Impacts of proppant distribution on development of tight oil reservoirs with threshold pressure gradient

Field evidence indicates that proppant distribution and threshold pressure gradient have great impacts on well productivity.Aiming at the development of unconventional oil reservoirs in Triassic Chang-7 Unit,Ordos Basin of China,we presented an integrated workflow to investigate how(1)proppant placement in induced fracture and(2)non-linear flow in reservoir matrix would affect well productivity and fluid flow in the reservoir.Compared with our research before(Yue et al.,2020),here we extended this study into the development of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs)with large-scale complicated fracture geometry.The integrated workflow is based on the finite element method and consists of simulation models for proppant-laden fluid flow,fracture flow,and non-linear seepage flow,respectively.Simulation results indicate that the distribution of proppant inside the induced cracks significantly affects the productivity of the MFHW.When we assign an idealized proppant distribution instead of the real distribution,there will be an overestimation of 44.98%in daily oil rate and 30.63%in cumulative oil production after continuous development of 1000 days.Besides,threshold pressure gradient(TPG)also significantly affects the well performance in tight oil reservoirs.If we simply apply linear Darcy’s law to the reservoir matrix,the overall cumulative oil production can be overrated by 77%after 1000 days of development.In general,this research provides new insights into the development of tight oil reservoirs with TPG and meanwhile reveals the significance of proppant distribution and non-linear fluid flow in the production scenario design.

Formation Mechanism of "Drag Depressions" and Irregular Boundaries in Intraplate Deformation

Almost all intraplate caprocks experienced strong deformation during the convergence of microplates, and then disintegrated into many secondary geologic units with the special characters, such as irregular boundaries and particular structural assemblages. In order to understand the formation mechanism of these special phenomena, a rheological experiment on the structural scenery of the Tongling area is carried out. The result shows that the primary regular and uniform boundaries of the Tongling area becomes irregular because of the enclosing and confinement of surrounding geological units in the process of 'compression-shearing-rotation-drag'; simultaneously, two specific 'drag depressions' developed at two opposite corners of the block. The former and the later phenomena can be regarded as a typical regional-scale rheological effect and necessary outcome of intraplate deformation respectively.

Condensed hyperelements method of non-vertical consistent boundaries for wave propagation analysis in irregular media

The study of wave propagation in finite/infinite media has many applications in geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering and has been a focus of research for the past few decades. This paper presents an analysis of 2D anti- plane problems （Love waves） and 2D in-plane problems （Rayleigh waves） in the frequency domain in media consisting of a near-field irregular and a far-field regular part. The near field part may contain structures and its boundaries with the far-field can be of any shape. In this study, the irregular boundaries of the near-field are treated as consistent boundaries, extending the concept of Lysmer＇s vertical consistent boundaries. The presented technique is called the Condensed Hyperelements Method （CHM）. In this method, the irregular boundary is limited to a vertical boundary at each end that is a consistent boundary at the far-field side. Between the two ends, the medium is discretized with hyperelements. Using static condensation, the stiffness matrix of the far-field is derived for the nodes on the irregular boundary. Examples of the application of the CHM illustrate its excellent accuracy and efficiency.

On reservoir boundary detection with marine CSEM

After decades of research and development, Marine Controlled Source ElectroMagnetics （MCSEM） has come into the application phase for oil and gas exploration. However, presently 3D modeling of MCSEM is far from practical with simple models and much computing time. Based on a forward modeling study of 3D frequency-domain MCSEM over a complicated target body and its sensitivity analysis, we derive a method which can delineate the edges of the resistive reservoir. We use the second derivative of the magnitude versus offset （MVO） curve to define the resistive reservoir edges. For the air-wave-dominated far field zone, we suggest using the less affected apparent resistivities in order to improve the adaptability of the method.

Calculation of radiative heat flux on irregular boundaries in participating media

Radiative heat flux at wall boundaries is important for its thermal design.Numerical methods based on structured grids are becoming trendy due to their simplicity and efficiency.Existing radiative transfer equation solvers produce oscillating radiative heat flux at the irregular boundary if they are based on structured grids.Reverse Monte Carlo method and analytical discrete ordinates method are adopted to calculate the radiative heat flux at complex boundaries.The results show that the reverse Monte Carlo method can generate a smooth radiative heat flux profile and it is smoother with larger energy bundles.The results from the analytical discrete ordinates method show that the fluctuations are due to the ray effect.For the total or the mean radiative heat flux,the results from the analytical discrete ordinates method are very close to those from the reverse Monte Carlo method.

