Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrig...Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.展开更多
In a three-year study, the response of four cultivars of chickpea, Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan and ICC 11293 to irrigation with TW (treated wastewater) and FW (freshwater), using surface and subsurface drip irrigatio...In a three-year study, the response of four cultivars of chickpea, Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan and ICC 11293 to irrigation with TW (treated wastewater) and FW (freshwater), using surface and subsurface drip irrigation was investigated. Wastewater generated from Al-Quds university campus included black, grey and storm water was treated by small scale pilot plant. The wastewater pilot plant consists of tailored made secondary biological activated sludge process with daily capacity of 50 m3. The influent and effluent chemical and biological quality parameters were routinely monitored and analyzed. The data reveal that the average values for BOD, COD and EC for the effluent are 50 ppm, 136 ppm and 1.4 mS/cm over 2 years period. The results of chickpea growth parameters and the chemical and biological analysis of the seeds and leaves indicate that the cultivars Bulgarit and ICC 11293 can be irrigated with TW without any loss in yield and quality. Factor analysis reasonably favored Bulgarit Cultivar irrigated with treated effluent over other cultivars. WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant reduction in their growth parameters when irrigated with TW as compared with FW. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation gave similar results in most cases. Soil analysis in this study showed no significant difference between irrigation with TW and FW.展开更多
The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surfa...The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surface water hydrochemistry was investigated at 12 locations to determine the hydrochemical and heavy metals characteristics and to assess the suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Results of water samples collected along the main channel and tributaries showed that the major ions were dominated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and > HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> </span>> Cl<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > F<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> , with concentrations varying between 0 to 60 mg/l. Heavy metal concentrations were relatively weak, dominated by Fe > Mn > As > Cd > Zn > Se. The main hydrochemical facies types revealed primarily 52% Ca-Na-HCO<sub>3</sub> and 48% Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Base on Gibbs diagram and relative ion ratios, the hydrochemical characteristics are derived from weathering of silicate rocks and atmospheric source. The influence of anthropogenic factors including agro-industrial activities on the hydrochemical characteristics was less marked. The chemical composition of the water samples was compared with the drinking water standards and only the concentration of Fe was above the WHO guide limits in a single sample at Passi. The evaluation of the water quality for irrigation showed that 95% of water samples are suitable for irrigation in almost all soil types. According to the water quality index (HPI, HEI and Cd), this water is considered of excellent quality for consumption. The results provide a preliminary database for sustainable management of water resource in the Mungo River basin.展开更多
This research focuses on the sharp expansion of groundwater irrigation in the Northern Beqaa, using Landsat satellite images and other auxiliary GIS relevant data sources. Topographic maps were used to assess the loca...This research focuses on the sharp expansion of groundwater irrigation in the Northern Beqaa, using Landsat satellite images and other auxiliary GIS relevant data sources. Topographic maps were used to assess the location and size of the irrigated area in the early 1960s as the initial years of agriculture expansion analysis. The first available Landsat image of the area was of the year 1972 followed with a series of accessible Landsat images until 2009. In the 1960s, agricultural practices were only limited to areas of surface water resources and open channels next to urban settlements. In the Early 1980s, farmers discovered the agricultural potential of the area. Only 3% of the area was cultivated before the 1970s. The cultivated area reached about the 20% in late 1990s. Weather conditions, shallowness of groundwater tables, low fuel costs and market opportunities have led to an agricultural boom in the area considered as prone to desertification and of low productivity by national authorities. The area is however poorly understood from its hydro geological characteristics and exposed to intensive and unsustainable use of its natural resources.展开更多
The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity(RH) within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, an...The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity(RH) within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation(BI), sprinkler irrigation(SI), and surface drip irrigation(SDI) had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.展开更多
In irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in semiarid region, the water allocation and irrigation scheduling are often based on a fixed-area proportionate water depth with every irrigation cycle irrespective...In irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in semiarid region, the water allocation and irrigation scheduling are often based on a fixed-area proportionate water depth with every irrigation cycle irrespective of crops and their growth stages, for an equitable water supply. An experiment was conducted during the 2004- 2005 season in Haouz irrigated area in Morocco, which objective was i) to evaluate the effects of the surface irrigation scheduling method (existing rule) adopted by the irrigation agency on winter wheat production compared to a full irrigation method and ii) to evaluate drip irrigation versus surface irrigation impacts on water saving and yield of winter wheat. The methodology was based on the FAO-56 dual approach for the surface irrigation scheduling. Ground measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to derive the basal crop coefficient and the vegetation fraction cover. The simple FAO-56 approach was used for drip irrigation scheduling. For surface irrigation, the existing rule approach resulted in yield and WUE reductions of 22% and 15%, respectively, compared with the optimized irrigation scheduling proposed by the FAO-56 for full irrigation treatment. This revealed the negative effects of the irrigation schedules adopted in irrigation schemes under rotational water supply on crops productivity. It was also demon-strated that drip irrigation applied to wheat was more efficient with 20% of water saving in comparison with surface irrigation (full irrigation treatment). Drip irrigation gives also higher wheat yield compared to surface irrigation (+28% and +52% for full irrigation and existing rule treatments respectively). The same improvement was observed for water use efficiency (+24 and +59% respectively).展开更多
