Lasea&#174;, Neurapas&#174;, Neuravena&#174;, Neurexan&#174;, Nutrifin Relax&#174;, Pascoflair&#174;(herbal calming drugs) as well as memoLoges&#174;, Zembrin&#174;(herbal stimulating drugs) induced different changes of the frequency content of brain electric activity. Discriminant analysis revealed that Nutrifin Relax&#174;, Pascoflair&#174;and Suntheanine&#174;could not be separated well from each other indicating a similar mechanism of action. The effect of Valium&#174;was projected at a very isolated position far away from the herbal preparations indicating a totally different mechanism of action. Zembrin&#174;and memoLoges&#174;grouped together with respect to the first three discriminant functions, but were different with respect to the 4th to 6th discriminant function. Lasea&#174;as anxiolytic drug and Neurapas&#174;as antidepressive drug were projected at isolated positions indicating their different clinical indications. The results indicate that discriminant analysis of human quantitative EEG data allows for unique pharmacological description of individual effect profiles of herbal drugs.

<i>In-Vitro</i>Inhibitory Effect of Methanol Extracts of Chinese Herbal Drugs on Supercoiling Activity of Bacterial DNA Gyrase

A large number of Chinese herbal drugs (CHDs) exhibit antibacterial activities both in vivo and in vitro, but until now little is known regarding their inhibitory mechanisms. Bacterial DNA gyrase is a proven target for antibacterial agents. Aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro inhibitory effect of methanol extracts of CHDs against supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase. Fifteen CHDs were selected and extracted with methanol, respectively. Inhibitory effect of the extracts on DNA gyrase was tested using gel-based DNA supercoiling assay. Among fifteen CHDs tested, methanol extracts of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (S2), Taraxaci Herba (S7), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle (S8) demonstrated an obvious inhibitory effect against supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase, and the others were either less active or could not be determined with the present method. Moreover, it was likely that S7 and S8 inhibit gyrase in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, DNA supercoiling assay is a promising method to study the inhibitory activity of CHDs on bacterial DNA gyrase. Some CHDs do have gyrase-inhibitory activity as proposed. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of these CHDs on supercoiling activity of gyrase.

TREATMENT OF 50 CASES OF SENILE DEMENTIA BY ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH INHALATION OF HERBAL DRUGS AND OXYGEN

Clinical DataCase selection: 100 cases who met thediagnostic criteria of senile dementiaformulated by American Association ofPsychiatry in Handbook of Diagnosis andStatistics (DSM-Ⅲ-R, 3rd revised edition)

QUALITY CONTROL FOR CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS USING DNA PROBE TECHNOLOGY

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｔｙｐｅａｎｄｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍｏｆｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｒｅｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙａｓｔｈｅｓｏｃｉｅｔｙａｇｉｎｇｔｏｄａｙ .Ｔｈｅａｕｔｏｉｍｍｕｎｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｓｅｎｉｌｅｄｅｍｅｎｔｉａ ,ＡＩＤＳ ,ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｃａｒｄｉｏ ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｄｉｓ ｅａｓｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ,ａｒｒｈｙｔｈｍｉａ ,ｍｙｏｃａｒｄｉａｃｉｎｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｅａｒｅｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇａｎｉｎｔｒａｃｔａｂｌｅａｎｄｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ ,ｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｍｕｃｈｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｉｄｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｈａｒ ｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｓａｎｄａｒｅａｎｘｉｏｕｓｔｏｒｅｔｕｒｎｔｏｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ .Ｂａｃｋｔｏｎａｔｕｒｅ ,ｔｈｅｎｅｅｄｆｏｒＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｈｅｒｂａｌｄｒｕｇｓｉｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｆｏｒｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｒａｐｙｏｆｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ａｒｅｃ...

Phytoconstituents Profiling of Indigenous Herbal Drugs and Its in vitro Microbial,in Silico Biological Examination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Background:Habb-E-Shifa,Hamdard Sualin,and Hamdard Joshanda traditional herbal medicines may promote host resistance against infection by bacteria,viruses,and fungi which are easily accessible at inexpensive with no complexity.These herbal medicines are used to cure sore throat,cough,fever,lung cancer,and asthma patients in developing South Asian countries.These traditional herbal medicines acted a crucial role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Aims and Objectives:This research article aimed at conducting phytochemistry,antimicrobial activity,COVID-19 docking and some spectroscopic(Infrared,Ultraviolet,13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C-NMR),1H-NMR,and Mass Spectra)characterizations of the polyherbal drugs were carried out.Additionally,In-vitro and In-silico analyses were performed to measure activity against COVID-19.High Performance-Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS),antimicrobial,and docking studies were carried out.The preliminary phytochemical assay and bioactive compounds were screened using HPLC and GC-MS.The study is an attempt to assess the promising effects of selected polyherbal indigenous drugs such as Habb-E-Shifa,Hamdard Sualin,and Hamdard Joshanda phytoconstituents against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-Co V-2).Materials and Methods:The extract of the selected polyherbal formulations showed high-to-moderate preventive effects on the growth inhibition in the pathogenic bacterium,namely Streptococcus oralis,Staphylococcus aureus,Propionibacterium acnes,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Proteus vulgaris,and three fungal Candida albicans,Aspergillus fumigatus,and Aspergillus niger.Further docking study evaluates the pharmacological activity of bioactive chemical compounds with SARS-Co V-2 NSP5(PDB ID:7nxh)and SARS-Co V-2 Omicron spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2)(PDB ID:7wk6).Results:In this study,for the first time,we attempted to examine some spectroscopic characterization of selected herbals.The total phenol content(1.66,1.55,and 1.13 mg/m L)and total flavonoid content(4.92,0.49,and 0.50 mg/m L)were present in the extracted samples of Habb-E-Shifa(H),Hamdard Joshanda(J),and Hamdard Sualin(S).Studies on COVID-19 docking infer the affinity of the herb's chemical components toward COVID-19 protease and ACE-2 receptor by establishing excellent binding capacity in complex formation.The results confirmed that polyherbal drugs harbor biological activities and thereby highlight that these extracts can serve as a remedy for antimicrobial and COVID-19.Conclusions:The research article confirms the remarkable potential in exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive,Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.These herbal medicines such as Habb-E-Shifa(H),Hamdard Joshanda(J),and Hamdard Sualin(S)showed a vital role against SARS-Co V-2 Omicron spike protein with human ACE2(7wk6)and amino acids of SARS-Co V-2 NSP5(7nxh).Our study provides obvious evidence supporting dietary therapy and herbal medicine as potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2.Based on present studies,these herbal products can be introduced as preventive and therapeutic agents fight against coronavirus.

