Effectiveness of royal jelly supplementation in glycemic regulation:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Royal jelly(RJ)has been observed to have therapeutic properties in diabetic individuals,including the reduction of high blood sugar.This systematic review synthesized existing evidence to investigate the effectiveness of RJ supplementation in managing measures of blood glucose.AIM To determine the effectiveness of RJ supplementation on glycemic responses in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic adults,as well as animal models of diabetes.METHODS This was a systematic review employing the PRISMA strategy.Peer-reviewed,published articles were extracted from several databases using key words related to target population,intervention and outcome and hand-selected for inclusion.Included articles proceeded to data extraction phase,where information on target parameters and effectiveness of treatment was summarized.Following this,the risk of bias for each included study was evaluated.Then,the long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ supplementation in glycemic control were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations(GRADE)tool,which rates the quality of evidence.RESULTS Of 168 articles extracted from database searching,eighteen were included for analysis in this systematic review.Across the studies,studied populations,intervention styles and outcome measures were largely heterogeneous.Despite this,the results in studies indicate a general trend of positive effect of RJ in glycemic regulation in vitro and in vivo.Additionally,some dose-dependent glycemic effects were observed,along with some large effect sizes.The risk of bias for human and animal studies is generally low-unclear risk,although lack of blinding is a serious concern in both categories.Overall,as per the GRADE tool,the quality of evidence is low,and very low for long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ,respectively.A major limitation affecting evidence quality is the heterogeneity among included studies.Fasting blood glucose and glucose clearance appear to be most affected by RJ supplementation.CONCLUSION Quality of evidence suggesting that RJ is an effective modulator of glycemic regulation is low for long-term effects of RJ,and very low for immediate effects.

Formulation and evaluation of semisolid jelly produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels

Objective:To study the jelly formulation produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels and evaluate its antioxidant properties which are related to the product quality.Methods:The formulations of peel jelly were established under two-level full factorial designs within two blocks and one center point.Regarding response optimizer,the amount of sugar and citric acid was obtained;hence,the peel jellies were produced.The evaluation of antioxidant properties was conducted by using total phenolic content(TPC)assay and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical assay.Results:The TPC of peel powder varied from 91.8 to 602.26 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight,and 5%-7% peel jellies had phenolic content ranging from 29.38 to 48.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight.The results of DPPH test indicated that at 10 mg/mL,the peel powder showed 89% DPPH inhibition,while 7% peel jelly prominently exhibited 84% DPPH inhibition.The correlation between DPPH IC50 value and TPC of peel powder as well as peel jelly was quite reasonably high with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.843 7 to 0.995.Conclusions:TPC can be used as an indicator in assessing the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables.The present investigation reveals that TPC is mainly responsible for DPPH free radical scavenging capacity.

Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells for axon and myelin sheath regeneration

Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton＇s jelly of the umbilical cord were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells in vitro. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were transplanted into contused rat spinal cords. Immunofluorescence double staining indicated that transplanted cells survived in injured spinal cord, and differentiated into mature and immature oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biotinylated dextran amine tracing results showed that cell transplantation promoted a higher density of the corticospinal tract in the central and caudal parts of the injured spinal cord. Luxol fast blue and toluidine blue staining showed that the volume of residual myelin was significantly increased at 1 and 2 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter after cell transplantation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining verified that the newly regenerated myelin sheath was derived from the central nervous system. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan testing showed an evident behavioral recovery. These results suggest that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells promote the regeneration of spinal axons and myelin sheaths.

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into retinal progenitor cells

Human Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from fetal umbilical cord. Cells were cultured in serumfree neural stem cellconditioned medium or neural stem cellconditioned medium supplemented with Dkk1, a Wnt/13 catenin pathway antagonist, and LeftyA, a Nodal signaling pathway antagonist to induce differentiation into retinal progenitor cells. Inverted microscopy showed that after induction, the spindleshaped or fibroblastlike Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells changed into bulbous cells with numerous processes. Immunofluorescent cytochemical stain ing and reversetranscription PCR showed positive expression of retinal progenitor cell markers, Pax6 and Rx, as well as weakly downregulated nestin expression. These results demonstrate that Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiating into retinal progenitor cells in vitro.

Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and human mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model

Many studies have been dedicated to the development of scaffolds for improving post-traumatic nerve regeneration. The goal of this study was to assess the effect on nerve regeneration, associating a hybrid chitosan membrane with non-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton＇s jelly of umbilical cord, in peripheral nerve reconstruction after crush injury. Chromosome analysis on human mesenchymal stem cell line from Wharton＇s jelly was carried out and no structural alterations were found in metaphase. Chitosan membranes were previously tested in vitro, to assess their ability in supporting human mesenchymal stem cell survival, expansion, and differentiation. For the in vivo testing, Sasco Sprague adult rats were divided in 4 groups of 6 or 7 animals each： Group 1, sciatic axonotmesis injury without any other intervention （Group 1-Crush）; Group 2, the axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was infiltrated with a suspension of 1 250 -1 500 human mesenchymal stem cells （total volume of 50 pL） （Group 2-CrushCell）; Group 3, axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was enwrapped with a chitosan type Ill membrane covered with a monolayer of non-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells （Group 3-CrushChitlllCell） and Group 4, axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was enwrapped with a chitosan type III membrane （Group 4-CrushChiUll）. Motor and sensory functional recovery was evaluated throughout a healing period of 12 weeks using sciatic functional index, static sciatic index, extensor postural thrust, and withdrawal reflex latency. Stereological analysis was carded out on regenerated nerve fibers. Results showed that infiltration of human mesenchymal stem cells, or the combination of chitosan membrane enwrapment and human mesenchymal stem cell enrichment after nerve crush injury provide a slight advantage to post-traumatic nerve regeneration. Results obtained with chitosan type III membrane alone confirmed that they significantly improve post-traumatic axonal regrowth and may represent a very promising clinical tool in peripheral nerve reconstructive surgery. Yet, umbilical cord human mesenchymal stem cells, that can be expanded in culture and induced to form several different types of cells, may prove, in future experiments, to be a new source of cells for cell therapy, including targets such as peripheral nerve and muscle.

Structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein by partial enzymatic hydrolysis

The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.

Royal-jelly-based apitherapy can attenuate damages to male reproductive parameter following nicotine administration

Background:Nicotine administration can generate severe oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Royal jelly,with its antioxidant properties,acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species.This study describes the apitherapy effects of royal jelly on testicular damage following nicotine administration.Methods:Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were divided into 8 groups(n=6):saline,3 different doses of royal jelly(100,150,and 200 mg/kg body weight(BW)per day),nicotine(1.5 mg/kg),and 3 different groups of Nic+Roy(1.5 mg/kg of Nic+100,150,and 200 mg/kg BW per day of royal jelly).Nicotine was administrated intraperitoneally,and royal jelly was prescribed orally for 10 consecutive days.Serum levels of hormones(testosterone,luteinizing hormone,and follicle-stimulating hormone),total antioxidant capacity,nitric oxide(NO)status,malondialdehyde levels,sperm DNA fragmentation,sperm parameters,histopathological changes(H&E staining),immunohistochemistry against apoptotic proteins,and gene expression of Bcl-2,p53,Caspase-3,and Nrf2(real-time PCR)were assessed to evaluate the molecular and histological changes.Results:Hormone levels,sperm parameters,and status of antioxidants were decreased significantly(p<.05)following nicotine administration.Moreover,royal jelly treatment normalized hormonal and antioxidant characteristics,decreased apoptotic gene expression,increased Nfr2 gene expression,and restored histopathological alteration to the physiological status significantly(p<.05).Conclusion:Royal jelly upregulates the antioxidant status,inhibits the mitochondrialdependent apoptosis pathway,and increases the rate of proliferation.This therapeutic agent effectively protected the testis against nicotine-associated damages by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

Invasion of Danish and Adjacent Waters by the Comb Jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi—10 Years After

The invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which comes from North America’s east coast, was observed in Danish waters for the first time in 2007. Since then, the new invader has every summer spread in Danish and adjacent waters (i.e. North Sea, Limfjorden, Skagerrak, Kattegat, Belt Sea, Baltic Sea). The invasive comb jelly has apparently come to stay, as it has no effective enemies. Possible harmful effects of M. leidyi which feeds voraciously on zooplankton, fish eggs and larvae, have so far not been thoroughly studied in Danish waters, although dedicated attempts have been made in Limfjorden and in the central Baltic Sea. Over the last 10 years, the Danish national environmental monitoring program did not include gelatinous zooplankton, but new initiatives have been recently taken. A brief overview of our current knowledge on the impact of M. leidyi in Danish waters is given here.