Characterization of Complex Fracture System in Volume Fracturing of Shale Gas Reservoir

After volume fracturing of horizontal wells in shale gas reservoir, an extremely complex fracture system is formed. The space area of the fracture system is the reservoir reconstruction volume of shale gas reservoir. The geometric parameters such as crack length, crack width, crack height, and characteristic parameters such as crack permeability and fracture conductivity proposed for a single crack in conventional fracturing are insufficient to describe and characterize the complex network fracture system after volume fracturing. In this paper, the discrete fracture modeling method is used to establish the volume fracturing network fracture model of horizontal wells in shale gas reservoir by using the random modeling method within the determined reservoir space. The model is random and selective, and can fully provide different forms of volume fracturing fracture expansion, such as conventional fracture morphology, line network model and arbitrarily distributed network fractures. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the development plan and stimulation plan of shale gas reservoir, and have important reference value and significance for other unconventional gas reservoir fracturing.

气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流转换边界研究

针对塔河油田气水混注驱替“阁楼油”过程中泡状流与段塞流转换边界不清的问题,利用数值模拟方法对气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流进行了模拟分析。结果表明:在气相表观流速为0.01~1.00 m/s、液相表观流速为0.03~2.00 m/s、管径为76 mm的模拟条件下,管道中主要为泡状流和段塞流;与模拟结果相比,Barnea、Kokal、薛玉卿模型预测的转换边界偏小,Bhagwat和Yijun模型预测的转换边界偏大;随着气相表观流速增加,泡状流向段塞流转换时所需液量逐渐增大;在低液量条件下,越靠近管道中心,气泡数量越多,空隙率越大;随液量增加,单个小气泡体积减小,气泡在整个管道横截面上分布越均匀。基于漂移模型,考虑气泡群滑脱速度,建立了新的泡状流与段塞流转换边界模型,216组文献数据验证结果显示,新模型准确率为95.37%,准确度较高。建立的泡状流—段塞流转换边界模型,不仅可提高井筒压力、温度模型的计算精度,同时对塔河油田现场注入井井口参数优化、注入设备优选和提高“阁楼油”驱替效率有很好的理论指导意义。

考虑硫沉积影响的水平井稳产能力预测

水平井是高效开发高含硫气藏的主要井型。高含硫气藏在开发过程中,井筒附近压力下降,导致水平井井筒周围形成不规则的硫沉积区,严重的可能导致部分井筒单元没有气体流入。为了更好地对该类气藏进行气井稳产能力预测,构建了水平井分段渗流双区复合物理模型,建立了不稳定渗流数学模型,并采用Laplace积分变换、边界元和压降叠加对井底压力进行了求解。结合不稳定渗流数学模型与高含硫气藏物质平衡方程,构建气井稳产能力预测模型,分析了不同参数对稳产时间和井底压力的影响。研究结果表明:含硫饱和度、堵塞段与渗流段长度比值和水平段长度等对稳产时间和井底压力有着非常明显的影响,含硫饱和度和水平段长度与气井稳产时间呈指数变化关系。通过对元坝气藏某水平井进行实例分析,验证了该方法的准确性,该模型和方法的建立为高含硫气藏水平井稳产能力预测提供了理论依据。

稠油开发技术进展及新分类标准建立与应用实践——以胜利油田稠油开发为例

稠油油藏是一种重要的战略资源,对保障国家能源安全起到重要的作用。国内外稠油开发主要有蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱、驱泄复合(SAGD)、火烧驱油4项技术,受技术适应性、成本高及对环境不友好的影响,其推广和运用存在一定局限性。胜利油田根据自身油藏特点,形成了薄层水平井、热化学复合和化学降黏3项新技术,拓展了开发技术界限,使稠油油藏开发的有效厚度界限低至2m、油藏埋深为2000 m、储层渗透率界限低至100×10^(-3)µm^(2)。根据各项技术特点和矿场应用效果,建立了以技术适应性为基础的稠油新分类标准,把稠油油藏分为5大类,指导矿场稠油开发技术方向的选择。结合目前技术发展方向和新的形势要求,指出“多元热复合”“非热力开发”“纳米材料应用”将是稠油开发技术3个趋势。