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection is a rare but serious complication associated with total joint arthroplasty(TJA).There are limited data on the effectiveness of intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg...BACKGROUND Surgical site infection is a rare but serious complication associated with total joint arthroplasty(TJA).There are limited data on the effectiveness of intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)before wound closure for preventing acute surgical site infection following primary total hip arthroplasty(THA)and total knee arthroplasty(TKA).AIM To investigate the effectiveness of prophylactic intraoperative application of vancomycin(1000 mg/L;2 L)solution vs.plain irrigation in reducing the incidence of acute surgical site infection following primary THA and TKA.METHODS A retrospective review of 2725 consecutive patients undergoing THA or TKA from January 2012–December 2019 was performed.These patients received either intrawound irrigation with normal saline before wound closure between January 2012 and December 2015(group 1,1018 patients;453 undergoing THA and 565 undergoing TKA)or intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L)before wound closure between January 2016 and December 2019(group 2,1175 patients;512 undergoing THA and 663 undergoing TKA).The outcomes were the incidences of postoperative surgical site infection and wound healing complications within 3 mo of primary TJA.RESULTS There were no significant demographic differences between the 2 groups.There was a significantly higher incidence of acute infection at the surgical site in patients who received intrawound irrigation with normal saline before wound closure than in those who received intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)before wound closure(overall incidence of infection:group 1,2.46%vs group 2,0.09%,P<0.001).There was no significant difference in the incidence of wound healing complications between the two groups.CONCLUSION Prophylactic irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)significantly decreases the incidence of acute surgical site infection after primary TJA.This strategy is a safe,efficacious,and inexpensive method for reducing the incidence of acute surgical site infection after TJA.展开更多
Despite all of the many discrepancies and contradictions in the estimate of the water balance in the Barada Awaj basin, all the research and reports, both local and international, indicate that the basin suffers from ...Despite all of the many discrepancies and contradictions in the estimate of the water balance in the Barada Awaj basin, all the research and reports, both local and international, indicate that the basin suffers from water depletion. The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water, and the area of land irrigated by the basin has risen significantly. Rapid population growth as a result of natural increase and massive immigration to the basin, piratical well-digging without permits, the failure to increase the area of land irrigated by modern methods and a decrease in rainfall and the drought that has affected Syria in general and the Barada Awaj basin in particular, have led to a water shortage in the basin during the first decade of this century.展开更多
The seasonal and spatial changes in the chemical composition of the water in abandoned mine drainages and rivers in Yudong River area in the years of 2017-2018 were analyzed.The effects of mine water drainage on the s...The seasonal and spatial changes in the chemical composition of the water in abandoned mine drainages and rivers in Yudong River area in the years of 2017-2018 were analyzed.The effects of mine water drainage on the seasonality and physicochemical properties of the river water after mine closure were evaluated,and the feasibility of irrigation using river water and the degree of pollution to farmland were assessed using the Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation.The results show that the mine water has low pH value(<3.5-4)and high levels of total hardness,SO_(4)^(2−),Fe,Al,and Zn.In addition,the pH of the mine water is negatively correlated with the presence of other metal ions.The correlation coefficient between the chemical oxygen demand(COD)and Fe reached 0.989.While the pollution levels of Pinglu and Baishui rivers were low,the confluence region of the two rivers was seriously polluted.However,only the levels of Fe and Cd slightly exceeded the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard after the confluence of Yudong and Chongan rivers.Overall,the heavy pollution type of the confluent river is consistent with mine water pollution.The water quality is slightly better in the dry season compared than in the high-water period.Sulfate and Fe content decreased by 39 and 16 mg/L,respectively,and Cd content decreased two-fold.Despite these findings,this study shows that from 2017 to 2018,the pH and Cd content of the rivers at the confluence exceeded the irrigation limit and the water quality continued to deteriorate,which may pose a soil contamination risk.Long-term use of the river for irrigation water may cause toxic elements such as Cd,Fe,Mn,SO_(4)^(2−),Al,and F-to enter the food chain,thereby endangering the life and health of villagers in Yudong River area.展开更多
The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People's Victory C...The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People's Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People's Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.展开更多