Germline cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells, with the focus on Wharton's jelly

Previous attempts have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a valuable source and candidate and new approach for tissue engineering and reproductive medicine. MSCs have this potential to be induced and differentiated in an appropriatein vivoandin vitro condition toward various cell lineages and then they can be applied in cell therapies and clinical applications. During recent two decades, various sources have demonstrated they are a great source for MSCs, including bone marrow, the human umbilical cord as well as Wharton's jelly. Due to discarding after birth, easily accessible cells and less ethical concerns, these cells have attracted more and more scientists' attention. Infertility and reproduction diseases have provided special opportunity to examine the efficiency of MSCs in this kind of application. Based on recent investigations, MSCs embedded in Wharton's jelly tissue are more appealing for cell therapies, especially in infertility treatment purposes. So, differentiation of MSCs embedded in Wharton's jelly tissue into germ layer cells for cell-based therapy purposes is now under intensive study.

人脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞培养中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的作用

背景：培养脐带源间充质干细胞过程中,细胞形态常易变得宽大不规则,传代不易贴壁,死亡率高,找到一个维持细胞稳定的方法是有必要的。目的：拟采用组织块培养法从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离培养间充质干细胞,观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对其生物学特性的影响。方法：采用组织块法分离培养和扩增脐带组织间充质干细胞,对照组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清培养,实验组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清＋20μg/L碱性成纤维细胞生长因子培养。观察组织块游出细胞的时间和细胞形态,每隔3d或4d更换培养液,待细胞达到80%~90%融合时,用0.25%胰酶消化后,按1：2或1：3的比例传代。结果与结论：倒置显微镜下观察对照组中从8~10d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,实验组中从6~8d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,1周后可见多数呈长梭形或扁平形的成纤维样细胞,围绕组织块成旋涡状,前3代细胞形态及传代间隔时间两组基本相同;3代以后实验组细胞较对照组易于贴壁,传代死亡率低,生长曲线提示增殖能力强。流式细胞术分析两组细胞周期显示第3,6代70%以上的细胞处于G0/G1期,且第3,6代细胞均阳性表达CD29,CD44,弱表达HLA-ABC,不表达CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。结果提示采用组织块培养法可从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离出具有间充质干细胞特性的细胞,且碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能使细胞从组织块游出时间提前和有助于促使细胞贴壁,一定程度上维持细胞形态稳定性,提高增殖能力,并且不改变细胞的表面标志物表达。

Aloe Royal Jelly Powder Contributes to Maintain Normal Immunity: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: To study the safety and the function of maintaining normal immunity of product with royal jelly lyophilized powder and whole-leaf aloe drying powder as main raw materials. Methods: Selected 125 subjects qualified for inclusion/exclusion criteria for a trial test.(The trial group lost 9 subjects. The control group lost 6 subjects.54 effective subjects of trial group includes 12 men and 42 women. 56 effective subjects of control group including 9 men and 47 women.) The trial group was evaluated by self-control and inter-group comparison, after 90 days of continuous use of aloe royal jelly. Results: There are significant differences in the overall feeling, physiological feeling, psychological feeling and comprehensive evaluation of the individuals in the trial group after 90 days (P<0.001), which are higher than before. The control group has no statistically significant difference in the comprehensive evaluation before and after the trial (P>0.05). The ratio of CD4/CD8, IgG, IgA and IgM in the trial group and the placebo control group are above the normal low-limit. There is no obvious abnormality in indicators of blood test, blood biochemistry, liver and kidney function and other clinical tests. Conclusion: Aloe royal jelly powder contributes to maintain normal immune function and has no harmful effect to the health of subjects.

A Preliminary Study on Consumer Sensory Evaluation and Acceptance of Pomelo Peel Jelly

Pomelo peel is a by-product from pomelo consumption, but it is also rich in a variety of nutrients and functional substances. In order to solve the environmental problems caused by the large amount of discarded pomelo peels every year, in this study, we recycled pomelo peels to make pomelo yellow peel jelly (PYPJ) and pomelo white peel jelly (PWPJ) according to their different characteristics in pomelo peels. And the consumer sensory evaluation (n = 50) was carried out to explore the consumers’ evaluation and acceptance for these two innovative products. The results showed that both jellies received high mean scores for all sensory attributes expect PYPJ’ taste, and the consumer acceptances of PYPJ and PWPJ were 62% and 92%, respectively. These results displayed that there is a need to further improve PYPJ, and PWPJ is a product recognized by consumers. .

