Geospatial Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effects and Tree Equity

In recent decades, Urban Heat Island Effects have become more pronounced and more widely examined. Despite great technological advances, our current societies still experience great spatial disparity in urban forest access. Urban Heat Island Effects are measurable phenomenon that are being experienced by the world’s most urbanized areas, including increased summer high temperatures and lower evapotranspiration from having impervious surfaces instead of vegetation and trees. Tree canopy cover is our natural mitigation tool that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, protects humans from incoming radiation, and releases cooling moisture into the air. Unfortunately, urban areas typically have low levels of vegetation. Vulnerable urban communities are lower-income areas of inner cities with less access to heat protection like air conditioners. This study uses mean evapotranspiration levels to assess the variability of urban heat island effects across the state of Tennessee. Results show that increased developed land surface cover in Tennessee creates measurable changes in atmospheric evapotranspiration. As a result, the mean evapotranspiration levels in areas with less tree vegetation are significantly lower than the surrounding forested areas. Central areas of urban cities in Tennessee had lower mean evapotranspiration recordings than surrounding areas with less development. This work demonstrates the need for increased tree canopy coverage.

The dynamics of landscape-scale ecological connectivity based on least-cost model in Dongshan Island,China

As a hot topic in Landscape Ecology study,ecological connectivity is an important indicator for regional land sustainable use and biological protection. This paper conducted a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity using remote sensing images of Dongshan Island in 1994, 2003 and2011. Based on least-cost modelling, the method takes into consideration the type of barrier, the distance impact, and the adjacent land use types to obtain the Barrier Effect Index(BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index(ECI). The application of this method to Dongshan Island showed the ecological connectivity index(ECI) was low in 1994, improved in 2003, and decreased significantly in 2011. The results of the dynamic analysis of landscape structure showed farmland and roads were the main landscape classes that caused the low observed ECI in 1994 and 2003;these tended to divide the landscape and cause fragmentation. Construction land and roads were the main landscape classes resulting in low ECI in 2011,while forest and grassland had a high ECI. Trajectory analysis showed ECI tended to decrease in the low mountain forest zone of the northwestern and southeastern parts of Dongshan Island as well as in the coastal protection forest area. The areas where ECI became high were located in the northeastern part of Dongshan Island where cities and towns are concentrated with high human populations.Therefore, rapid urbanization has been the most important factor driving changes in landscape structure and patterns during the last 17 years on Dongshan Island. The approach not only assists us in revealing the driving mechanism of landscape dynamics from another aspect, but also can assess the impacts of regional and urban plans on landscape structure and function.

KING GEORGE ISLAND SPATIAL DATA MODEL

Distribution,interoperability,interactivity,component are four main features of distributed GIS.Based on the principle of hypermap,hypermedia and distributed database,the paper comes up with a kind of distributed spatial data model which is in accordance with those features of distributed GIS.The model takes catalog service as the outline of spatial information globalization,and defines data structure of hypermap node in different level.Based on the model,it is feasible to manage and process distributed spatial information,and integrate multi_source,heterogeneous spatial data into a framework.Traditionally,to retrieve and access spatial data via Internet is only by theme or map name.With the concept of the model,it is possible to retrieve,load,and link spatial data by vector_based graphics on the Internet.

Hydrodynamic Modelling of Bidong Island Vicinity Waters

This paper explores the dynamic of meteorological forcing on current circulation pattern in the vicinity of Bidong using an unstructured flexible mesh hydrodynamic model. The forcings were wind, tides, temperature and salinity. The seasonal wind monsoon, mixed tides with dominant diurnal and tropical monsoon climate is characteristics of Bidong Island. We find that this area has different current circulation patterns in response to monsoon changes. It also experienced a small scale of island wake during NE monsoon. This island wake was generated by a strong northeasterly wind. We performed a series of numerical simulations based on three dominant factors in circulation, and evaluated the model using wind, tides and density. We investigated the wind-driven circulation and residual current. This study contributes to the debates on hydrodynamic of current circulation in vicinity of Bidong Island. Specifically, this study was conducted to understand the changes of currents by seasonal wind (NE monsoon and SW monsoon), temperature and salinity.