Relationship between transdermal energy of electroporation and iontophoresis and permeably fluxes of tetracaini hydrochlordum and naproxenum

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) using electroporation is an attractive novel method of facilitated transport of compounds across skin that a short electrical pulse is applied to the skin, forcing the creation of a reversible transient aqueous pore to enhance drugs transdermal permeability. Most of prior researches are difficult to put into the practical use, such as stimulation for user and designing electroporater apparatus for TDD, due to pulse with high intensive. In this paper, the effect of electroporative energy on the transdermal fluxes of Tetracaini Hydrochlordum (TH) and Naproxenum is studied to explore a way of electroporative technique with low voltage. We applied a 120 V and 4.2 J square pulse to SD male rats skin on abdomen, the transdermal flux of TH increased 5.1 times more than the passive transport. While a 400 V and 37.6 J exponential decaying pulse was employed to same skin, the transdermal flux of Naproxenum was 3.5 times than passive transport. The results show that: (1) drugs transdermal permeably flux will create a saturation as the electroporative energy raises to threshold; (2) the transdermal energy efficiency (F/E value) declines as time extends; and (3) the effect of electroporation is concerned with the transdermal energy and drugs characteristics, electroporation is more effective than iontophoresis for TH, but conversely for Naproxenum.

Drug induced autoimmune hepatitis:An unfortunate case of herbal toxicity from Skullcap supplement:A case report

BACKGROUND The surge in traditional herbal dietary supplement(HDS)popularity has led to increased drug-induced liver injuries(DILI).Despite lacking evidence of efficacy and being prohibited from making medical claims,their acceptance has risen over sevenfold in the last two decades,with roughly 25%of United States(US)adults using these supplements monthly.An estimated 23000 emergency room visits annually in the US are linked to HDS side effects.NIH-funded research suggests HDS contribute to 7-20%of DILI cases,with similar trends in Europe—Spain reporting 2%and Iceland up to 16%.Patients with acute liver failure from HDS undergo liver transplantation more frequently than those from prescription medicines.Here we describe a case of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis due to Skullcap supplements,this association appears to be the first documented instance in literature.CASE SUMMARY A middle-aged Caucasian woman,previously healthy,presented with sudden jaundice.Four months earlier,her liver enzymes were normal.She mentioned recent use of Skullcap mushroom supplements.Tests for chronic liver disease were negative.The first liver biopsy indicated severe resolving drug-induced liver injury.Despite treatment,she was readmitted due to worsening jaundice.Followup tests raised concerns about autoimmune hepatitis.A subsequent biopsy confirmed this diagnosis.The patient responded as expected to stopping the medication with improvement in liver enzymes.CONCLUSION This scenario highlights an uncommon instance of DILI caused by Skullcap supplements.It's crucial for hepatologists to recognize this connection due to the increasing prevalence of herbal supplements.

The potential of Chinese herbal medicines in treating anxiety disorders

In recent years,there has not been much progress in developing anxiolytic drugs.Amongst the barriers are the lack of clarity on the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders,low product conversion rates for developing drugs targeting the receptors,and species variability.Some scientists have focused on natural medicines,especially herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine.New drugs with excellent anxiolytic activity are hoped to be found in herbal medicines with anxiolytic effects.This mini-review summarised three Chinese herbal medicines with anxiolytic effects and anxiolytic herbal formulas used in the traditional Chinese medicine clinic.Several key issues that block the development of new anxiolytic drugs are also discussed.We hope to provide some ideas for researching and developing new anxiolytic drugs and studying anxiolytic components in traditional Chinese medicine.

Highlight of Publications on Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs in 2008

Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs (CTHD),also known as Zhongcaoyao,was founded in January 1970. There are 40 volumes,near 500 issues including supplemental to 2009 have been published. In 1992 it was awarded national core publication published in Chinese and kept the title to date via four times reevaluations at 1996,2000, 2004,and 2008. As one of