Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes:From Theoretical Study to Production Practice

Direct regeneration method has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of battery recycling because of its advantages of in situ regeneration,short process and less pollutant emission.In this review,we firstly analyze the primary causes for the failure of three representative battery cathodes(lithium iron phosphate,layered lithium transition metal oxide and lithium cobalt oxide),targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mecha-nism and applicability.Efficient stripping of material from the collector to obtain pure cathode material has become a first challenge in recycling,for which we report several pretreatment methods currently available for subsequent regeneration processes.We review and discuss emphatically the research progress of five direct regeneration methods,including solid-state sintering,hydrothermal,eutectic molten salt,electrochemical and chemical lithiation methods.Finally,the application of direct regeneration technology in production practice is introduced,the problems exposed at the early stage of the industrialization of direct regeneration technol-ogy are revealed,and the prospect of future large-scale commercial production is proposed.It is hoped that this review will give readers a comprehensive and basic understanding of direct regeneration methods for used lithium-ion batteries and promote the industrial application of direct regeneration technology.

Practice Rationale Care Model: The Art and Science of Clinical Reasoning, Decision Making and Judgment in the Nursing Process

Nurses must be enlightened that clinical reasoning, clinical decision making, and clinical judgement are the key elements in providing safe patient care. It must be incorporated and applied all throughout the nursing process. The impact of patients’ positive outcomes relies on how nurses are effective in clinical reasoning and put into action once clinical decision making occurs. Thus, nurses with poor clinical reasoning skills frequently fail to see and notice patient worsening condition, and misguided decision making arises that leads to ineffective patient care and adding patients suffering. Clinical judgment on the other hand denotes on the outcome after the cycle of clinical reasoning. Within this context, nurses apply reflection about their actions from the clinical decision making they made. The process of applying knowledge, skills and expertise in the clinical field through clinical reasoning is the work of art in the nursing profession in promoting patient safety in the course of delivering routine nursing interventions. Nurses must be guided with their sound clinical reasoning to have an optimistic outcome and prevent iatrogenic harm to patients. Nurses must be equipped with knowledge, skills, attitude and values but most importantly prepared to face the bigger picture of responsibility to care for every patient in the clinical field.

In a Historical Heritage Trap: Modern Social-philosophical Approach to the Problem of Transformation of Post-Soviet Society

The article deals with the actual social and philosophical problems connected with the value transformations of post-Soviet society in the transition period of its development.The focus is on mental(ideological)attitudes or“traps for practical reason”that prevent the democratization and humanization of Russian public consciousness.One of such mental attitudes is the trap of historical heritage,which is a complex of probabilistic judgments about the historical purpose of society and the complete determination of the future by its past.In the course of rational-critical analysis,the erroneous biogenetic approach to Russian history is revealed,as well as possible negative consequences of its application to the solution of urgent social problems.The historical situation of the“Blockade of Leningrad”is considered to be such a pressing problem.

Research of recognizing intelligence based on commanding decision-making

In commanding decision-making, the commander usually needs to know a lot of situations（intelligence） on the adversary. Because of the military intelligence with opposability, it is inevitable that intelligence personnel take some deceptive information released by the rival as intelligence data in the process of intelligence gathering. Since the failure of intelligence is likely to lead to a serious aftereffect, the recognition of intelligence is a very important problem. An elementary research on recognizing military intelligence and puts forward a systematic processing method are made. First, the types and characteristics of military intelligence are briefly discussed, a research thought of recognizing military intelligence by means of recognizing military hypotheses are presented. Next, the reasoning mode and framework for recognizing military hypotheses are presented from the angle of psychology of intelligence analysis and non-monotonic reasoning. Then, a model for recognizing military hypothesis is built on the basis of fuzzy judgement information given by intelligence analysts. A calculative example shows that the model has the characteristics of simple calculation and good maneuverability. Last, the methods that selecting the most likely hypothesis from the survival hypotheses via final recognition are discussed.

