The new Chinese rules on agency do not impose broad“fiduciary”duties on agents—instead,there are a number of specific provisions designed to protect the principal against particular abuses to which it is peculiarly...The new Chinese rules on agency do not impose broad“fiduciary”duties on agents—instead,there are a number of specific provisions designed to protect the principal against particular abuses to which it is peculiarly vulnerable in the principal/agent relationship.Chinese law,thus,deliberately refuses to follow the lead of English law,which imposes very strict and wide-ranging fiduciary duties on agents.This paper argues that this is probably wise.English law has to be seen against a matrix of a system of commercial law which was forged on the anvil of international trade and commodity supply contracts,leading to a set of rules that prefer certainty of outcomes(and the avoidance of litigation)overachieving particular justice in individual cases(such as might have been achieved by subjecting English law to an overarching“good faith”principle).English commercial law is adversarial,not cooperative.This explains why,in a relationship that is characterized by cooperation,such as the principal/agent relationship,the general rules of English commercial law are replaced by wide,justice-oriented rules.A system that is already based on cooperation,for which Chinese law is almost paradigmatic,is likely much more adept at applying the general rules to the agency relationship than English law would be.展开更多
The problem of optimal periodic pulse jamming design for a quadrature phase shift keying（QPSK）communication system is investigated.First a closed-form bit-error-rate（BER）of QPSK system under the jamming of pulse s...The problem of optimal periodic pulse jamming design for a quadrature phase shift keying（QPSK）communication system is investigated.First a closed-form bit-error-rate（BER）of QPSK system under the jamming of pulse signal is derived.Then the asymptotic performance of the derived BER is analyzed as the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）grows to infinity.In order to maximize the BER of the QPSK system,the optimal parameters of periodic pulse jamming signal,including the duty cycle and signal-tojamming power ratio（SJR）,are found out.Numerical results are presented to verify our analytical results and the optimality of our design.展开更多
In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contempo...In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contemporary scholar.This creates enormous challenges for the modern translators of their works.However,this challenge is an opportunity to bridge cultural and historical gaps by increased accuracy the hallmark of modern scholarship.This interdisciplinary discourse establishes the co-religious Dasein.The research tools which demand knowledge not only of Jewish sources but rather of Islamic texts allow for greater appreciation of contacting influences.Rav Y.al-Barceloni of the 12th century,among others,translated into Hebrew several works of the Geonim with his own halakhic interpretations,interpolations,and expansions.When scholars come today to comprehend anew,these compilations they paradoxically are more reflective of the original text than scholars of the middle ages who were contemporaneous with these texts.Nonetheless insofar as the translations are into Hebrew,they produce insular affect on the cultural product,leaving it within the Jewish fold.This fact forces scholars who desire to communicate with the broader audience to publish their results in European languages.In mediaeval studies,this is not as often as one thinks.展开更多
Despite past researches on the sexual double standards(SDS),recent research has found that another type of sexual double standard exists,which is the reverse sexual double standard(i.e.reverse SDS,which means that men...Despite past researches on the sexual double standards(SDS),recent research has found that another type of sexual double standard exists,which is the reverse sexual double standard(i.e.reverse SDS,which means that men are judged more harshly than women in comparative sexual behaviors).According to previous researchers,the reverse SDS may stem from women’s worry about being infected by transmitted sexual diseases,women’s preference for men’s virginity in sexual behaviors,and the shift in attitude towards men’s sexual behaviors.Also,women tend to judge men’s sexual behaviors based on men’s attractiveness(body appearance and financial status).The present study investigated people’s implicit endorsement of the reverse SDS among 200 adults in Shanghai(20 to 50 years old,110 women,90 men)using the Implicit Association Test(IAT)with a priming procedure to limit participants’awareness including different levels of men’s body appearance and financial status.Additionally,SDSS(sexual double standard scale)was used to measure the explicit endorsement for the reverse SDS.According to my results,adults in Shanghai endorsed both an implicit and explicit reverse SDS,but women tend to endorse it more strongly than men.Also,when men are more attractive,women will judge them less harshly.These results indicate that the reverse SDS also exists in men.Implications and limitations are indicated for future researchers to call for attention to the reverse SDS and gender equality.展开更多
The protection of personal information plays an extremely important role in the construction of digital government.The duty to inform is a prerequisite core obligation that the government should fulfill in processing ...The protection of personal information plays an extremely important role in the construction of digital government.The duty to inform is a prerequisite core obligation that the government should fulfill in processing personal information,a concrete expression of the right to self-determination of personal information,and a prerequisite for the right to protection of personal information that works as a fundamental right to defense the intrusion from the government,as well as a procedural regulatory tool to restrain the government’s information power and prevent the risk of infringement.As the rules on the processing of personal information and the duty to inform have both the nature of public law,the government’s processing of personal information is also public law in nature,especially because of the constitutional value and power control function of the duty to inform,the construction of a system for the duty to inform cannot be copied from the rules applicable to private subjects,but should be tailored to the public law characteristics of the government’s processing of personal information,overcoming the shortcomings of the current rough and fragmented legislation,and set up a systematic regulation based on the public law in term of the legal subject,procedure,content,consequences of obligation violations and legal protection.展开更多