Although Tanzania has a large land suitable for irrigation development, only 4.2% of the arable land which is potential for irrigation has been developed. Mbarali District is characterized by commercial and small-scal...Although Tanzania has a large land suitable for irrigation development, only 4.2% of the arable land which is potential for irrigation has been developed. Mbarali District is characterized by commercial and small-scale irrigation activities for paddy production. Currently, surface water availability for irrigation in Mbarali District is dwindling due to high water demands. Inadequate studies that estimate water availability for irrigation is one of the underlying factors to the lack of irrigation development in many parts of Tanzania including in Mbarali District. This study, therefore, aimed to model surface water availability for irrigation development in Mbarali River sub-catchment Mbeya, Tanzania. The Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) model and field observations were used to accomplish the study. The model estimates that Mbarali River sub-catchment receives about 631 mm of total mean precipitation annually. About 53% of received precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration, 12% recharged to deep aquifer and the remaining 35% discharged to the stream flow through surface runoff, lateral flow and return flow from unconfined aquifer. Discharge to the steam flow contributes to the total annual means of river discharge ranging from 0 - 10 cubic meters per second at upper catchment to 120 - 140 cubic meters per second at lower catchment. The study recommends that the lower reach of the Mbarali River sub-catchment is potential for irrigation than the upper reach as it has potential river flow that can support irrigation activities. The study also notes the urgent need for water reallocation plan to meet competing water needs in the lower reach of Mbarali River sub-catchment. Moreover, the study addresses the potentiality of irrigation in upper catchment under sustainable water management practices including excavation of small ponds to capture and store surface runoff for dry season use or to supplement irrigation as the rainfall declines.展开更多
Wound irrigation(i.e.washing out a wound before wound closure)aims to reduce the microbial burden by removing tissue debris,metabolic waste,and tissue exudate from the surgical field before site closure.Although it is...Wound irrigation(i.e.washing out a wound before wound closure)aims to reduce the microbial burden by removing tissue debris,metabolic waste,and tissue exudate from the surgical field before site closure.Although it is a popular procedure in every day surgical practice,the lack of procedure standardization,leads to studies with high heterogeneity and often controversial results.Thus,there are studies that advocate its use,while others discourage its implementation in clinical practice to reduce the risk of surgical site infection.The present article reviews the current literature on wound irrigation for preventing surgical site infections.Several irrigants are presented.Chlorexidine is generally considered to be less effective than povidone-iodine,while antibiotics are not that common nowadays,as they require prolonged exposure with the target to act.Hydrogen peroxide has several potential complications,which eliminate its use.Any differences in the incidence of surgical site infections between different irrigants,especially between antibacterial and non-bacterial ones,should be viewed sceptically.More randomized controlled studies are needed to provide better quality of evidence regarding the irrigants'effectiveness and safety.展开更多
A good wound dressing needs to promote wound healing and tissue repair when the skin is injured.In this study,a self-made spherical section free surface electrospinning device was used to produce large quantities of e...A good wound dressing needs to promote wound healing and tissue repair when the skin is injured.In this study,a self-made spherical section free surface electrospinning device was used to produce large quantities of electrospun porous polylactic acid(PLA)/chitosan(CS)/aloin nanofiber membranes(NFMs)for antibacterial wound dressing.The porous structures of PLAbased nanofibers were controlled by adjusting the weight ratios of mixed solvent and solute.The results showed that highquality porous PLA/CS/aloin(PCA)NFMs were obtained when the weight ratios of chloroform/N,N-dimethylformamide and PLA:CS were 90/10 and 7:1,respectively.The porous PCA NFMs exhibited high porosity,acceptable mechanical properties,moderate hydrophobicity,good swelling property,and high water vapor transmission rate.Moreover,they also showed excellent blood coagulative,antibacterial,biocompatible properties,which had the potential to be used in the application of antibacterial wound dressings.展开更多
The EC analysis and water serial sampling was performed in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt to explore the water and salt dynamics of the shallow aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) under high salinity groundwater drip i...The EC analysis and water serial sampling was performed in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt to explore the water and salt dynamics of the shallow aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) under high salinity groundwater drip irrigation. It was found that in one irrigation cycle, the EC of the shallow shifting aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) increased while the water content decreased. The EC of the surface aeolian sandy soil at the wetting front was far greater than that of the wetting area or the outside of the wetting area. During the irrigation cycle, the EC of the wetting front and the wetting area changed at a significant magnitude, whereas the EC of the outside of the wetting area remained largely steady. The horizontal influence distance of drip irrigation on the salt accumulation at the soil surface was about 100 cm, and the vertical influence depth was 5 cm. The three most abundant ions in the accumulated salt at the aeolian sandy soil surface were Na+, Cl- and SO42-. The salt accumulation at the soil surface was influenced by air temperature, wind speed, mineralization of irrigation water, sand burial thickness, soil texture, and litter content.展开更多