ETAS Model Analysis on the Chang Island Earthquake Swarm in Shandong Province,China

Influenced by the layout of seismic network and the location of earthquakes,earthquake catalogs are often incomplete;such incompleteness of earthquake catalogue directly affects the analysis of sequence activity characteristics.In this paper,the GPU-acceleration-based g template matching method is used to scan the continuous waveforms of Chang Island earthquake swarm in Shandong Province from February 9 to August 20,2017.In total,15,286 earthquakes events were detected,which was more than 6 times compared with those in network catalogue and thus reduced the magnitude of completeness from 1.0 to 0.5.Based on the intergrated catalogue of earthquakes,the characteristics of Chang Island earthquake swarm were then analyzed using the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequences(ETAS)model.The stochastic components in the ETAS model are used as a proxy for possible earthquake triggered by external forces(fluids).The results show that the proportion of earthquakes triggered by external forces of Chang Island swarm increases gradually(from 31.9%to 63.5%)and then decreases.The latter stage of swarm development is mainly affected by the self-excitation of earthquakes,suggesting that the fluids play an important role in the development of the Chang Island swarm.However,the triggering intensity of fluids to microseismicity is divergent in different periods,which may be related to the process of fluid permeation.

Characteristics of porosity and permeability layer of fossil Halimeda reef mineral rock of Miocene in the Xisha Islands and its genetic model

Halimeda is one of the major reef-building algas in the middle Miocene of Xisha, and one of the significant reef-building algas in the algal reef oil and gas field of the South China Sea. However, there have been few reports regarding the characteristics of mineral rocks, reservoir porosity and permeability layers, and sedimentation-diagenetic-evolution of fossil Halimeda systems. The present paper briefly introduces the relevant studies on chlorophyta Halimeda and the research status of oil and gas exploration. Through the 1 043 m core of the Xichen-1 well, we studied the characteristics of the mineral rocks and porosity and permeability of the middle Miocene Halimeda of the Yongle Atoll, identified and described the segments of fossil Halimeda, and pointed out that most of the segment slides are vertical sections in ovular, irregular or long strips. The overwhelming majority of these fossil Halimeda found and studied are vertical sections instead of cross sections. In this paper, knowledge regarding the cross sections of fossil Halimeda is reported and proven to be similar with the microscopic characteristics of modern living Halimeda;fossil Halimeda are buried in superposition;it is shown that there are different structures present, including typical bio-segment structure, and due to its feature of coexisting with red alga, tying structure, twining structure and encrusting structure are all present;and finally, it is suggested to classify the fossil Halimeda into segment algal reef dolomites. In addition, all of the studied intervals are moderately dolomitized. Secondary microcrystalline-dolosparite dominates the original aragonite raphide zones, and aphanitic-micrite dolomite plays the leading role in the cortexes and medullas;in the aragonite raphide zones between medulla and cysts, secondary dissolved pores and intercrystalline pores are formed inside the segments, and algal frame holes are formed between segments;therefore, a pore space network system （dissolved pores＋intragranular dissolved pores—intercrystalline pores＋algal frame holes） is established. Segment Halimeda dolomite has a porosity of 16.2%–46.1%, a permeability of 0.203×10^–3–2 641×10^–3μm^2, and a throat radius of 23.42–90.43μm, therefore it is shown to be a good oil and gas reservoir. For the reasons mentioned above, we suggest building the neogene organic reef-modern reef sedimentation-diagenetic-evolution models for the Xisha Islands.

Modelling and Simulation of Performance of the Microgrid Frequency Stability Control during Unplanned Islanding: The Case Study of Mwenga Hydropower

A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great inertia of the grid which accelerates and decelerates the generator when its frequency tends to deviate, the grid connected microgrid operates at a frequency of the infinity bus. Frequency instability is one of the major challenges facing the grid connected microgrid during islanding. The power demand variation causes the variation in rotor speed, resulting to frequency deviation. Frequency can be brought back to standard by varying the power generation to match with the varying load. The performance of the frequency stability control system at Mwenga hydroelectric microgrid has been studied. Through site visitation, the power demand and generation status data were collected and analysed for model preparation. The results of the study indicate that, during islanding, the Mwenga rural electrification project is observed to be subjected to power imbalance which leads to frequency instability. Although the frequency control system tries to keep the system at a nominal frequency by maintaining the continuous balance between generation and varying load demand, however the system still operates with large magnitude of overshoot, undershoot and longer settling time.

