Impact of alloy-like phase on energy loss mitigation in multi-component organic photovoltaics

The multi-component strategy has proven effective in advancing the performance of organic photovoltaics(OPVs),enhancing photocurrent andfill factor through spectral complementarity and morphology optimization.However,the open-circuit voltage(VOC)mechanism in multi-component systems lacks systematic investiga-tion.In this study,we explore the influence of alloy-like phases on energy level distribution and energy loss mechanisms in multi-component OPVs.Appropriate modulation of donor alloy-like phases maintains the original intermolecular stack-ing,enhances component compatibility,reduces acceptor aggregation,and improves acceptor phase purity,mitigating non-radiative recombination losses.Additionally,suitable alloy-like phase modulation elevates charge transfer(CT)states,reducing the gap between CT and local exciton state,lowering reorganization energy,and alleviating radiative recombination loss below the bandgap.Through synergistic optimization(layer-by-layer method with solid additive),ternary devices based on Y6 acceptor achieve a notable 19.41%power conversion efficiency,offering new insights for the analysis of the energy loss of the multi-component OPVs.

Magnetostrictive and Kinematic Model Considering the Dynamic Hysteresis and Energy Loss for GMA

Due to the influence of magnetic hysteresis and energy loss inherent in giant magnetostrictive materials （GMM）, output displacement accuracy of giant magnetostrictive actuator （GMA） can not meet the precision and ultra precision machining. Using a GMM rod as the core driving element, a GMA which may be used in the field of precision and ultra precision drive engineering is designed through modular design method. Based on the Armstrong theory and elastic Gibbs free energy theory, a nonlinear magnetostriction model which considers magnetic hysteresis and energy loss characteristics is established. Moreover, the mechanical system differential equation model for GMA is established by utilizing D＇Alembert＇s principle. Experimental results show that the model can preferably predict magnetization property, magnetic potential orientation, energy loss for GMM. It is also able to describe magnetostrictive elongation and output displacement of GMA. Research results will provide a theoretical basis for solving the dynamic magnetic hysteresis, energy loss and working precision for GMA fundamentally.

Optimization of Maturation of Radio-Cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Using a Model Relating Energy Loss Rate and Vascular Geometric Parameters

The main reason for the early failure of radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) is non-maturity, which means that the blood flow rate in the fistula cannot increase to the expected value for dialysis. From a mechanical perspective, the vascular resistance at the artificially designed anastomosis causes an energy loss that affects blood flow rate growth and leads to early failure. This research studied how to maximize the RCAVF maturity and primary patency by controlling the energy loss rate. We theoretically analyzed and derived a model that evaluates the energy loss rate Eavf in RCAVF as a function of its blood vessel geometric parameters (GPs) for given flow rates. There was an aggregate of five controllable GPs in RCAVF: radial artery diameter (Dra), cephalic vein diameter (Dcv), blood vessel distance between artery and vein (h), anastomotic diameter (Da), and anastomotic angle (θ). Through this analysis, it was found that Eavf was inversely proportional to Dra, Dcv, Da, and θ, whereas proportional to h. Therefore, we recommended surgeons choose the vessels with large diameters, close distance, and increase the diameter and angle of the anastomosis to decrease the early failure of RCAVF. Simultaneously, we could explain the results of many clinical empiricisms with our formula. We found that increasing Dcv and θ was more significant in reducing Eavf than increasing Dra and Da. Based on our model, we could define two critical energy loss rates (CELa, CELb) to help surgeons evaluate the blood vessels and choose the ideal range of θ, and help them design the preoperative RCAVF plan for each patient to increase the maturity and the primary patency of RCAVF.

Neutrino energy loss by electron capture on strongly screened iron group nuclei

The influences on the neutrino energy loss rates in iron group nuclei at the same density are investigated in the presence of strong electron screening and in the absence of electron screening. The results show that at a temperature of 15 × 10^9 K, the neutrino energy loss rates which come from the electron capture process for most iron group nuclei decrease no more than 2 orders of magnitude but for the others （such as ^53,55,56,57,58,59,6o Co, ^56,59Ni） they can decrease about 3 orders of magnitude due to strong electron screening （SES）, whereas, at a temperature of 10^9K the neutrino energy loss rates of the most iron group nuclei can be diminished greatly due to the SES. For example, ^61Fe, ^60Fe, and ^62Ni the neutrino energy loss rates decrease about 4, 15 and 16 orders of magnitude and for ^57Cr, ^58Cr, and ^60Cr decrease about 18, 12, and 10 orders of magnitude respectively. According to our calculations the neutrino energy loss rates of nuclei ^58Mn, ^59Mn, ^60Mn, and ^62Mn may decrease about 13 orders of magnitude at a temperature of 10^9 K due to the SES.

