Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review

Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.

Mercury emission and pollution in Chongqing City, China

Investigation showed that mercury emission in Chongqing City, China is about 2.1 t/a, 70% of which came from coal burning.Mercury in many water bodies have been detected, in vegetables and milk had exceeded the food standard value in some places.

1989 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT AND POLLUTION PREVENTION (ICETODPP' 89)

SPONSOR Chinese Society of Oceanography (CSO)CO-SPONSORS State Oceanic Administration of China Chinese Association of Petroleum Equipment Ministry of Construction of China Ministry of Communications of China Ministry of Agriculture of China Chinese Academy of Ships China International Conference Center for Science and Technology Yuanfeng Co-operative Advisory Ltd. Co

The Degradation and Pollution of Soils on the Territory of the Kovykta Gas Condensate Field

In this paper, research results from the time interval 2002-2012 are used to give an account of the chemical composition of soils on the territory of the Kovykta gas condensate field. The findings presented provide a better understanding of the ecological state of soil cover, its resilience to anthropogenic impacts, and its possible disturbance caused by the drilling pad construction activity, and by the laying of geophysical profiles. An analysis of soil pollution for the study territory generally showed that the soils are polluted with chemical elements which refer to toxicity classes： Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ba and Mn. High levels ofoil products were detected near boreholes. Strong mineralization was recorded in the soil near borehole. It has a chloride-sodium chemical composition. As a result of the construction of foundation pits, recesses, ditches and earth embankments, the soil is totally destroyed, and rock outcrops show up. Disturbances of the sod cover due to road construction or even by all-terrain vehicles in these extreme conditions entail an accelerated development of linear erosion to form scours and gullies. Elimination of the canopy layer leads to an increase in surface heating, and to an acceleration of permafrost thawing. Swamping is accelerated on negative relief forms due to the increased entry of melt waters.

Assessment of metal pollution in the Anzali Wetland sediments using chemical partitioning method and pollution indices

Metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is of immense importance. Under various environment circumstances, the metal contents of sediments can enter into the overlying water body leading to severe toxicity. This study aims to determine metal concentrations in sediments of Anzali International Wetland in Iran. Chemical partitioning method is used to determine the portion of anthropogenic pollution and the mobility potential of each metal. The intensity of metal pollution in sediments of the wetland is assessed using three reliable indices. The results of chemical partitioning reveal that cadmium bear the highest risk of being released into the aquatic environment and high amount of manganese in sulfide bond phase implies the initiation of redox state in aquatic environment of the Anzali Wetland. The results of chemical partitioning studies show that Pb, Cd, Mn and As have the highest anthropogenic portion. Cluster analysis also confirms the results of chemical partitioning and indicates that the mentioned metals can be originated from anthropogenic sources. Sediment pollution indices, including, Igeo,IPOLL, and m-ERM-Q reveal that metals are in the range of low to moderate pollution and also show that the highest metal pollution is in the eastern and central parts of the wetland. This can be ascribed to rivers which are the recipient of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewaters and flow into these parts of the wetland.

Analysis of Total Antimony in Fresh Fruit and Pollution Evaluation in Hunan Province

[ Objective] The content of total antimony （Sb） in fresh fruit was investigated and its pollution was evaluated, to provide the basic data for diet exposure evaluation. [ Method] The content of total Sb in 194 samples was detected by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry （HG-AFS）, and the Sb pollution in several fruits was evaluated by the method of single factor pollution index. [ Result ] The mean of total Sb was 0. 005 6 mg/kg, and the median was 0.003 8 mg/kg. The minimum value was not detected while the maximum value was O. 21 mg/kg, and the confidence interval was ND-O. 019 mg/kg （PS-P95）. The medi- ans of total Sb content in different fruits successively were dragon fruit （0.011 0 mg/kg） 〉 kiwi fruit （0.008 0 mg/kg） 〉 peach （0.006 0 mg/kg）. According to the method of single factor pollution index, the index from all samples was less than 0.2, suggesting that the samples involved were under the normal background value. [ Conclusion ] The Sb was detected in all samples but under the background value, and it was concluded that there was no Sb pollution in fresh fruit in Hunan Province.