Calculation of the water balance is very important to relieve the pressure on water resources in arid agricultural irrigation areas.This research focused on irrigation water balance calculations in the Manas River Bas...Calculation of the water balance is very important to relieve the pressure on water resources in arid agricultural irrigation areas.This research focused on irrigation water balance calculations in the Manas River Basin of the southern margin of the Junggar Basin of China,and aimed to analyze the groundwater level dynamic trend and response characteristics of the basin water cycle under water-saving irrigation measures.The surface water and groundwater coupling model of MIKE 11-Visual MODFLOW was used to simulate rainfall runoff in mountainous areas,and quantify the contribution of water balance components in the plain irrigation area.Convergence of the delayed watershed in the mountain area was obvious,and when the river runoff exceeded 200 m^(3)/s,the error in the runoff simulation was large.The water balance in the plain agricultural irrigation area was in a negative equilibrium state,and the difference between recharge and discharge was−2.65 billion m^(3).The evapotranspiration was 24.49 billion m^(3) under drip irrigation,accounting for only approximately 51%of the total discharge.The lateral discharge of the unsaturated and saturated aquifers was 15.38 billion m^(3),accounting for approximately 32%of the total discharge.The main reason for the groundwater decline in the irrigation area was closely related to the extraction of groundwater,because the amount of recharge and discharge in the natural state was approximately identical.The MIKE 11-Visual MODFLOW model produced accurate results,and the research method provided a new exploration technique to quantify the effect of water supply mode on the groundwater table.The model is suitable for the management of water resources in arid areas.展开更多
著名生物学家爱德华·威尔逊(Edward O Wilson)在其名作《一致性:知识的统一》(Consilience:The Unity of Knowledge)中提出跨学科整合与协调的必要性。他将融合定义为“知识的‘跳跃式结合',即通过事实的相互关联……创造出一...著名生物学家爱德华·威尔逊(Edward O Wilson)在其名作《一致性:知识的统一》(Consilience:The Unity of Knowledge)中提出跨学科整合与协调的必要性。他将融合定义为“知识的‘跳跃式结合',即通过事实的相互关联……创造出一个共同的解释基础。”文章的假设是,与基础生物医学研究需要来源于最新技术的数据几乎一样,整合现有知识同样极其重要。这涉及到解决相互矛盾的发现、减少“信息孤岛”、以及承认复杂的必要性。我们以角膜和晶状体作为我们假设的案例研究。具体来说,在这种视角下,我们讨论蛋白质聚集、氧化损伤和纤维化方面相互矛盾和碎片化的信息。这些研究领域与眼前节研究紧密相关。我们的目的是强调威尔逊的知识融合统一的迫切需要,从而增强严谨性和可重复性,最重要的是,促进对知识的深入理解,而不只是知道。展开更多
To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers (CS-Fs), N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers (NSCS-Fs) were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and ...To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers (CS-Fs), N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers (NSCS-Fs) were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and high liquor absorbing capacity with absorbing-dissolvable equilibrium state in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The bacteriostasis ratios of NSCS-Fs against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans were higher than 80%. No cytotoxicity has been found for mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with NSCS-Fs leach liquor, Acute oral toxicity and skin irritation experiment were taken to evaluate the safety of NSCS-Fs in vitro. Muscle implant study showed that NSCS-Fs were biodegradable and non-toxic in vivo. These results suggested that the surface modified NSCS-Fs had favorable biological properties and improved liquor absorptivity, indicating that they could be used as promising dressing materials for wound care.展开更多
Aim: The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is well established in the treatment of chronic wounds. NPWT with instillation (NPWTi) combines traditional NPWT with the application of a topical irrigation solu...Aim: The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is well established in the treatment of chronic wounds. NPWT with instillation (NPWTi) combines traditional NPWT with the application of a topical irrigation solution (in this case octenidine based octenilin? wound irrigation solution) within the wound bed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of NPWTi on pressure ulcers (PUs). Methods: In total 13 patients with PUs in different locations were treated with negative pressure therapy combined with ocitenidine based instillation fluid after first surgical debridement. After 6 days the dressing was removed and wound closure using different local flaps was performed. Results: Normal wound healing without irritation was found 30 days post-debridement and after 90 days the wounds showed complete healing. No adverse incidents occurred and no toxic tissue reactions were documented. During the follow up period, there was no recurrence of the PU in any of the treated patients. Conclusion: It is generally recognised that for chronic wounds to heal, optimum wound bed preparation is of paramount importance. This helps prepare for secondary healing, skin grafting or coverage with flaps. Tests were performed in vitro simulating real clinical conditions using PU vacuum exudates. These tests quantified the antiseptic efficacy of octenilin? wound irrigation solution in the eradication of microorganisms. Further research is needed to establish the role of NPWTi with octenilin? in the management of category 4 PUs, but these initial results on 13 patients lead in the direction of developing an enhanced protocol for the treatment of chronic wounds.展开更多
Aim:Changes in the pH of chronic wounds can inhibit the optimal activity of various enzymes in the wound environment,thereby delaying wound healing.The aim of the present study is to monitor the effect of limited acce...Aim:Changes in the pH of chronic wounds can inhibit the optimal activity of various enzymes in the wound environment,thereby delaying wound healing.The aim of the present study is to monitor the effect of limited access dressing(LAD)on the pH on the surface of chronic wounds.Methods:A total of 140 patients with chronic wounds of more than 4 weeks duration were divided into two groups by simple randomization:a LAD group(n=64)and a conventional dressing group(n=76).Fifty-six participants(22 in the LAD group and 34 in the conventional dressing group)were lost to follow-up or withdrawn from the study.Results:In the LAD group(n=42),the mean age was 38.3±10.56 years(range:12-60 years),and the mean wound size at the time of admission was 28 cm^(2)(range:19-40 cm^(2)).In the conventional dressing group(n=42),the mean age was 35.3±14.0 years(range:17-65 years),and the mean wound size at the time of admission was 26 cm^(2)(range:18-39 cm^(2)).Patients treated with LAD showed a significant decrease in the mean±standard deviation pH when compared with the conventional dressing group(0.83±0.52 vs.0.41±0.26,P=0.048).Conclusion:LAD reduces the chronic wound surface pH to a level required for the optimal function of various enzymes.This could be a factor that exerts a beneficial effect on wound healing.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51741908)
文摘Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.