Investigating the Effect of Supplementary Feeding on Carbohydrate Composition and Quantity of Royal Jelly

One of the main practices followed by beekeepers during the production of royal jelly (RJ) is the artificial sugar feeding. In this study, the effect of carbohydrate supplementary feeding on the composition of the three main sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and on the final quantity of the product was explored using one-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests. Also, the correlations among the parameters were examined. The average yield per colony for non-supplemented colonies (Group A) was 12.8 g, while the average content of fructose, glucose and sucrose was 4.32%, 3.78%, and 0.04%, respectively. For the colonies fed at the grafting day one time (Group B), these values were 12.76 g, 3.11%, 3.19% and 3.71%, and for the colonies fed from the insertion until the collection day (Group C), 12.81 g, 3.05%, 3.12% and 3.54% respectively. It should also be noted that the sucrose content in all samples from supplemented colonies was found greater than 1.97%. The statistical tests highlighted the impact of artificial feeding on fructose and glucose contents, while the produced quantity remained uninfluenced. Finally, the Spearman (rho) coefficient test showed statistically significantly negative correlation between the monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) and sucrose.

寻找爵士乐的开山鼻祖——Jelly Roll Morton

《乐器》杂志从这一期开始将推出一个全新的栏目,在这个栏目中我们将通过一系列文章来讲述爵士乐历史上一些杰出音乐家的生平,并对他们的音乐风格进行探索。这一系列的文章将以年代为线索,从20世纪早期爵士乐刚刚萌芽开始,直到现今。文章讨论的主题包括大师们在乐器演奏上的独特技巧,以及创作上的鲜明个性。在这些大师们音乐生涯的颠峰时期,他们都充当了革新者和先驱者的角色,以他们丰富的想象力打破音乐的固有模式,不断拓展着爵士乐的疆界,引领着爵士乐朝着更新的方向发展。但对于很多革新者和有着巨大贡献的人来说,他们可能都会有相同的命运,那就是在有生之年他们得不到应有的赏识,有的人甚至过着极其苦难的生活。在他们离开人世之后,他们对爵士乐的贡献才得到了正确的评价。这个栏目的文章会为读者提供出关于每一位音乐家的信息,包括他们的生平介绍,对其他音乐家所产生的影响,他们的主要作品,以及分析他们的音乐风格。

Effect of royal jelly on in vitro fertilization and early embryo development following nicotine treatment in adult female rats

Objective:To scrutinize the protective role of royal jelly as an antioxidant on nicotine-induced changes in malondialdehyde(MDA)level,p53 expression,in vitro fertilization(IVF)rate,and early embryo development in adult female rats.Methods:A total of 56 adult female Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups(n=7 in each group).Group 1 served as an untreated control group,group 2,3 and 4 received nicotine at a dose of 0.50,1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg respectively,group 5 received royal jelly at a dose of 100.00 mg/kg,and group 6,7 and 8 received 0.50,1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg nicotine,respectively,with 100.00 mg/kg body weight royal jelly.Nicotine and royal jelly were administered daily for 49 days in the experimental groups intra-peritoneally and orally,respectively.At the end of the experimental period,p53 expression,IVF rate and early embryo development as well as MDA concentration were measured.Results:The IVF rate,number of cumulus oocytes,two-cell embryos and blastocysts decreased in the nicotine-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner.In addition,p53 mRNA expression and MDA levels increased in the nicotine-treated groups.Royal jelly co-administration led to partial improvement in the aforementioned parameters.Conclusions:Royal jelly may have a repro-protective effect in nicotine-administered female rats in terms of its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Bioassay Directed Identification of Royal Jelly’s Active Compounds against the Growth of Bacteria Capable of Infecting Cutaneous Wounds

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria continue to be of major health concern world-wide. Thus, it is of great interest to study the biological properties and determine active compounds in natural products likely to be used as new health remedies. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to test the antibacterial activity of royal jelly samples, defatted royal jelly samples and their ethyl ether extracts against bacteria capable of infecting cutaneous wounds in humans and animals, and to recognize major bioactive compounds by using bioassay directed identification. The microorganisms used in the study were Staphylococcus aureus (including Methicillin-resistant and sensitive strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The activity of royal jelly samples to inhibit bacterial growth was assessed by using well-difussion tests. Direct bioautography was used to identify bioactivity, and uv-visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify bioactive compounds. Overall, royal jelly samples showed higher growth inhibition activity against Gram positive bacteria as compared to Gram negative bacteria. The growth of bacterial strains belonging to the Enterococcus and Streptococcus genders was less affected by the presence of royal jelly than bacterial strains of the Staphylococcus gender did. Compounds with antibacterial activity were found in the ethyl ether extract of royal jelly samples. 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid was the major component identified in the purified fraction obtained by bioassay guided fractionation of the ethyl ether extract. In conclusion, bioactivity of royal jelly samples is mainly due to their 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid content.