Geochemical Characteristics and Pollution Source Identification of the Near-surface Atmosphere Dust-fall in Jining City,Eastern China

Samples of near-surface atmosphere dust-fall and different pollution end-members were collected in the urban area of Jining City. The element characteristics of the near-surface atmosphere dust-fall and pollution end-members were analyzed systematically and the spatial distribution of the dust-fall and its pollution sources were studied. The results showed that the contents of elements varied obviously in different pollution end-members. The contents of As,Cd,Cu,F,Pb,S and Se within coal dust-fall were the highest,higher than those in atmosphere dust-fall and had great influences on the environment. The contents of Cd,Pb,Se,Zn,Hg and CaO within near-surface atmosphere dust-fall were affected by human activities to different degrees. Results of correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that Cd,Pb,Se and Zn mainly came from enterprise coal consumption,with a contribution ratio of 26. 32%. The contents of the above four elements near chemical factories,steel factories and high populated regions were generally high,which was consistent with the spatial distribution of the coal pollution sources.CaO was related to traffic pollution,with a contribution ratio of 10. 06%. Hg was mainly due to automobile emissions,with a contribution ratio of 8. 12%. The contents of As,Cr,F and Ni within dust-fall were seldom influenced by human activities and mainly came from soil sedimentation( natural sources),with a contribution ratio of 30%. The above four pollution sources( enterprise coal consumption,traffic pollution,automobile emissions and soil sedimentation) were the main sources of atmosphere dust-fall in Jining City. The enrichment coefficients of As,Cr,F and Ni were smaller and the spatial correlations of the four elements were better,while the enrichment coefficients and variable coefficients of elements influenced by human activities,such as Cd,Pb,Se and Hg were larger,and the spatial distributions of these elements were consistent with those of the pollution sources.

Distribution and Characterization of Heavy Metal and Pollution Indices in Landfill Soil for Its Rehabilitation by Phytoremediation

Population growth associated with urban development in African cities is a key environmental concern in development programs. Indeed, urban areas are strongly impacted by the production of municipal waste, the management of which remains problematic and is only stored in open dumps. This is the case in the city of Bonoua, a small town located 59 km east of Abidjan in the South Comoé region of Côte d’Ivoire. The management of municipal waste in this town is crucial because all the mineral water sources are concentrated in this town. The objective of this study is to characterize and map the distribution of trace metal elements in the largest urban landfill in the city in order to propose an efficient strategy for rehabilitation into an urban park. Soil samples were collected from the entire site (landfill and surrounding soil) and from a control site. The total content of trace metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Zn) in the soil was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Soil pollution was evaluated through enrichment factors, geoaccumulation indices and pollution indices. The results show that the calculated geoaccumulation indices and their distribution maps indicate a pollution of the site in these elements. The values of the PI higher than the unit reveal a pollution of the site in several elements. The levels of Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn are higher than the levels in the upper continental crust and in the control soil. The spatial distribution shows a significant accumulation of Pb, Cr and Zn on the landfill while Cd is concentrated in the surrounding soils. The calculated enrichment factors suggest an anthropogenic origin of the heavy metal at the study site. These results indicate polymetallic pollution by metals that can persist in the environment and affect human health.

Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan

Globally,groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems,particularly in arid and semiarid areas,which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge.The stable isotope composition of groundwater(δ2H-H2O andδ18O-H2O)and dissolved nitrate(δ15N-NO3–andδ18O-NO3–)and factor analysis(FA)were applied to explore groundwater provenance,pollution,and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin,Jordan.In this study,we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021,including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs.These samples were tested for electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,pH,temperature,dissolved oxygen,the concentration of major ions(Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+,HCO3–,Cl–,SO42–,and NO3–),and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate.The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 type and can be classified as fresh water,hard water,and very hard water.The range and average concentration of NO3–were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L,respectively.Approximately 33%of the sampling points showed NO3–levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines for drinking water quality.The values ofδ18O-H2O andδ2H-H2O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle,originating in the Mediterranean Sea,with significant evaporation,orographic,and amount effects.The values of the stable isotope composition of NO3–corresponded toδ15N-NO3–andδ18O-NO3–values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil NH4+.The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors,with Factor 1,Factor 2,and Factor 3,accounting for 50%,21%,and 11%of the total variance,respectively.Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor,named"pollution factor",whereas Factor 2,named"conservative fingerprint factor",and Factor 3,named"hardness factor",were considered natural factors.This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world.

Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield

Daqing Oilfield is located in the northeast of Songnen Plain in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, which is a petrochemical industry gathering place based on petroleum refining, chemical industry, chemical fiber and fertilizer. In recent years, the quantity demand of petroleum and petrochemical production for groundwater in Daqing Oilfield is growing, and it's of great significance to analyze and study the quality and pollution degree of groundwater for groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection. In this paper, groundwater quality of Daqing Oilfield evaluated by Nemerow Index is poor, and most points are Class IV groundwater; When evaluating groundwater pollution by hierarchical ladder method, the results show that the severe and extremely severe pollution points account for 34.48% in shallow phreatic water and 20% in deep confined water, showing that shallow groundwater is more seriously polluted than the deep. The main components influencing the quality of groundwater in the study area are total hardness, total dissolved solids, Cl^-, SO_4^(2-) and so on, which are affected by both the native environment and human activities; The main pollution components in groundwater are nitrite and nitrate nitrogen which are affected by human activities. Daqing Oilfield groundwater pollution is characterized by inorganic pollution, while organic components related to human activities contribute less to the groundwater pollution currently.