文摘In a three-year study, the response of four cultivars of chickpea, Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan and ICC 11293 to irrigation with TW (treated wastewater) and FW (freshwater), using surface and subsurface drip irrigation was investigated. Wastewater generated from Al-Quds university campus included black, grey and storm water was treated by small scale pilot plant. The wastewater pilot plant consists of tailored made secondary biological activated sludge process with daily capacity of 50 m3. The influent and effluent chemical and biological quality parameters were routinely monitored and analyzed. The data reveal that the average values for BOD, COD and EC for the effluent are 50 ppm, 136 ppm and 1.4 mS/cm over 2 years period. The results of chickpea growth parameters and the chemical and biological analysis of the seeds and leaves indicate that the cultivars Bulgarit and ICC 11293 can be irrigated with TW without any loss in yield and quality. Factor analysis reasonably favored Bulgarit Cultivar irrigated with treated effluent over other cultivars. WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant reduction in their growth parameters when irrigated with TW as compared with FW. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation gave similar results in most cases. Soil analysis in this study showed no significant difference between irrigation with TW and FW.
文摘The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surface water hydrochemistry was investigated at 12 locations to determine the hydrochemical and heavy metals characteristics and to assess the suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Results of water samples collected along the main channel and tributaries showed that the major ions were dominated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and > HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> </span>> Cl<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > F<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> , with concentrations varying between 0 to 60 mg/l. Heavy metal concentrations were relatively weak, dominated by Fe > Mn > As > Cd > Zn > Se. The main hydrochemical facies types revealed primarily 52% Ca-Na-HCO<sub>3</sub> and 48% Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Base on Gibbs diagram and relative ion ratios, the hydrochemical characteristics are derived from weathering of silicate rocks and atmospheric source. The influence of anthropogenic factors including agro-industrial activities on the hydrochemical characteristics was less marked. The chemical composition of the water samples was compared with the drinking water standards and only the concentration of Fe was above the WHO guide limits in a single sample at Passi. The evaluation of the water quality for irrigation showed that 95% of water samples are suitable for irrigation in almost all soil types. According to the water quality index (HPI, HEI and Cd), this water is considered of excellent quality for consumption. The results provide a preliminary database for sustainable management of water resource in the Mungo River basin.
基金part of the project entitled“Irrigation Water Managements in the Bekaa Valley,Lebanon”supported by Global Program Water Initiatives of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
文摘This research focuses on the sharp expansion of groundwater irrigation in the Northern Beqaa, using Landsat satellite images and other auxiliary GIS relevant data sources. Topographic maps were used to assess the location and size of the irrigated area in the early 1960s as the initial years of agriculture expansion analysis. The first available Landsat image of the area was of the year 1972 followed with a series of accessible Landsat images until 2009. In the 1960s, agricultural practices were only limited to areas of surface water resources and open channels next to urban settlements. In the Early 1980s, farmers discovered the agricultural potential of the area. Only 3% of the area was cultivated before the 1970s. The cultivated area reached about the 20% in late 1990s. Weather conditions, shallowness of groundwater tables, low fuel costs and market opportunities have led to an agricultural boom in the area considered as prone to desertification and of low productivity by national authorities. The area is however poorly understood from its hydro geological characteristics and exposed to intensive and unsustainable use of its natural resources.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51109214,31101074 and 51309211)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011BAD32B)the Basic Scientific Research Foundation of National Non-Profit Scientific Institute of China(BSRF201303)
文摘The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity(RH) within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation(BI), sprinkler irrigation(SI), and surface drip irrigation(SDI) had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.
文摘In irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in semiarid region, the water allocation and irrigation scheduling are often based on a fixed-area proportionate water depth with every irrigation cycle irrespective of crops and their growth stages, for an equitable water supply. An experiment was conducted during the 2004- 2005 season in Haouz irrigated area in Morocco, which objective was i) to evaluate the effects of the surface irrigation scheduling method (existing rule) adopted by the irrigation agency on winter wheat production compared to a full irrigation method and ii) to evaluate drip irrigation versus surface irrigation impacts on water saving and yield of winter wheat. The methodology was based on the FAO-56 dual approach for the surface irrigation scheduling. Ground measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to derive the basal crop coefficient and the vegetation fraction cover. The simple FAO-56 approach was used for drip irrigation scheduling. For surface irrigation, the existing rule approach resulted in yield and WUE reductions of 22% and 15%, respectively, compared with the optimized irrigation scheduling proposed by the FAO-56 for full irrigation treatment. This revealed the negative effects of the irrigation schedules adopted in irrigation schemes under rotational water supply on crops productivity. It was also demon-strated that drip irrigation applied to wheat was more efficient with 20% of water saving in comparison with surface irrigation (full irrigation treatment). Drip irrigation gives also higher wheat yield compared to surface irrigation (+28% and +52% for full irrigation and existing rule treatments respectively). The same improvement was observed for water use efficiency (+24 and +59% respectively).