At present,there are still many problems in language teaching in rural primary schools,which will affect the quality of teaching if we don't pay much attention to them.This article focuses on the existing flaws in...At present,there are still many problems in language teaching in rural primary schools,which will affect the quality of teaching if we don't pay much attention to them.This article focuses on the existing flaws in current language teaching and provides some solutions.展开更多
文摘The new Chinese rules on agency do not impose broad“fiduciary”duties on agents—instead,there are a number of specific provisions designed to protect the principal against particular abuses to which it is peculiarly vulnerable in the principal/agent relationship.Chinese law,thus,deliberately refuses to follow the lead of English law,which imposes very strict and wide-ranging fiduciary duties on agents.This paper argues that this is probably wise.English law has to be seen against a matrix of a system of commercial law which was forged on the anvil of international trade and commodity supply contracts,leading to a set of rules that prefer certainty of outcomes(and the avoidance of litigation)overachieving particular justice in individual cases(such as might have been achieved by subjecting English law to an overarching“good faith”principle).English commercial law is adversarial,not cooperative.This explains why,in a relationship that is characterized by cooperation,such as the principal/agent relationship,the general rules of English commercial law are replaced by wide,justice-oriented rules.A system that is already based on cooperation,for which Chinese law is almost paradigmatic,is likely much more adept at applying the general rules to the agency relationship than English law would be.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61271258)
文摘The problem of optimal periodic pulse jamming design for a quadrature phase shift keying（QPSK）communication system is investigated.First a closed-form bit-error-rate（BER）of QPSK system under the jamming of pulse signal is derived.Then the asymptotic performance of the derived BER is analyzed as the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）grows to infinity.In order to maximize the BER of the QPSK system,the optimal parameters of periodic pulse jamming signal,including the duty cycle and signal-tojamming power ratio（SJR）,are found out.Numerical results are presented to verify our analytical results and the optimality of our design.
文摘In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contemporary scholar.This creates enormous challenges for the modern translators of their works.However,this challenge is an opportunity to bridge cultural and historical gaps by increased accuracy the hallmark of modern scholarship.This interdisciplinary discourse establishes the co-religious Dasein.The research tools which demand knowledge not only of Jewish sources but rather of Islamic texts allow for greater appreciation of contacting influences.Rav Y.al-Barceloni of the 12th century,among others,translated into Hebrew several works of the Geonim with his own halakhic interpretations,interpolations,and expansions.When scholars come today to comprehend anew,these compilations they paradoxically are more reflective of the original text than scholars of the middle ages who were contemporaneous with these texts.Nonetheless insofar as the translations are into Hebrew,they produce insular affect on the cultural product,leaving it within the Jewish fold.This fact forces scholars who desire to communicate with the broader audience to publish their results in European languages.In mediaeval studies,this is not as often as one thinks.
文摘Despite past researches on the sexual double standards(SDS),recent research has found that another type of sexual double standard exists,which is the reverse sexual double standard(i.e.reverse SDS,which means that men are judged more harshly than women in comparative sexual behaviors).According to previous researchers,the reverse SDS may stem from women’s worry about being infected by transmitted sexual diseases,women’s preference for men’s virginity in sexual behaviors,and the shift in attitude towards men’s sexual behaviors.Also,women tend to judge men’s sexual behaviors based on men’s attractiveness(body appearance and financial status).The present study investigated people’s implicit endorsement of the reverse SDS among 200 adults in Shanghai(20 to 50 years old,110 women,90 men)using the Implicit Association Test(IAT)with a priming procedure to limit participants’awareness including different levels of men’s body appearance and financial status.Additionally,SDSS(sexual double standard scale)was used to measure the explicit endorsement for the reverse SDS.According to my results,adults in Shanghai endorsed both an implicit and explicit reverse SDS,but women tend to endorse it more strongly than men.Also,when men are more attractive,women will judge them less harshly.These results indicate that the reverse SDS also exists in men.Implications and limitations are indicated for future researchers to call for attention to the reverse SDS and gender equality.
文摘The protection of personal information plays an extremely important role in the construction of digital government.The duty to inform is a prerequisite core obligation that the government should fulfill in processing personal information,a concrete expression of the right to self-determination of personal information,and a prerequisite for the right to protection of personal information that works as a fundamental right to defense the intrusion from the government,as well as a procedural regulatory tool to restrain the government’s information power and prevent the risk of infringement.As the rules on the processing of personal information and the duty to inform have both the nature of public law,the government’s processing of personal information is also public law in nature,especially because of the constitutional value and power control function of the duty to inform,the construction of a system for the duty to inform cannot be copied from the rules applicable to private subjects,but should be tailored to the public law characteristics of the government’s processing of personal information,overcoming the shortcomings of the current rough and fragmented legislation,and set up a systematic regulation based on the public law in term of the legal subject,procedure,content,consequences of obligation violations and legal protection.
文摘At present,there are still many problems in language teaching in rural primary schools,which will affect the quality of teaching if we don't pay much attention to them.This article focuses on the existing flaws in current language teaching and provides some solutions.