Physicochemical Characterisation of Soils at the Gold Exploitation Sites of Bétaré-Oya District in Cameroon and Pollution Evaluation

Physicochemical characterization and pollution evaluation were performed on six gold mining sites at the locality of Bétaré-Oya in Cameroon. Twelve samples of twenty two sampled show contamination with arsenic, nickel and lead. Granulometric analysis performed on all samples show a predominance of coarse particle (>250 μm) and PH varying from 5.4 to 7. The pollution index and pollution load index show that primary gold exploitation site of Mbal, Nakayo and Kpawara are contaminated. The highest pollution index is recorded on releases from the primary gold mining sites of Mbal, Kpawara and Nyondéré, which means that one must have a watchful eye to the discharges produced by primary gold mining. Sorting the samples in descending order of pollution index yields: Mb3 > Kp1 > Kp2 > Mb2 > Mb1 > Mb4 > Kp3 > Na5;meaning that special emphasis should be placed on the monitoring of wash sludge such as those from the Mbal site (Mb3), where pollution index is equal to 36.29, as well as washed and waste rock.

Nitrogen forms and pollution load of Dianchi Lake inflow river runoff in rainy season

With the control of point source pollution in Dianchi Lake basin, and the expansion of Kunming city, non-point source pollution has become the main source pollution of urban water environment and Dianchi Lake. To reveal the nitrogen pollution characteristics in watershed, this research selected key monitoring points and sections at Baoxiang river basin in rainy season which is the peak transported time of non-point source pollution, the nitrogen and hydrological indicators are monitored systematically. The different forms of nitrogen are analyzed, the pollution load of nitrogen are calculated and studied at cardinal sections; combined with the literature data, we compared the water nitrogen characteristics of Dianchi basin and Taihu basin, the main results are as follows:(1) In summer, water nitrogen form of Baoxiang river in the Caohe area is dominated by nitrate nitrogen, while in other areas it is dominated by ammonia nitrogen which is accounted for 31%-50% of total nitrogen;(2) The water pollution loads of Baoxiang river tended to increase from upstream to downstream, from June to August the total nitrogen pollution mainly comes from urban areas and the pollution load is 166.408 t;(3) In Dianchi Lake watershed and Taihu Lake watershed nitrogen concentration of inflow river is higher than that of the lake, nitrate nitrogen concentration between inflow river and lake shows a little difference, while ammonia nitrogen concentration of inflow river is higher than that of the lake. The results can provide the theoretical basis for nonpoint source pollution control and urban water environment planning and improvement in Dianchi Lake Basin.

Lixiviation of Open-Coast Dumping Site and Pollution of Water and Soils of Edea Industrial Zone（Littoral-Cameroon）

The nexus between water, food and energy is one of the most fundamental relationships and challenges for society. Indeed, seepage of wastes stored into dumping sites of Edea township, favor their lixiviation. Soluble components of matter are slowly dissolves, drained by meteoric water and flowed into tail bay vicinity. Knowledge of trace and toxic metal concentrations in the biotic matrices is important for assessing the effects of pollutants and the risk of exposure. In this study, A1, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were quantified respectively in 33 samples of soil and water, using ICP-MS （Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry）, Pb were found between 1.38-88.28 mg/L. Higher concentrations of Al were found in Alucam industrial wastes （315,502.33 mg/kg）, and in Hysacam domestic wastes （54,126.93 mg/kg）. Concentrations of Cd （1.955 mg/kg）, Pb （469.00 mg/kg） and Zn （853.00 rng/kg） are higher in domestic wastes. The ones of Mn （696.96 mg/kg） and Cu （1,320.10 mg/kg） are higher in industrial wastes. Higher concentrations of Pb and Cu let assume that it is a risk of poisoning relative to these elements around this area. These findings illustrate that lixiviation of dumping wastes has great influence on water and soils pollutions of the study ecosystem.

A Haze Feature Extraction and Pollution Level Identification Pre-Warning Algorithm

The prediction of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter(PM2.5)in fog and haze has been paid more and more attention,but the prediction accuracy of the results is not ideal.Haze prediction algorithms based on traditional numerical and statistical prediction have poor effects on nonlinear data prediction of haze.In order to improve the effects of prediction,this paper proposes a haze feature extraction and pollution level identification pre-warning algorithm based on feature selection and integrated learning.Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance method is used to extract low-level features of haze,and deep confidence network is utilized to extract high-level features.eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm is adopted to fuse low-level and high-level features,as well as predict haze.Establish PM2.5 concentration pollution grade classification index,and grade the forecast data.The expert experience knowledge is utilized to assist the optimization of the pre-warning results.The experiment results show the presented algorithm can get better prediction effects than the results of Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Back Propagation(BP)widely used at present,the accuracy has greatly improved compared with SVM and BP.