人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞和人牙周膜干细胞复合PHBHHx、PHBV支架成骨分化能力的体外研究

目的:探讨人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞(h UCWJMSCs)和人牙周膜干细胞(h PDLSCs)复合聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-3-羟基己酸酯)(PHBHHx)、聚羟基丁酸-羟基戊酸酯(PHBV)支架成骨分化的能力。方法:将2种干细胞分别接种在2种支架中,MTT法及粘附率分析2种干细胞和PHBHHx、PHBV的生物相容性;成骨诱导后ALP活性检测、茜素红染色和扫描电镜观察研究两种干细胞在两种支架上的成骨分化情况。结果:2种干细胞与PHBV具有更好的黏附效果及增殖效率(P <0. 05),且h UCWJMSCs组优于h PDLSCs组; h UCWJMSCs和h PDLSCs与PHBV组ALP活性检测、茜素红染色阳性表达明显高于与PHBHHx组; h UCWJMSCs与2种支架组的表达高于h PDLSCs组。扫描电镜显示2种干细胞与PHBV组可见大量矿化基质形成。结论:h UCWJMSCs与PHBV生物相容性和成骨能力优于h PDLSCs组。

Study on the Production Technology of Pueraria lobata Jelly

An orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the optimal production formula of Pueraria lobata jelly combining P. lobata,red beans and sugar as the main raw materials. The isoflavone contents in P. lobata and the P. lobata jelly were determined by colorimetry and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the optimal formula for the product was: P. lobata paste 50%,red bean paste 60%,and white granular sugar and agar 20% and 3% of the total weight of P. lobata paste and bean paste,respectively. The development of this product is of great significance to the utilization of P. lobata.

Mass Beach Stranding of Blue Button Jellyfishes,Porpita porpita(Linnaeus 1758)from the Coast of Mandvi,Kutch,India during August,2021

Present short communication reports about beach stranding of Porpita porpita(Linnaeus 1758)from the Coast of Mandvi,Kutch during August 2021.Also,this is the first record of the blue button jellyfishes for the northern Gulf of Kutch region.A study was carried out by primary observation and measurements of common environmental parameters such as Sea Surface Temperature(SST),Wind Direction&Wind Speed.Aboral and oral parts were observed and described.It is assumed that the large biomass of blue button jellyfish on the beach is due to strong shoreward Monsoon winds.

Comparison between the therapeutic effects of differentiated and undifferentiated Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

BACKGROUND Despite the availability of current therapies,including oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin,for controlling the symptoms caused by high blood glucose,it is difficult to cure diabetes mellitus,especially type 1 diabetes mellitus.AIM Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)may be a promising option.However,the therapeutic mechanisms by which MSCs exert their effects,such as whether they can differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) beforetransplantation, are uncertain.METHODSIn this study, we used three types of differentiation media over 10 d to generateIPCs from human Wharton’s jelly MSCs (hWJ-MSCs). We further transplantedthe undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs and differentiated IPCs derived from them intothe portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and recorded thephysiological and pathological changes.RESULTSUsing fluorescent staining and C-peptide enzyme-linked immunoassay, we wereable to successfully induce the differentiation of hWJ-MSCs into IPCs.Transplantation of both IPCs derived from hWJ-MSCs and undifferentiated hWJMSCshad the therapeutic effect of ameliorating blood glucose levels andimproving intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. The transplanted IPCs homedto the pancreas and functionally survived for at least 8 wk after transplantation,whereas the undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs were able to improve the insulitis andameliorate the serum inflammatory cytokine in streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats.CONCLUSIONDifferentiated IPCs can significantly improve blood glucose levels in diabetic ratsdue to the continuous secretion of insulin by transplanted cells that survive in theislets of diabetic rats. Transplantation of undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs cansignificantly improve insulitis and re-balance the inflammatory condition indiabetic rats with only a slight improvement in blood glucose levels.