Determination of fractional energy loss of waves in nearshore waters using an improved high-order Boussinesq-type model

Fractional energy losses of waves due to wave breaking when passing over a submerged bar are studied systematically using a modified numerical code that is based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations.The model is first tested by the additional experimental data,and the model's capability of simulating the wave transformation over both gentle slope and steep slope is demonstrated.Then,the model's breaking index is replaced and tested.The new breaking index,which is optimized from the several breaking indices,is not sensitive to the spatial grid length and includes the bottom slopes.Numerical tests show that the modified model with the new breaking index is more stable and efficient for the shallow-water wave breaking.Finally,the modified model is used to study the fractional energy losses for the regular waves propagating and breaking over a submerged bar.Our results have revealed that how the nonlinearity and the dispersion of the incident waves as well as the dimensionless bar height(normalized by water depth) dominate the fractional energy losses.It is also found that the bar slope(limited to gentle slopes that less than 1:10) and the dimensionless bar length(normalized by incident wave length) have negligible effects on the fractional energy losses.

Fast forward modeling of muon transmission tomography based on model voxelization ray energy loss projection

To solve the problems associated with low resolution and high computational effort infinite time,this paper proposes a fast forward modeling method for muon energy loss transmission tomography based on a model voxelization energy loss projection algorithm.First,the energy loss equation for muon transmission tomography is derived from the Bethe–Bloch formula,and the imaging region is then dissected into several units using the model voxelization method.Thereafter,the three-dimensional(3-D)imaging model is discretized into parallel and equally spaced two-dimensional(2-D)slices using the model layering method to realize a dimensional reduction of the 3-D volume data and accelerate the forward calculation speed.Subsequently,the muon energy loss transmission tomography equation is discretized using the ray energy loss projection method to establish a set of energy loss equations for the muon penetration voxel model.Finally,the muon energy loss values at the outgoing point are obtained by solving the projection coefficient matrix of the ray length-weighted model,achieving a significant reduction in the number of muons and improving the computational efficiency.A comparison of our results with the simulation results based on the Monte Carlo method verifies the accuracy and effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper.The metallic mineral identification tests show that the proposed algorithm can quickly identify high-density metallic minerals.The muon energy loss response can accurately identify the boundary of the anomalies and their spatial distribution characteristics.

Strong Interaction Effect on Jet Energy Loss with Detailed Balance

The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

Constraining the colored cc energy loss from J/Ψ production in p-A collisions

Considering the volatility of the propagation path for charmonium passing across the nuclear target in J/ψ formation from p-A collisions, the charmonium energy loss is investigated using Salgado-Wiedemann quenching weights. A successful description regarding J/ψsuppression of R_(w(Fe)/Be)(x_F) from the E866 experiment for 0.2 <x_F<0.65 gives the transport coefficient q = 0.29 ± 0.07 GeV^2/fm for the colored cc energy loss.The calculated result indicates that radiative energy loss of a parton should be independent of its mass at high energy.The calculations are further compared to LHC and RHIC measurements.

Calculation of the Energy Loss for Tip Leakage Flow in Turbines

A commercial N-S solver has been employed for simulation and investigation ofthe unsteady flow field inside the tip clearance of a turbine rotor. The main objective of thispaper is to introduce a new method of energy loss calculation for the flow field in tip clearanceregion of a turbine rotor blade. This method can be easily used in all kinds of flow fields. Regionsof high viscous effects have been found to be located near the shroud rather than the blade tip. Itis shown that the time-averaged loss of energy in tip leakage flow is dissimilar for differentrotor blades. This result is a helpful hint that can be taken by blade designers to designnon-uniform rotor blades with different geometric and aerodynamic loads to minimize the energy loss.

