The results of design and experiment of a submerged semi-circular breakwater at the Yangtze estuary show that the submerged structure will be unsafe when the general empirical wave force formula for semi-circular brea...The results of design and experiment of a submerged semi-circular breakwater at the Yangtze estuary show that the submerged structure will be unsafe when the general empirical wave force formula for semi-circular breakwater is used in design. Therefore, a new calculation method for the wave forces acting on a submerged semi-circular structure is given in this paper, in which the wave force acting on the inside circumference of semi-circular arch is included, and the phase modification coefficient in the general empirical formula is adjusted as well. The new wave force calculation method has been Verified by the results of seven related physical model tests and adopted in the design of the south esturary jetty of the first stage project of Deep Channel Improvement Project of the Yangtze River Estuary, the total jetty length being 17.5 km.展开更多
A laboratory setup was developed to investigate irregular wave uplift loads on exposed high-pile jetties. It is shown that the dimensionless uplift load increases to the maximum with an increasing relative clearance a...A laboratory setup was developed to investigate irregular wave uplift loads on exposed high-pile jetties. It is shown that the dimensionless uplift load increases to the maximum with an increasing relative clearance and then decreases. The relative clearance corresponding to the peak force is linked to a range from 0.4 to 0.8. When the relative clearance exceeds a certain value, the wave can not reach the underside of the deck and the force becomes zero. Distinct trends of dimensionless force with a relative width of deck show that the force tends to decrease as the relative deck width increases, and then the decrease slows down after the relative deck width increases or decreases to a certain value. The pressure distribution length associated with the maximum uplift force is equivalent to the wave contact width x. When x is larger than the width of deck B, it is taken as B. The statistical distribution of loads obeys the Weibull distribution. The results from the analyses of the real data suggest a new dimensionless prediction model on wave-in-deck uplift loads and the conversion ratio between wave loads at different exceedance probabilities. A comparison is made between the new prediction model and the existing widely used three prediction models. These results are used as useful references for structural design of the jetty.展开更多
In this paper, the effects of a quay or a solid jetty on hydrodynamic coefficients and vertical wave excitation forces on a ship with or without forward speed are discussed. A modified simple Green function technique ...In this paper, the effects of a quay or a solid jetty on hydrodynamic coefficients and vertical wave excitation forces on a ship with or without forward speed are discussed. A modified simple Green function technique is used to calculate the 2D coefficients while the strip theory is used to calculate the 3D coefficients. Wave excitation forces are also calculated with the strip theory. Numerical results are provided for hydrodynamic coefficients and vertical wave excitation forces on a 200 000 DWT tanker ship. It is found that the quay has a considerable effect on the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave excitation forces for a ship.展开更多
The coefficient of deffraction of regular waves behind the double jetty has been computed in this paper at first by using the singularity distribution method. The model tests conducted for diffraction of irregular wav...The coefficient of deffraction of regular waves behind the double jetty has been computed in this paper at first by using the singularity distribution method. The model tests conducted for diffraction of irregular waves with a unidirectional frequency spectrum have confirmed good agreement between the data measured in experiments and the results computed by the singularity distribution method plus the linear superposition method for the energy of component waves in the directional frequency spectra. Therefore, this technique for component waves in the directional spectra has been further used to compute diffraction of irregular waves of multidirection, including the employment of a directional distribution function of the cos2 type, as well as the Bretschneider-Misuyann frequency spectrum.展开更多
The phase one project of the twin jetties at the Tao-er Estuary yields no effect on the flow, and there is a large area of deposition. A numerical model is employed to simulate the flow field, and the scouring and sil...The phase one project of the twin jetties at the Tao-er Estuary yields no effect on the flow, and there is a large area of deposition. A numerical model is employed to simulate the flow field, and the scouring and silting in the channel between the two jetties are analyzed. The results show that the effective tidal flux between the two jetties is reduced due to the notch located at the heel of the east jetty, and the effect of contraction-flush is not obvious. As for the regulation of this kind of estuary under the tide action, the capability of tidal flux should be fully used.展开更多
This paper presents a calculation method for the diffraction of both regular waves and irregular waves of the single directional frequency spectrum behind a single jetty with a theoretical analysis, which has been con...This paper presents a calculation method for the diffraction of both regular waves and irregular waves of the single directional frequency spectrum behind a single jetty with a theoretical analysis, which has been confirmed through the model experiments, derives a method of computing the diffracted irregular waves behind the single jetty with the theoretical analysis on the basis of computation of the field data and gives the formulas and the figures of the computation of wave diffractions behind the vertical wall or mound single jetties.展开更多
The concrete blocks used on a jetty in Shanghai were made in 1909 and 1910. Having been exposed in nature for 80 years, now there are 4600 pieces of blocks left on the jetty. Comprehensive inspections, such as externa...The concrete blocks used on a jetty in Shanghai were made in 1909 and 1910. Having been exposed in nature for 80 years, now there are 4600 pieces of blocks left on the jetty. Comprehensive inspections, such as external appearance examination, core-drilling of concrete blocks, ultrasonic detection, nuclear densimeter inspection and in-door and out-door chemical analysis, show that 75% of the blocks are of the rebound number of 21 - 23, and the saturated limit compressive strength and dry limit compressive strength of 10MPa; the carbonized depth of concrete is 1 - 2 mm. Compared with the state of the jetty in 1968, already used for 60 years then, the jetty is expected to serve another 40 years or more after being repaired.展开更多
Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands, while other types include single point moorings and multiple-buoy moorings. The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very common terminal for transfer of g...Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands, while other types include single point moorings and multiple-buoy moorings. The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very common terminal for transfer of gas in open seas. It is important to estimate the motions and line tensions of the LNG carrier when it moors to a jetty in metocean environment. Normally, the motions of the LNG carrier would be restricted by the loading arm, which is connected to LNG carrier's manifold. An example of 125,000 m(3) LNG carrier moored to a jetty exposed to a set of environment conditions is given. A mathematical model which is based on the equations of motion in the time domain is used to the analysis of LNG moored to an offshore jetty exposed to waves, swell, wind and current. By means of a time domain computer program TERMSIM computations are carried out to determine and optimize the lay-out and / or orientation of the jetty and mooring gear in terms of forces in mooring lines and fenders and the envelope of motions of the loading arms. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the mooring system and carrier motions to the combinations of wind waves with and without swell, steady wind and wind spectra. The results can be consulted by the designer in the design of jetties.展开更多
Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages o...Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages of the展开更多
Coastal erosion may have many different causes. Wherever we came across erosion problems on the Yasawa Islands in Fiji, they had causes other than sea level rise. We present two case studies. At one site, the beach er...Coastal erosion may have many different causes. Wherever we came across erosion problems on the Yasawa Islands in Fiji, they had causes other than sea level rise. We present two case studies. At one site, the beach erosion was caused by the construction of a stonewall diverting the currents in a gyre that hit the shore causing local beach erosion. At another site, extensive erosion caused removal and lateral re-deposition of huge quantities of sand. From the Google Earth images we can infer a date between 2005 and 2009 for this change in shore conditions. We suggest that the shallow-water sand was destabilized by the commercial harvesting of thousands of sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra). These animals, by their sheer numbers and ecological behavior, were exerting a stabilizing influence on the shallow-water sandy deposits off the beach at Yageta Village. In both cases, the erosion was caused by human action. The coasts all along the Yasawa Islands are characterized by coastal stability. The presence of extensive rock-cut platforms and notches, as well as the occurrence of corals grown into “mini-atolls” are indicative of a stable sea level throughout the islands.展开更多
The impact pressure from waves is an important issue to be considered in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the waves acting on the deck of a shore-connecting jetty on a slope exposed to oblique waves an...The impact pressure from waves is an important issue to be considered in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the waves acting on the deck of a shore-connecting jetty on a slope exposed to oblique waves and in the presence of current are examined based on laboratory experiments. The impact pressures are measured on a 1：50 scale model of a jetty head with down-standing beams and berthing members. The relations of the impact pressure with the incident wave angle and the current velocity are examined. It is shown that the impact pressure is sensitive to the wave angle and the current velocity. A computational model for the impact load on the deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current is developed.展开更多
文摘The results of design and experiment of a submerged semi-circular breakwater at the Yangtze estuary show that the submerged structure will be unsafe when the general empirical wave force formula for semi-circular breakwater is used in design. Therefore, a new calculation method for the wave forces acting on a submerged semi-circular structure is given in this paper, in which the wave force acting on the inside circumference of semi-circular arch is included, and the phase modification coefficient in the general empirical formula is adjusted as well. The new wave force calculation method has been Verified by the results of seven related physical model tests and adopted in the design of the south esturary jetty of the first stage project of Deep Channel Improvement Project of the Yangtze River Estuary, the total jetty length being 17.5 km.
文摘A laboratory setup was developed to investigate irregular wave uplift loads on exposed high-pile jetties. It is shown that the dimensionless uplift load increases to the maximum with an increasing relative clearance and then decreases. The relative clearance corresponding to the peak force is linked to a range from 0.4 to 0.8. When the relative clearance exceeds a certain value, the wave can not reach the underside of the deck and the force becomes zero. Distinct trends of dimensionless force with a relative width of deck show that the force tends to decrease as the relative deck width increases, and then the decrease slows down after the relative deck width increases or decreases to a certain value. The pressure distribution length associated with the maximum uplift force is equivalent to the wave contact width x. When x is larger than the width of deck B, it is taken as B. The statistical distribution of loads obeys the Weibull distribution. The results from the analyses of the real data suggest a new dimensionless prediction model on wave-in-deck uplift loads and the conversion ratio between wave loads at different exceedance probabilities. A comparison is made between the new prediction model and the existing widely used three prediction models. These results are used as useful references for structural design of the jetty.