含风光出力随机性的独立微电网二次频率控制

针对风、光发电随机性的问题,提出一种考虑新能源减载参与二次调频的模型预测控制方法。建立包含随机功率扰动的扩展状态矩阵,采用卡尔曼滤波估算随机未知扰动;依据风、光最大可用功率,建立实时变约束,避免机组功率越限;设置合理的权重系数,优先风、光发电出力参与二次调频;通过求解变约束二次规划问题,获得各个机组的优化调频功率。最后,建立含多个光伏、风电的微电网模型,在不同场景下与常规二次调频方法进行对比仿真。仿真结果表明,所提方法能提高系统频率恢复速度,减小系统频率波动,尤其在风、光发电剧烈波动场景下。

Experiments on Exploration of Shallow Fine Structures and the Construction of the 1-D Velocity Model in the Pingtan Island,Fujian

112 short-period seismographs were set up in the 400 km^2 area of Pingtan Island and its surrounding areas in Fujian.The combined observations of the airgun source and ambient noise source were carried out using a dense array to receive the 387 airgun signals excited around the island and one month of continuous ambient noise recording.The 1-D P-wave and S-wave shallow velocity model of Pingtan Island is obtained by the inversion of the airgun body wave’s first arrival time data,and the reliability of the velocity model is verified by using the surface wave phase velocity dispersion curve,which can provide initial model for subsequent 3-D imaging.The experimental results show that this experiment is a successful demonstration of local scale green non-destructive detection,which can provide basic data for shallow surface structure research and strong vibration simulation of the Pingtan Island.

适应并离网模式切换的DFIG电磁暂态仿真建模

目前,常用的商业仿真软件中的双馈式感应发电机(double-fed Induction Generator,DFIG)模型通常不支持离网运行模式,难以实现风力发电系统由离网到并网的全过程电磁暂态仿真,对电力系统仿真分析工作带来极大不便。研究适应并离网模式切换的DFIG电磁暂态仿真建模方法。基于模块化思想分别对风力机、异步电机、变流器以及断路器进行建模,在系统组装形成DFIG风力发电系统电磁暂态仿真模型。提出了适应并离网模式切换的DFIG受控源等效电路模型和离散时间域实现方法,通过设计状态变量矩阵元素的截取和扩充算法实现了模型在并离网模式下的无缝衔接。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建DFIG发电系统模型对所提方法和模型进行验证,仿真结果表明,所提建模方法能够很好地支持DFIG离网运行模式,实现DFIG由离网到并网的全过程电磁暂态仿真。

基于Ecopath模型的长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆增殖生态容量研究

为确定长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)增殖放流的合理容量,本文基于2016-2017年长山列岛邻近海域渔业资源与生态环境季度调查数据,构建了包括29个功能组的长山列岛邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型,分析了该海域生态系统的能量流动特征,评估了放流种褐牙鲆的生态容量。研究表明:长山列岛邻近海域生态系统的营养级范围为1~4.57,总能量转换效率为6.23%,总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.47,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/TB)为26.87,循环指数(FCI)为6.91%,连接指数(CI)为0.24。长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆增殖生态容量为0.0143 t·km^(-2),约为该海域褐牙鲆当前生物量的1.55倍。褐牙鲆生物量达到生态容量时,长山列岛邻近海域生态系统的能量转换效率略有增加,总消耗量、总输出量等其他参数基本不受影响。

海岛碳排放核算与时空特征——以东山岛为例

把握地区碳信息发展动态是开展区域碳平衡规划的科学基础。以统计年鉴数据为基础,对东山岛2012—2021年整体及各产业的直接碳排放量进行核算,同时,将产业与土地利用结合,分析其空间表现形态,运用核密度分析和克里金法分析碳排放源的空间影响,采用高斯烟羽模型对工业点源的碳排放扩散进行空间模拟,通过渔网和人口修正的方法分析海岛碳排放的空间分异,以此探讨海岛碳排放的空间分布和空间影响特征。结果显示,工业是东山岛的首要碳排放源,2021年工业碳排放量的大幅下降表明能源种类的转换对于工业碳减排具有重要作用;渔业碳排放量总体占比25%左右,是海岛地区不容忽视的碳排放源之一。在空间分布方面,东山岛综合碳排放的空间分布呈“点状聚集,面状扩散”的基本特征,工业碳排放对周围地区的影响最大,往往形成以工业碳排放源点为中心的碳排放热点核心区,其次碳排放量较高的地区为人口聚集区,丘陵区的碳排放量最低,不同土地利用类型之间形成碳排放的交叉过渡区。最后,本文从碳排放空间影响的视角出发,根据不同形态的碳排放源提出“包围”、“伴随”和“介入”的碳汇空间规划策略,这对区域的低碳规划具有一定参考意义。