Internal Energy Losses and Contact Duration About a Circular Plate Colliding to a Half-Plane Target

Collisions between multibody systems are irreversible processes which cause loss of internal energy by a stress wave that propagates in the impacting bodies away from the region of impact. A coefficient of restitution relating to approach velocity is introduced to denote the losses of translational kinetic energy. A parameter β involved in internal energy losses has been obtained to calculate the coefficient of restitution. As a result, the internal energy losses caused by elastic stress waves and the contact duration in metals can be calculated numerically for the collision between circular cylinder and half plane. The metals include aluminum alloys, steel-mild 1020, steel-stainless austenitic 304, tungsten alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys and titanium alloys. By introducing a coefficient of velocity-frequency, an exponential aggression equation related the normalized oscillating frequency and normalized approach velocity has been obtained by the numerical method.

Left ventricle energy loss in normo-and hypertensive subjects

Background Vector flow mapping is a novel echocardiographic technique that enables the visualization of the intraventricular flow. We aimed to evaluate and compare the index of hemodynamic dissipative energy loss in patients with hypertension and the ones with normotensive, unaffected control subjects. Methods & Results Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in eighty-nine hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, fifty-one hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH group) and thirty-eight hypertensive patients without LVH(non-LVH group). Forty-two healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. The stored images were analyzed to calculate the energy loss. The average energy loss of diastole in the LVH group was significantly increased(controls vs. non-LVH vs. LVH: 7.07 ± 0.91 vs. 12.44 ± 3.14 vs. 16.29 ± 3.17 J/s per m^3). Compared with the control group, the energy loss was significantly increased in the LVH group during the different periods in diastole. The energy loss in the non-LVH group was the greatest among the three groups during the atrial contraction period. Conclusions Energy loss provides a promising method for evaluating the energy efficiency in the left ventricle and may be a new indicator of left ventricular cardiac dysfunction.

Ternary strategy: An analogue as third component reduces the energy loss and improves the efficiency of polymer solar cells

Ternary strategy is a convenient and effective method to boost the performance of polymer solar cells(PSCs).Utilizing a ternary strategy to trade-off between the energy loss and the efficiency of devices however requires further exploration.Here,through the hydroxyl(-OH)and acetoxy(-OCOMe)substitution atβ-position of the IC terminal group,we developed two new synthetic acceptors,BTIC-OH-βand BTICOCOMe-β,which were designed to confine the morphology aggregation.Introduction of an analogue as the third component provides a simple but efficient way to further balance the short current density(Jsc)and open-circuit voltage(Voc),leading to a champion efficiency based on PBDB-T:PBDB-TF:BTIC-OCOMe-β,effectively as high as 12.45%.The results were examined mainly in terms of the morphology characterization,electroluminescence external quantum efficiency(EQEEL),steady-state photoluminescence(PL)and transient technology.It suggested fine-tuning of the morphology by ratio modulation,reduction of the energy loss,construction of a promising pathway for charge transfer in the ternary system and enhancing the carrier extraction.In this way,a ternary strategy with an analogue donor could provide more routes to higher-quality solar cells.

An Improved Method of the Energy Loss Calculation Considering the Volatility of Wind Power Generation

The energy loss of the power grid is one of the key factors affecting the economic operation of power systems. How to calculate the electric energy consumption accurately will have a great influence on the planning, operation and management of the power grid. Currently there is a mountain of theoretical methods to calculate the line loss of the power system. However, these methods have some limitation, such as less considering the volatility of wind power resources. This paper presents an improved method to calculate the energy loss of wind power generation, considering the fluctuations of wind power generation. First, data are collected to obtain the curve of the typical daily expected output of wind farms for one month. Second, the curve of the typical daily expected output are corrected by the average electricity and the shape factor to obtain the curve of the typical daily equivalent output of wind farms for one month. Finally, the power flow is calculated by using typical daily equivalent output curve to describe the energy loss for one month. The results in the 110 kV main network show that the method is feasible.

x_F(or y)-Dependence of Nuclecir Absorption and Energy Loss Effects on J/ψ Production

By means of the nuclear parton distribution studied only with lepton deep-inelastic scattering experimental data, the J/ψ ＂normal nuclear absorption＂ and energy loss effects are studied in a GIauber formalism at HERA and RHIC energies. Assuming that the absorption cross section σabs increases with the charmonium-nucleon center of mass energy, the results reveal a significant dependence of the aabs on rapidity g at RHIC energies. The initial-state energy loss effect, which is found important only at HERA energies, is also considered, and its influence should be eliminated when we studied the absorption effect at low collision energies. Finally, we also present the theoretical prediction for LHC.