Water Quality and Pollution Control: Changes in Water Quality with River Bank Filtration (RBF)

Pollution of the water bodies poses a great threat to hu­mans life and the aquatic ecosystem.Worldwide surface water bodies(rivers and canals)are exposed to pollution because of discharging untreated liquid wastes.Anthropo­genic activities,including domestic activities,especially sewage disposal practices,industrial,and agricultural activities,may deteriorate both water quantity and qual­ity representing a potential threat to the communities.Pollutants effect may vary depending on their types and source.Therefore,various pollutants could be detected in surface waters,the fate of these contaminants is mainly determined to large extent by adsorption mechanisms and biological transformations during their underground flow path which known by riverbank filtration(RBF)[1].

Combined Pollution and Pollution Index of Heavy Metals in Red Soil

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and As coexisting in red soilon growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.), mung bean (Vigna rabiata (Linn.) Wilczek), alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and aspen (Populus L.). Results showed that rice, mung bean andalfalfa were significantly innuenced by combined pollution of the heavy metals. The contents of Pb, cd andAs in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China. Heavy metals at ahigh concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa, but not so obviously with slash pineand aspen. The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution witll heavymetals in soil.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Perennial Ryegrass Mixed Planting with Legumes under Heavy Metal Pollution

In artificially controlled pot experiments,perennial ryegrass was mixed with other leguminous plants(white clo-ver and alfalfa)and treated with lead,zinc and cadmium(337 mg·kg^(-1),648 mg·kg^(-1),and 9 mg·kg^(-1),respectively)to simulate compound pollution conditions.The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals,trans-port factors,and bioconcentration factors in mixed planting of ryegrass decreased compared with those in mono-culture.Regardless of whether heavy metal pollution was introduced,mixed planting increased the aboveground and underground biomasses of ryegrass.The different mixed planting treatments had no significant impact on the chlorophyll concentration of ryegrass.The mowing time,mixed planting treatment,and heavy metal treatment had impacts on antioxidant and osmotic adjustment substances,and there were some interactions.The mixed planting treatment did not significantly affect glutathione concentration,cysteine concentration,or nonprotein thiol.Mixed planting generally increased the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of ryegrass while reducing the stoichiometric ratio of carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus.These results suggest that the mixed planting of ryegrass with legumes promotes the growth of ryegrass in the presence of high concentrations of heavy metal pollution.However,it does not enhance the ability of ryegrass to remediate heavy metal pollution in the soil.

Numerical Simulation of the Settling Flux of Biodeposition in a Bay with Cage Culture Through Similarity Theory and a Simplified Pollution Source

The settling flux of biodeposition affects the environmental quality of cage culture areas and determines their environmental carrying capacity.Simple and effective simulation of the settling flux of biodeposition is extremely important for determining the spatial distribution of biodeposition.Theoretically,biodeposition in cage culture areas without specific emission rules can be simplified as point source pollution.Fluent is a fluid simulation software that can simulate the dispersion of particulate matter simply and efficiently.Based on the simplification of pollution sources and bays,the settling flux of biodeposition can be easily and effectively simulated by Fluent fluid software.In the present work,the feasibility of this method was evaluated by simulation of the settling flux of biodeposition in Maniao Bay,Hainan Province,China,and 20 sampling sites were selected for determining the settling fluxes.At sampling sites P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,Z1,Z2,Z3,Z4,A1,A2,A3,A4,B1,B2,C1,C2,C3 and C4,the measured settling fluxes of biodeposition were 26.02,15.78,10.77,58.16,6.57,72.17,12.37,12.11,106.64,150.96,22.59,11.41,18.03,7.90,19.23,7.06,11.84,5.19 and 2.57 g d^(−1)m^(−2),respectively.The simulated settling fluxes of biodeposition at the corresponding sites were 16.03,23.98,8.87,46.90,4.52,104.77,16.03,8.35,180.83,213.06,39.10,17.47,20.98,9.78,23.25,7.84,15.90,6.06 and 1.65 g d^(−1)m^(−2),respectively.There was a positive correlation between the simulated settling fluxes and measured ones(R=0.94,P=2.22×10^(−9)<0.05),which implies that the spatial differentiation of biodeposition flux was well simulated.Moreover,the posterior difference ratio of the simulation was 0.38,and the small error probability was 0.94,which means that the simulated results reached an acceptable level from the perspective of relative error.Thus,if nonpoint source pollution is simplified to point source pollution and open waters are simplified based on similarity theory,the setting flux of biodeposition in the open waters can be simply and effectively simulated by the fluid simulation software Fluent.