电站空冷岛轴流风机模型研究

【目的】轴流风机作为直接空冷系统的主要设备,其气动性能对于直接空冷系统的流动换热性能具有重要影响。由于空冷岛的流动换热问题在空间几何上跨越了多个尺度,采用实验方法进行研究较为困难,通常利用数值模拟的手段进行研究。因此,对于现在大多数模拟工作中采用的简化风机集总参数模型(简化模型)的准确性进行讨论分析十分必要。【方法】采用数值模拟的方法,分别建立了包含风机叶片的实体风机模型(实体模型)和简化模型。分别研究了不同温度、风速、风向角条件下采用实体风机和风机模型对于电站冷端系统输运性能的影响规律,通过对比分析获得了各个工况下的空气侧压力场和流场的分布规律,并对采用不同风机模型的电站冷端系统各个空冷凝汽器单位的轴流风机冷却空气压降和流量进行了统计和对比。【结果】实体模型与简化模型的差异主要体现在低流量区,且风速越大,差异越明显。【结论】研究结果可为提高电站冷端系统数值模拟研究的准确性提供参考。

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of the crust beneath Hainan Island and its adjacent regions,China

Using over 3 500 first P arrival times recorded by nine digital seismic stations from Hainan Digital Seismic Net-work during 1999～2005,a 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust under Hainan Island and adjacent regions has been determined. The results show that the pattern of velocity anomalies in the shallower upper crust is somewhat associated with the surface geological tectonics in the region. A relative low-velocity anomaly appears north of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone and a relative high-velocity anomaly appears south of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone,corresponding to the depressed areas in north Hainan Island,where many volcanoes are frequently active and geothermal values are relatively higher,and the uplifted and stable regions in central and south of the Hainan Is-land. In the middle and lower crust velocities are relatively lower in east Hainan than those in west Hainan,possi-bly suggesting the existence of the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle in east Hainan. The pattern of veloc-ity anomalies also indicates that NW faults,i.e.,the Puqian-Qinglan fault,may be shallower,while the E-W Wangwu-Wenjiao fault may be deeper,which perhaps extends down to Moho depth or deeper.

基于多岛遗传算法与响应面法的横向磁通感应加热装置参数优化设计

对金属带材进行横向磁通感应加热(TFIH)时,通常会存在加热温度分布不均匀以及加热温度偏离目标值两个问题。该文研究了加热器结构参数与电源参数对45号钢带材回火热处理温度的影响,并对两种参数分别进行优化,使带材在加热器出口处的平均温度达到目标值600℃,同时获得均匀的温度分布。采用Morris法对加热器结构参数进行全局灵敏度分析,选取显著影响相对不均匀度的参数并建立径向基函数(RBF)神经网络预测模型。使用多岛遗传算法(MIGA)对筛选的结构参数进行优化,初步获得均匀的温度分布。最后以降低温度分布的相对不均匀度和达到理想平均温度为目标,在优化后的加热器结构基础上使用响应面法(RSM)优化电源参数,实现多目标优化设计。仿真验证结果表明,45号钢带材在加热器出口处的平均温度为600.06℃、相对不均匀度为2.36%,满足45号钢回火热处理的要求。

医共体模式下“互联网+安宁疗护”的实践与思考

目的:探索医共体模式下“互联网+安宁疗护”的服务模式,以提高舟山市海岛地区终末期患者或老年患者生命末期的生活质量。方法:通过组建安宁疗护专业团队,开展医共体模式同质化管理,发挥“互联网+”优势,实现患者从医疗机构到居家线上安宁疗护的身体、心理、精神及社会支持等多方位的照护和人文关怀。结果:截至2023年9月30日,为103位患者及患者家属提供了安宁疗护服务,患者及家属的满意度达98.8%。结论:医共体模式下“互联网+安宁疗护”模式在实践中显示出其在海岛地区的强大适用性,值得未来进一步推广。