文摘BACKGROUND Surgical site infection is a rare but serious complication associated with total joint arthroplasty(TJA).There are limited data on the effectiveness of intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)before wound closure for preventing acute surgical site infection following primary total hip arthroplasty(THA)and total knee arthroplasty(TKA).AIM To investigate the effectiveness of prophylactic intraoperative application of vancomycin(1000 mg/L;2 L)solution vs.plain irrigation in reducing the incidence of acute surgical site infection following primary THA and TKA.METHODS A retrospective review of 2725 consecutive patients undergoing THA or TKA from January 2012–December 2019 was performed.These patients received either intrawound irrigation with normal saline before wound closure between January 2012 and December 2015(group 1,1018 patients;453 undergoing THA and 565 undergoing TKA)or intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L)before wound closure between January 2016 and December 2019(group 2,1175 patients;512 undergoing THA and 663 undergoing TKA).The outcomes were the incidences of postoperative surgical site infection and wound healing complications within 3 mo of primary TJA.RESULTS There were no significant demographic differences between the 2 groups.There was a significantly higher incidence of acute infection at the surgical site in patients who received intrawound irrigation with normal saline before wound closure than in those who received intrawound irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)before wound closure(overall incidence of infection:group 1,2.46%vs group 2,0.09%,P<0.001).There was no significant difference in the incidence of wound healing complications between the two groups.CONCLUSION Prophylactic irrigation with vancomycin solution(1000 mg/L;2 L)significantly decreases the incidence of acute surgical site infection after primary TJA.This strategy is a safe,efficacious,and inexpensive method for reducing the incidence of acute surgical site infection after TJA.
文摘Despite all of the many discrepancies and contradictions in the estimate of the water balance in the Barada Awaj basin, all the research and reports, both local and international, indicate that the basin suffers from water depletion. The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water, and the area of land irrigated by the basin has risen significantly. Rapid population growth as a result of natural increase and massive immigration to the basin, piratical well-digging without permits, the failure to increase the area of land irrigated by modern methods and a decrease in rainfall and the drought that has affected Syria in general and the Barada Awaj basin in particular, have led to a water shortage in the basin during the first decade of this century.
基金The authors wish to thank the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977159).
文摘The seasonal and spatial changes in the chemical composition of the water in abandoned mine drainages and rivers in Yudong River area in the years of 2017-2018 were analyzed.The effects of mine water drainage on the seasonality and physicochemical properties of the river water after mine closure were evaluated,and the feasibility of irrigation using river water and the degree of pollution to farmland were assessed using the Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation.The results show that the mine water has low pH value(<3.5-4)and high levels of total hardness,SO_(4)^(2−),Fe,Al,and Zn.In addition,the pH of the mine water is negatively correlated with the presence of other metal ions.The correlation coefficient between the chemical oxygen demand(COD)and Fe reached 0.989.While the pollution levels of Pinglu and Baishui rivers were low,the confluence region of the two rivers was seriously polluted.However,only the levels of Fe and Cd slightly exceeded the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard after the confluence of Yudong and Chongan rivers.Overall,the heavy pollution type of the confluent river is consistent with mine water pollution.The water quality is slightly better in the dry season compared than in the high-water period.Sulfate and Fe content decreased by 39 and 16 mg/L,respectively,and Cd content decreased two-fold.Despite these findings,this study shows that from 2017 to 2018,the pH and Cd content of the rivers at the confluence exceeded the irrigation limit and the water quality continued to deteriorate,which may pose a soil contamination risk.Long-term use of the river for irrigation water may cause toxic elements such as Cd,Fe,Mn,SO_(4)^(2−),Al,and F-to enter the food chain,thereby endangering the life and health of villagers in Yudong River area.
文摘The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People's Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People's Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.
文摘Although Tanzania has a large land suitable for irrigation development, only 4.2% of the arable land which is potential for irrigation has been developed. Mbarali District is characterized by commercial and small-scale irrigation activities for paddy production. Currently, surface water availability for irrigation in Mbarali District is dwindling due to high water demands. Inadequate studies that estimate water availability for irrigation is one of the underlying factors to the lack of irrigation development in many parts of Tanzania including in Mbarali District. This study, therefore, aimed to model surface water availability for irrigation development in Mbarali River sub-catchment Mbeya, Tanzania. The Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) model and field observations were used to accomplish the study. The model estimates that Mbarali River sub-catchment receives about 631 mm of total mean precipitation annually. About 53% of received precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration, 12% recharged to deep aquifer and the remaining 35% discharged to the stream flow through surface runoff, lateral flow and return flow from unconfined aquifer. Discharge to the steam flow contributes to the total annual means of river discharge ranging from 0 - 10 cubic meters per second at upper catchment to 120 - 140 cubic meters per second at lower catchment. The study recommends that the lower reach of the Mbarali River sub-catchment is potential for irrigation than the upper reach as it has potential river flow that can support irrigation activities. The study also notes the urgent need for water reallocation plan to meet competing water needs in the lower reach of Mbarali River sub-catchment. Moreover, the study addresses the potentiality of irrigation in upper catchment under sustainable water management practices including excavation of small ponds to capture and store surface runoff for dry season use or to supplement irrigation as the rainfall declines.