Role of Ion-Surface Interaction at the Entry Surface on the Energy Loss of Highly Charged Slow Ions in Solids

Evidence is obtained from the data of an earlier measurement that the effect of ion-surface interaction on the stopping power of highly charged slow ions is not at all tiny rather remarkably large, even it supersedes the bulk stopping power. The stopping power due to the surface interactions is directly proportional to the charge state of incident ions.

Measuring energy loss of alpha particles in different vacuum conditions

In this paper,energy loss of alpha particles in different vacuum levels is studied experimentally and via theoretical analysis.A better understanding of energy loss of a particle in vacuum will help detect more exact numbers of alpha particles.Two ^(239)Pu sources are used to measure the energy loss of a particle crossing different vacuum levels (different air pressures).The experimental data are obtained from an instrument-PAM-100 developed by authors. The experimental results have shown that increasing vacuum levels will lead to more alpha residual energy but less energy loss.When the vacuum level reaches 0.04 MPa,alpha particles(^(239)Pu,5.115 MeV)will lose the energy of about 0.175 MeV with traversing 5 mm distance.Theoretical calculations have shown a good agreement with experimental results.This implies that the instrument has a high accuracy and could be applied in field work.

Performance-Economic and Energy Loss Analysis of 80 KWp Grid Connected Roof Top Transformer Less Photovoltaic Power Plant

In India most part receives 4 - 7 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day with 200 - 250 sunny days in a year. Tamilnadu state also receives the highest annual radiation in India. In this paper, the grid connected photovoltaic plant has a peak power of 80 KWp supplies electricity requirement of GRT IET campus during day time (7 hrs) and reduces load demand and generates useful data for future implementation of such PV plant projects in the Tamilnadu region. Photovoltaic plant was installed in April 2015, monitored during 6 months, and the performance ratio and the various power losses (power electronics, temperature, soiling, internal, network, grid availability and interconnection) were calculated. The PV plant supplied 64,182.86 KWh to the grid from April to September 2015, ranging from 11,510.900 to 10,200.9 kWh. The final yield ranged from 143.886 (h/d) to 127.51 (y/d), reference yield ranged from 201.6 (h/d) to 155.31 (h/d) and performance ratio ranged from 71.3% to 82.1%, for a duration of six months, it had given a performance ratio of 83.82%, system efficiency was 4.16% and the capacity factor of GRT IET Campus for six months was 18.26%. Payback period in years = 9 years 4 months, energy saving per year = 204,400 KWh, cost reduction per year = 1,737,400, Indian rupee = 26,197.30 USD and total CO2 reductions per year = 102,200 tons CO2/year.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Energy Losses in a Barbecue Oven in Burkina Faso

This work concerns an experimental and numerical study of energy losses in a typical oven usually used in the agro-food craft sector in Burkina Faso. The experimental results were obtained by infrared thermography of the oven and by monitoring the evolution of the wall temperatures using thermocouples connected to a data acquisition system. These results indicate that the energy losses are mainly through the walls of the oven. The numerical study based on the energy balance and corroborated by the experimental study made it possible to quantify these losses of energy which represents almost half of the fuel used. These results will allow us to work on a new, more efficient oven model for the grilling sector in Burkina Faso.

Influence on electron energy loss spectroscopy of the niobium-substituted uranium atom:A density functional theory study

We present the electronic structure and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for uranium, niobium and U3Nb in which uranium is substituted by niobium. Comparing the electronic structures and optical properties for uranium, niobium and U3Nb, we found that when niobium atom replaces uranium atom in the center lattice, density of state (DOS) of U3Nb shifts downward to low energy. Niobium affects DOS for f and d electrons more than that for p and s electrons. U3Nb is similar to uranium for the electronic energy loss spectra.