港珠澳大桥人工岛横截沟篦子截水能力验证研究

港珠澳大桥人工岛项目位置常年易受如热带气旋和台风等极端气象事件的侵扰,且台风过境时往往伴随历时长的强降雨。为降低极端恶劣条件下隧道的运营期风险,针对人工岛敞开段横截沟篦子开展截水能力验证局部物理模型试验,分别研究栅条角度、开孔比率、路面坡度、比尺效应以及横截沟数量对篦子截水能力的影响规律。研究结果表明,0°栅条设计方案的篦子截水能力优于90°栅条,同时设置2道横截沟的方案具有显著的截水效果。本次研究成果对人工岛横截沟篦子的设计布置准确性、排水隐患的消除、防范风险、保障运营安全具有重大意义。

辽西凸起南段沙河街组双向物源沉积模式及油气勘探意义

古近系储层发育程度一直是制约辽西凸起南段勘探突破的关键因素。运用钻井地质、磷灰石裂变径迹分析、三维地震等基础资料,针对辽西凸起南段沙河街组储层发育问题,开展精细古热史-构造演化分析、古地貌半定量刻画,对目标区沙河街组储层进行预测,结果表明:辽西凸起南段主要经历了新生代早期构造抬升、古近纪沙河街组沉积期构造沉降、东营组沉积期构造反转和新近纪构造定型4个演化时期;断裂体系可划分为长期活动型、早断早衰型、晚断晚衰型3种断裂类型;辽西凹陷具有“盆满砂溢”的先天供源条件,构造演化的分段性特征又造成辽西凸起南段形成了特殊的“链状岛湾”沉积地貌,既可以为围区提供物源,形成近源沉积体,又可以形成较大的可容纳空间,汇聚来自于辽西凹陷满溢的砂体,在辽西凸起上形成了双向供源沉积模式。以上认识推动了旅大4-3油田的油气勘探评价,且对凸起围区的油气勘探具有较好的借鉴意义。

基于MaxEnt模型的气候变化对海南岛湿地景观潜在分布的影响

掌握湿地景观适宜分布及其驱动因素是开展湿地资源合理利用和规划管理的重要前提。根据海南岛湿地景观空间分布数据和相关环境变量数据,运用MaxEnt最大熵模型模拟不同时段海南岛湿地景观的适宜分布区,定量分析影响湿地景观分布的驱动因素,并预测2050年和2070年未来气候情景模式下海南岛湿地景观潜在分布。结果表明:海南岛湿地景观的分布主要受地形和气温的影响,海拔越低、地面越平缓以及温度稳定、温差小的区域越适宜湿地的形成和分布;未来SSP1-2.6模式下2050年和2070年湿地景观的潜在分布面积均发生变化,不适宜区和低度适宜区面积将减少,而中高度适宜区面积将增加;气候变化对海南岛湿地景观的适宜区分布具有正向促进作用。研究结论可为海南岛湿地资源的保护和管理提供科学依据和决策参考。

岛礁的隧洞开发初探及珊瑚砂层地表预注浆后开挖特性研究

由于岛礁空间有限,且陆域吹填受制于海洋地质条件,因此亟需探求拓展岛礁空间的新方案。本文针对岛礁空间不足的现状,提出了建设岛礁隧洞的方案,并基于岛礁工程环境的特殊性,提出了珊瑚砂软弱地层的地表预注浆加固方法,并研发了控压式预注浆试验系统,开展了珊瑚砂软弱地层结构的地表预注浆扩散试验,得到了浆液运移扩散特性;通过优选注浆参数,开展了饱和条件下珊瑚砂层隧洞预注浆加固与未注浆的开挖力学模型试验,分析了围岩应力、地表沉降、涌水量的响应特征。研究结果表明:在珊瑚砂软弱地层中,浆液运移扩散距离同浆液水灰比和注浆压强均有正相关性,渗透系数在水灰比为2.0时突然增大;渗流条件下,隧洞1倍洞径处的围压受到开挖扰动的影响而增大;通过对比预注浆段和未注浆段试验结果,隧洞掘进过程中地表沉降值缩减了92.68%,涌水速率下降为0.3 mL/min。试验结论验证了岛礁环境中开挖隧洞的可行性,对于岛礁隧洞的预加固工程有一定的参考作用。