文摘Wound irrigation(i.e.washing out a wound before wound closure)aims to reduce the microbial burden by removing tissue debris,metabolic waste,and tissue exudate from the surgical field before site closure.Although it is a popular procedure in every day surgical practice,the lack of procedure standardization,leads to studies with high heterogeneity and often controversial results.Thus,there are studies that advocate its use,while others discourage its implementation in clinical practice to reduce the risk of surgical site infection.The present article reviews the current literature on wound irrigation for preventing surgical site infections.Several irrigants are presented.Chlorexidine is generally considered to be less effective than povidone-iodine,while antibiotics are not that common nowadays,as they require prolonged exposure with the target to act.Hydrogen peroxide has several potential complications,which eliminate its use.Any differences in the incidence of surgical site infections between different irrigants,especially between antibacterial and non-bacterial ones,should be viewed sceptically.More randomized controlled studies are needed to provide better quality of evidence regarding the irrigants'effectiveness and safety.
基金The work is supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.11672198)Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant no.20KJA130001)+1 种基金Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant no.GDZB-050)PAPD(A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions).
文摘A good wound dressing needs to promote wound healing and tissue repair when the skin is injured.In this study,a self-made spherical section free surface electrospinning device was used to produce large quantities of electrospun porous polylactic acid(PLA)/chitosan(CS)/aloin nanofiber membranes(NFMs)for antibacterial wound dressing.The porous structures of PLAbased nanofibers were controlled by adjusting the weight ratios of mixed solvent and solute.The results showed that highquality porous PLA/CS/aloin(PCA)NFMs were obtained when the weight ratios of chloroform/N,N-dimethylformamide and PLA:CS were 90/10 and 7:1,respectively.The porous PCA NFMs exhibited high porosity,acceptable mechanical properties,moderate hydrophobicity,good swelling property,and high water vapor transmission rate.Moreover,they also showed excellent blood coagulative,antibacterial,biocompatible properties,which had the potential to be used in the application of antibacterial wound dressings.
基金Supported by Major Orientation Foundation of the CAS Innovation Program (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-342)CAS Action-Plan for West Development (Grant No. KZCX2-XB2-13)+3 种基金Major Scientific and Technological Special of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Grant No. 200733144-3)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40701098)the research projects of the Tarim Branch of Petro-China Company Limited (Grant Nos. 971008090016 and 971008090017)CAS Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography "Dr. Talent" Project of Oasis Scholars Training Plan
文摘The EC analysis and water serial sampling was performed in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt to explore the water and salt dynamics of the shallow aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) under high salinity groundwater drip irrigation. It was found that in one irrigation cycle, the EC of the shallow shifting aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) increased while the water content decreased. The EC of the surface aeolian sandy soil at the wetting front was far greater than that of the wetting area or the outside of the wetting area. During the irrigation cycle, the EC of the wetting front and the wetting area changed at a significant magnitude, whereas the EC of the outside of the wetting area remained largely steady. The horizontal influence distance of drip irrigation on the salt accumulation at the soil surface was about 100 cm, and the vertical influence depth was 5 cm. The three most abundant ions in the accumulated salt at the aeolian sandy soil surface were Na+, Cl- and SO42-. The salt accumulation at the soil surface was influenced by air temperature, wind speed, mineralization of irrigation water, sand burial thickness, soil texture, and litter content.
基金support from the National Natural Science Fund(41601579,41361096)National Key Development Program(2017YFC0404303,2017YFC0404304,2016YFC0501402)Excellent Youth Teachers Program of Xinjiang Production&Construction Corps(CZ027204).
文摘Calculation of the water balance is very important to relieve the pressure on water resources in arid agricultural irrigation areas.This research focused on irrigation water balance calculations in the Manas River Basin of the southern margin of the Junggar Basin of China,and aimed to analyze the groundwater level dynamic trend and response characteristics of the basin water cycle under water-saving irrigation measures.The surface water and groundwater coupling model of MIKE 11-Visual MODFLOW was used to simulate rainfall runoff in mountainous areas,and quantify the contribution of water balance components in the plain irrigation area.Convergence of the delayed watershed in the mountain area was obvious,and when the river runoff exceeded 200 m^(3)/s,the error in the runoff simulation was large.The water balance in the plain agricultural irrigation area was in a negative equilibrium state,and the difference between recharge and discharge was−2.65 billion m^(3).The evapotranspiration was 24.49 billion m^(3) under drip irrigation,accounting for only approximately 51%of the total discharge.The lateral discharge of the unsaturated and saturated aquifers was 15.38 billion m^(3),accounting for approximately 32%of the total discharge.The main reason for the groundwater decline in the irrigation area was closely related to the extraction of groundwater,because the amount of recharge and discharge in the natural state was approximately identical.The MIKE 11-Visual MODFLOW model produced accurate results,and the research method provided a new exploration technique to quantify the effect of water supply mode on the groundwater table.The model is suitable for the management of water resources in arid areas.