地震构型分析方法在胜坨油田辫状河储层表征中的应用

辫状河沉积砂体储层内部的复杂结构是控制砂体连通性的根本原因,它制约了碎屑沉积储层的剩余油开发。以往依靠井数据的砂体构型表征精度取决于井控程度,井间预测由于缺乏数据支持而存在不确定性。因此,砂体构型精细表征的关键在于使用地震数据进行井间预测。研究表明,通过划分复合心滩坝砂体的单井构型相,结合地震正演分析确定地震可辨识构型模式,利用地震构型分析方法预测地震构型相和构型边界的平面分布特征,能够为井间预测提供客观数据支持。

Variable-coordinate forward modeling of irregular surface based on dual-variable grid

The mapping method is a forward-modeling method that transforms the irregular surface to horizontal by mapping the rectangular grid as curved; moreover, the wave field calculations move from the physical domain to the calculation domain. The mapping method deals with the irregular surface and the low-velocity layer underneath it using a fine grid. For the deeper high-velocity layers, the use of a fine grid causes local oversampling. In addition, when the irregular surface is transformed to horizontal, the flattened interface below the surface is transformed to curved, which produces inaccurate modeling results because of the presence of ladder-like burrs in the simulated seismic wave. Thus, we propose the mapping method based on the dual-variable finite-difference staggered grid. The proposed method uses different size grid spacings in different regions and locally variable time steps to match the size variability of grid spacings. Numerical examples suggest that the proposed method requires less memory storage capacity and improves the computational efficiency compared with forward modeling methods based on the conventional grid.

轴-艇耦合系统声振仿真中的不规则频率问题

采用边界元方法求解频域流固耦合问题时,在内域虚拟流场的共振频率处会出现不规则频率问题,在这些不规则频率处辐射声场的求解常常出现较大波动。为研究实尺度潜艇的水下振动声辐射,本文建立基于Suboff艇型的轴系-艇体耦合系统。基于有限元/边界元法,分别采用/不采用消除不规则频率的封闭虚拟阻抗曲面(CVIS)法,计算轴系-艇体耦合系统的中低频段振动及辐射噪声。结果表明:(1)对于湿表面外形较复杂的细长艇体,同样会出现不规则频率,甚至连成“不规则频带”;(2)若不消除不规则频率,不规则频率处的辐射声压级有较大误差,在深海环境中可以“污染”到远场会聚区处;(3)对于主体结构为细长圆柱壳的艇形,首个不规则频率可参照与之尺度相当的细长圆柱壳不规则频率的表达式得出,首个无量纲不规则频率约为ka=2.4。

不规则波作用下岸基式振荡水柱波能装置的水动力性能研究

为了研究真实海域中振荡水柱(OWC)波能转换装置的水动力性能,本文基于势流理论和高阶边界元方法,建立了不规则波与岸基式OWC波能装置相互作用的二维非线性数值模型,不规则波基于JONSWAP谱生成。为了考虑由于水体黏性引起的能量耗散,在气室内水面边界条件中引入人工黏性阻尼。并在大连理工大学波流水槽中开展了物理模型试验,对数值模型的有效性进行了验证。研究发现,在不规则波作用下,OWC波能装置的水动力效率相较于规则波作用下有所降低,特别是在低频波区域效率差值最大。与规则波相比,不规则波浪作用下装置峰值效率对应的频率变大。气室内的相对水面高程随着有效波高的增加而降低,而气室内相对气压则随有效波高的增加而增大。OWC波能装置的水动力效率受有效波高的影响较小,其峰值效率对应的频率不受波浪非线性的影响。本文可以为OWC波能装置的设计提供参考。