文摘In this paper, the effects of a quay or a solid jetty on hydrodynamic coefficients and vertical wave excitation forces on a ship with or without forward speed are discussed. A modified simple Green function technique is used to calculate the 2D coefficients while the strip theory is used to calculate the 3D coefficients. Wave excitation forces are also calculated with the strip theory. Numerical results are provided for hydrodynamic coefficients and vertical wave excitation forces on a 200 000 DWT tanker ship. It is found that the quay has a considerable effect on the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave excitation forces for a ship.
基金Project Financialy Supported by National Standard Technology Committee of Water Transportation Engineering
文摘The coefficient of deffraction of regular waves behind the double jetty has been computed in this paper at first by using the singularity distribution method. The model tests conducted for diffraction of irregular waves with a unidirectional frequency spectrum have confirmed good agreement between the data measured in experiments and the results computed by the singularity distribution method plus the linear superposition method for the energy of component waves in the directional frequency spectra. Therefore, this technique for component waves in the directional spectra has been further used to compute diffraction of irregular waves of multidirection, including the employment of a directional distribution function of the cos2 type, as well as the Bretschneider-Misuyann frequency spectrum.
文摘The phase one project of the twin jetties at the Tao-er Estuary yields no effect on the flow, and there is a large area of deposition. A numerical model is employed to simulate the flow field, and the scouring and silting in the channel between the two jetties are analyzed. The results show that the effective tidal flux between the two jetties is reduced due to the notch located at the heel of the east jetty, and the effect of contraction-flush is not obvious. As for the regulation of this kind of estuary under the tide action, the capability of tidal flux should be fully used.
文摘This paper presents a calculation method for the diffraction of both regular waves and irregular waves of the single directional frequency spectrum behind a single jetty with a theoretical analysis, which has been confirmed through the model experiments, derives a method of computing the diffracted irregular waves behind the single jetty with the theoretical analysis on the basis of computation of the field data and gives the formulas and the figures of the computation of wave diffractions behind the vertical wall or mound single jetties.
文摘The concrete blocks used on a jetty in Shanghai were made in 1909 and 1910. Having been exposed in nature for 80 years, now there are 4600 pieces of blocks left on the jetty. Comprehensive inspections, such as external appearance examination, core-drilling of concrete blocks, ultrasonic detection, nuclear densimeter inspection and in-door and out-door chemical analysis, show that 75% of the blocks are of the rebound number of 21 - 23, and the saturated limit compressive strength and dry limit compressive strength of 10MPa; the carbonized depth of concrete is 1 - 2 mm. Compared with the state of the jetty in 1968, already used for 60 years then, the jetty is expected to serve another 40 years or more after being repaired.
文摘Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands, while other types include single point moorings and multiple-buoy moorings. The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very common terminal for transfer of gas in open seas. It is important to estimate the motions and line tensions of the LNG carrier when it moors to a jetty in metocean environment. Normally, the motions of the LNG carrier would be restricted by the loading arm, which is connected to LNG carrier's manifold. An example of 125,000 m(3) LNG carrier moored to a jetty exposed to a set of environment conditions is given. A mathematical model which is based on the equations of motion in the time domain is used to the analysis of LNG moored to an offshore jetty exposed to waves, swell, wind and current. By means of a time domain computer program TERMSIM computations are carried out to determine and optimize the lay-out and / or orientation of the jetty and mooring gear in terms of forces in mooring lines and fenders and the envelope of motions of the loading arms. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the mooring system and carrier motions to the combinations of wind waves with and without swell, steady wind and wind spectra. The results can be consulted by the designer in the design of jetties.
文摘Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages of the
基金supported by a kind grant from the CO_(2) Coalition.
文摘Coastal erosion may have many different causes. Wherever we came across erosion problems on the Yasawa Islands in Fiji, they had causes other than sea level rise. We present two case studies. At one site, the beach erosion was caused by the construction of a stonewall diverting the currents in a gyre that hit the shore causing local beach erosion. At another site, extensive erosion caused removal and lateral re-deposition of huge quantities of sand. From the Google Earth images we can infer a date between 2005 and 2009 for this change in shore conditions. We suggest that the shallow-water sand was destabilized by the commercial harvesting of thousands of sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra). These animals, by their sheer numbers and ecological behavior, were exerting a stabilizing influence on the shallow-water sandy deposits off the beach at Yageta Village. In both cases, the erosion was caused by human action. The coasts all along the Yasawa Islands are characterized by coastal stability. The presence of extensive rock-cut platforms and notches, as well as the occurrence of corals grown into “mini-atolls” are indicative of a stable sea level throughout the islands.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2009B10614)the National Key Techonology Research and Development Program(Grant No.2012BAB03B00)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51339005)
文摘The impact pressure from waves is an important issue to be considered in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the waves acting on the deck of a shore-connecting jetty on a slope exposed to oblique waves and in the presence of current are examined based on laboratory experiments. The impact pressures are measured on a 1：50 scale model of a jetty head with down-standing beams and berthing members. The relations of the impact pressure with the incident wave angle and the current velocity are examined. It is shown that the impact pressure is sensitive to the wave angle and the current velocity. A computational model for the impact load on the deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current is developed.