文摘著名生物学家爱德华·威尔逊(Edward O Wilson)在其名作《一致性:知识的统一》(Consilience:The Unity of Knowledge)中提出跨学科整合与协调的必要性。他将融合定义为“知识的‘跳跃式结合',即通过事实的相互关联……创造出一个共同的解释基础。”文章的假设是,与基础生物医学研究需要来源于最新技术的数据几乎一样,整合现有知识同样极其重要。这涉及到解决相互矛盾的发现、减少“信息孤岛”、以及承认复杂的必要性。我们以角膜和晶状体作为我们假设的案例研究。具体来说,在这种视角下,我们讨论蛋白质聚集、氧化损伤和纤维化方面相互矛盾和碎片化的信息。这些研究领域与眼前节研究紧密相关。我们的目的是强调威尔逊的知识融合统一的迫切需要,从而增强严谨性和可重复性,最重要的是,促进对知识的深入理解,而不只是知道。
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81271727 and 31300786), the International Science Technology Cooperation Program of China (Grant No. 2012DFB50140), Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20120132110012), the National Science Foundation for Post-doctor (Grant No. 2013 M541961 ), and Applied Basic Research Plan of Qingdao (Grant No. 14-2-4-98-jch).
文摘To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers (CS-Fs), N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers (NSCS-Fs) were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and high liquor absorbing capacity with absorbing-dissolvable equilibrium state in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The bacteriostasis ratios of NSCS-Fs against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans were higher than 80%. No cytotoxicity has been found for mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with NSCS-Fs leach liquor, Acute oral toxicity and skin irritation experiment were taken to evaluate the safety of NSCS-Fs in vitro. Muscle implant study showed that NSCS-Fs were biodegradable and non-toxic in vivo. These results suggested that the surface modified NSCS-Fs had favorable biological properties and improved liquor absorptivity, indicating that they could be used as promising dressing materials for wound care.
文摘Aim: The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is well established in the treatment of chronic wounds. NPWT with instillation (NPWTi) combines traditional NPWT with the application of a topical irrigation solution (in this case octenidine based octenilin? wound irrigation solution) within the wound bed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of NPWTi on pressure ulcers (PUs). Methods: In total 13 patients with PUs in different locations were treated with negative pressure therapy combined with ocitenidine based instillation fluid after first surgical debridement. After 6 days the dressing was removed and wound closure using different local flaps was performed. Results: Normal wound healing without irritation was found 30 days post-debridement and after 90 days the wounds showed complete healing. No adverse incidents occurred and no toxic tissue reactions were documented. During the follow up period, there was no recurrence of the PU in any of the treated patients. Conclusion: It is generally recognised that for chronic wounds to heal, optimum wound bed preparation is of paramount importance. This helps prepare for secondary healing, skin grafting or coverage with flaps. Tests were performed in vitro simulating real clinical conditions using PU vacuum exudates. These tests quantified the antiseptic efficacy of octenilin? wound irrigation solution in the eradication of microorganisms. Further research is needed to establish the role of NPWTi with octenilin? in the management of category 4 PUs, but these initial results on 13 patients lead in the direction of developing an enhanced protocol for the treatment of chronic wounds.
文摘Aim:Changes in the pH of chronic wounds can inhibit the optimal activity of various enzymes in the wound environment,thereby delaying wound healing.The aim of the present study is to monitor the effect of limited access dressing(LAD)on the pH on the surface of chronic wounds.Methods:A total of 140 patients with chronic wounds of more than 4 weeks duration were divided into two groups by simple randomization:a LAD group(n=64)and a conventional dressing group(n=76).Fifty-six participants(22 in the LAD group and 34 in the conventional dressing group)were lost to follow-up or withdrawn from the study.Results:In the LAD group(n=42),the mean age was 38.3±10.56 years(range:12-60 years),and the mean wound size at the time of admission was 28 cm^(2)(range:19-40 cm^(2)).In the conventional dressing group(n=42),the mean age was 35.3±14.0 years(range:17-65 years),and the mean wound size at the time of admission was 26 cm^(2)(range:18-39 cm^(2)).Patients treated with LAD showed a significant decrease in the mean±standard deviation pH when compared with the conventional dressing group(0.83±0.52 vs.0.41±0.26,P=0.048).Conclusion:LAD reduces the chronic wound surface pH to a level required for the optimal function of various enzymes.This could be a factor that exerts a beneficial effect on wound healing.