多级界面约束下构型对储层非均质性控制作用——以川西沙溪庙组曲流河为例

【目的】川西坳陷侏罗系沙溪庙组油气资源潜力大,单砂体内部结构制约了优质储层预测,进而影响了该区天然气富集规律评价。研究区内河道砂体构型界面级次、构型单元及其组合尚不明确,不同级次构型界面约束下的构型单元及其组合如何控制储层非均质性尚缺乏相关认识。【方法】基于野外露头、岩心、测井以及分析测试等资料,在沉积相研究基础上,详细开展了川西沙溪庙组曲流河砂体构型类型及特征研究,探讨了多级界面约束下构型对储层非均质性控制作用。【结果与结论】研究区构型单元划分为边滩构型单元(H_(PB))、河道充填沉积构型单元(H_(CH))、决口扇构型单元(M_(CS))、天然堤构型单元(M_(CL))、废弃河道构型单元(M_(CA))和洪泛平原构型单元(M_(FM))6类,基于构型单元垂向叠置样式,结合垂向序列沉积特征,将构型单元组合划分为均一型组合(Type Ⅰ)、均一+复合型组合(Type Ⅱ)、复合型组合(Type Ⅲ)3大类。研究区中江—回龙地区整体Type I型组合相对最发育,且沙三段整体上Type Ⅰ型组合和Type Ⅱ型组合相对最发育,其储层非均质性相对较弱。基于上述砂体构型类型及特征研究、不同级次构型界面控制下的储层非均质性特征分析以及不同级次构型界面下构型对储层非均质性控制因素探讨,总结了3~5级界面约束下构型对储层非均质性的控制模式。其中5级构型界面控制下的储层平面非均质性受控于基准面上升和构造沉降;4级构型界面控制下的储层层间非均质性受控于地形坡度和侵蚀作用;3级构型界面控制下的储层层内非均质性受控于水动力条件、河道弯度、河道迁移程度、沉积载荷、流量及成岩作用。

非常规油气藏不规则复杂裂缝表征方法

非常规油气资源储量大,开发难度高。储层压裂改造是非常规油气资源开发的关键技术手段。天然裂缝和压裂裂缝具有不规则性和复杂性。针对现有裂缝表征方法难以准确刻画裂缝真实形状和宽度变化等不规则特性这一问题,提出了基于非结构PEBI网格的不规则复杂裂缝表征方法。首先,建立基于PEBI网格的天然裂缝表征流程,实现对任意区域或限定区域天然裂缝的准确表征;其次,建立基于Delaunay三角形网格和PEBI网格的压裂裂缝表征及优化方法,分析网格尺寸及优化次数对裂缝表征精度的影响;第三,建立基于非结构网格的非平面裂缝表征方法,实现对弯曲裂缝的刻画和表征,裂缝形态和分布与实际情况更相符;第四,提出非均匀裂缝宽度表征方法,实现对变宽度即同一条裂缝宽度和导流能力不均匀分布裂缝的精细表征;第五,在全区域和限定区域内,实现耦合不规则压裂裂缝和不规则天然裂缝的复杂缝网表征。针对大规模天然裂缝与压裂裂缝相交、裂缝宽度非均匀分布、非平面裂缝等复杂条件下的裂缝网络表征,通过调整网格优化次数,能够提高缝网表征质量。利用PEBI网格能够灵活准确逼近裂缝复杂边界条件的优势,实现快速、准确地显示处理大量不规则天然裂缝和压裂裂缝。形成的不规则复杂裂缝表征方法,有助于提高非常规油气藏裂缝网络的表征精度和数值模拟计算准确性。

南海北部中生界地震成像制约因素分析

南海北部中生界油气勘探积累了多个年度、多次采集、多种处理方案的地震资料,但地震成像品质总体上仍难以满足目前中生界油气勘探研究需求,对制约地震成像的影响因素认识不一,缺乏系统对比论证。通过对地质背景及沉积特征的分析,以现有二维地震资料为基础,建立典型地质结构模型并正演模拟,对制约中生界地震成像品质的地质、地球物理因素进行剖析对比和论证,从定性和定量的角度明确了不同地质条件下造成现有地震资料品质差的主控因素。研究表明,制约中生界地震成像的主要因素是海底及中新生界之间的两个强反射界面、中生界地层内部波阻抗差异小所导致的低信噪比;绕射波、多次波等各种干扰波异常发育使有效信号难以识别和成像;崎岖海底造成照明能量散射等。南海北部中生界制约地震成像因素的明确为后续中生界地震数据采集、处理提供了有效指导及技术支持,并进一步提出通过适当加大震源容量、提高覆盖次数、深沉放枪缆、高维度,获得更多深层有效反射波能量的采集建议;通过自适应鬼波压制、多域提高信噪比处理及基于频率谐振能量补偿等技术解决弱反射问题,宽频组合解决多次波发育问题,基于地质、折射波增强速度规律认识,沿层高密度速度拾取提高速度分析精度等处理建议。

致密气藏多层砂体合采井产量递减分析方法

致密气藏主力产层多为多层叠置河道砂体,合采时普遍存在各产层贡献不明及砂体动用边界不清的问题。首先,考虑各层河道砂体形态特征和边界尺寸差异,根据等效渗流体积原则,建立了致密气藏多层河道砂体合采井生产模型。其次,基于现代产量递减分析理论,形成了致密气藏多层河道砂体的边界确定方法和合采井产量递减分析图版。最后,讨论不同河道砂体边界距离、砂体数量和砂体位置下的产量递减特征,明确了多层河道砂体对产量递减的影响。研究表明:致密气藏多层河道砂体合采井产量具有5个递减阶段,不稳定流中期阶段可诊断各层砂体边界距离是否相等;河道砂体范围越小,宽砂体数量越少,宽砂体占比越小,储集层稳产能力越差,不稳定流早期阶段和不稳定流中期阶段易出现产量递减速率增大现象。建立的产量递减分析方法可为产层动用程度评价和增产措施制定提供依据。

边水气藏水侵动态分析方法及水侵主控因素

基于经典分流理论与气水渗流规律,推导了考虑气体高速非达西渗流的边水气藏分流方程,并根据四川盆地某边水气藏多口产水气井的基础资料,分析了水侵动态特征参数的变化规律及主控因素,探讨了延缓气藏水侵的技术思路与对策。研究结果表明:(1)新的改进分流方程能够确定不同开发时刻气藏(或气井)边水的整体推进情况及见边水时间,相较于传统的基于达西定律的分流方程,该计算结果更加可靠。(2)边水气藏水侵动态受制于多种因素的综合影响,其中储层渗透率对其影响最为显著,其次为非达西流系数、相对渗透率及孔隙度,而有效厚度、供气边界及水侵流量的影响程度较小。(3)充分发掘物性较均一的低渗致密段储层的开发潜力是提升边水气藏开发效果的关键,制定合理的气藏采气强度是主动控水、稳水的重要手段。

番禺油田群稠油油藏储集层构型特征及剩余油挖潜

针对番禺油田群稠油油藏采出程度低、隔夹层发育、剩余油预测难等问题,亟需提高储集层构型解剖和预测精度。利用地质、地震和测井资料,采用自然伽马回返率和大数据统计技术,识别储集层3级、4级和5级构型界面,研究各级次夹层的分布模式,定量表征储集层构型单元砂体内部结构以及夹层的展布形态,分析剩余油赋存模式及其主控因素,厘清构型界面对剩余油的控制作用。研究结果表明:储集层中发育的3级斜交型前积夹层能延缓流体垂向渗流,4级叠置型水平夹层能阻止流体垂向窜流;剩余油运移能量和方向主要受3级夹层、4级夹层及韵律差异控制。利用低产低效井侧钻10口调整井,初期总产量为680.00 m~3/d,侧钻后日产油量为侧钻前的5倍。

基于不连续边界识别的辫状河储层夹层研究——以渤海海域P油田馆陶组为例

渤海海域P油田发育河道切叠频繁的辫状河储层,已钻井揭示其储层内夹层发育,导致钻后水淹状态和产能差异较大,夹层精细刻画和精确表征是剩余油挖潜的关键。分析了P油田夹层分布特征及成因,认为夹层分布与构型边界具有较好的相关性,因此提出了基于不连续边界识别的夹层刻画方法。通过两级不连续边界分析识别出边界河道、内部主河道和内部次河道,分别对应复合心滩边界河道充填、单心滩边界河道充填和串沟充填3种夹层类型,建立了各级河道的定量判别标准,确定了夹层厚度中心线;根据研究区300个井组侧钻井资料,分析确定了夹层的平均厚度和翼展宽度;利用分类插值和井点校正得到了夹层厚度分布图。结果表明,P油田馆陶组辫状河储层夹层多以宽翼条带状分布,3种夹层的平均厚度分别为3、2和1m,平均翼展宽度分别为100、50和25m。应用本方法对C10井区L50小层进行了精细研究,夹层刻画结果有效指导了剩余油的挖潜。