Application of formal safety assessment in planning VTS

To ensure that limited resources are allocated more effectively to reduce marine risks, formal safety assessment (FSA), a proactive method, is introduced in planning a vessel traffic system (VTS). Based on the data of Wuhan port, some new solutions based on risk-indices are put forward. The weighted number of traffic accidents is predicted after the future weighted vessel traffic volume is estimated by analyzing the trend of trade development. To analyze risk acceptability, the as-low-as-reasonably-practicable (ALARP) matrix is transformed into a new model containing two parameters: the future weighted vessel traffic volume and the future weighted number of traffic accidents. The new risk control options (RCOs)can be identified by a revised Domino model with several feedback loops from all system levels to close a limited window of accident opportunity. The results indicate that the four most beneficial RCOs are a wider sub-area 1 channel, a VTS bridges area, a dredging sub-area 2 main route, and a VTS QSX anchorage to the 3rd bridge. The FSA is a method that is effective in evaluating the rationality, necessity and cost-effectiveness of VTS projects.

The Integrated Model Using Agile Practices to CBR

Agile development methodology works as a bridge, creating a composite control that changes the way of software development tasks. In this study, we have introduced a framework, integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, agile software development and its practice. The skilled developer is useful for implementing the method according to the reaction of the evaluation framework. The idea of agile and CBR procedure used to improve the current model. This model provides a comprehensive guide to the use of Agile development practices to be integrated with CBR for software development. Agile development methods used by CBR and RBR provide a more efficient and accurate working scenario. Case based reasoning is just the domain limited number of cases, while rules based reasoning is the technique of the generic and specific rules of the issue. Experts give feedback about the framework and they are satisfied with the functioning of the framework. The framework and its results were evaluated by the domain experts and case studies.

Epiphenomenalism Meets Qualia in Practical Deliberation and Action： Seeing Is Not Believing？

This paper examines the tension between the standard （common sense） theory of action and the epiphenomenalist view of the mind. The theory of action that is appealed to is one that emphasizes the calculative ＂means-ends＂ structure of rational deliberation--a structuring that appears to place practical reasoning at odds with other forms of causal explanation. The epiphenomenalist view presented is one that attempts to preserve certain foundational tenets of physicalism in the face of worries generated by the existence of qualia. In the latter part of the paper, the author makes use of a novel thought experiment involving phenomenal qualia in order to undermine the epiphenomenalist position and to vindicate the view that properties of consciousness matter to human agency.

如何理解菲尼斯的“practical reasonableness”?

“practical reasonableness”是菲尼斯自然法理论中的一个核心概念,也是晚近有关菲尼斯的讨论中最困扰学界的理解及翻译的概念。在汉语学界有关“practical reasonableness”的多种理解中,有着诸多混淆,把“practial reasonableness”与“practical reason”“practical reasoning”“practical intelligibility”区分开来对于恰切理解这个概念尤为必要。另外,菲尼斯所使用的“practical reasonableness”概念在很大程度上可追溯至阿奎那的“prudentia”概念,尽管其在一定程度上对阿奎那的理论进行了改造。通过区分及渊源上的考察,我们大体上可以界定菲尼斯的“practical reasonableness”概念所包含的基本含义:其一,它是一种整合性的和统合性的力量;其二,它的这种力量在根本意义上来源于理性,所以,它是实践理性活动的一种产物;其三,它是实践理性活动成功而达致的状态,因此它会对人的倾向、态度和行动提出要求。

Philosophical Matrix as a System of Categories of Pure Mind

The article is a study devoted to the development of the concept of the philosophical matrix as a system of categories of pure reason.The author proposes a new approach to understanding the philosophical system of categories by putting forward unambiguous comparative concepts that serve as the basis for natural sciences.While the foundations of specific sciences are the concepts of“practical reason”,the author finds the categories of“pure reason”to be the foundations of philosophy,understood as“knowledge of the universal”.The article shows that relying on the senses and the concepts of“practical reason”allows for the verification of knowledge,while their generalization,removed from knowledge obtained empirically,gives categories of“pure reason”,which are accepted as the building material of the matrix.In this way,the author proposes a new system of philosophical categories that describes the fundamental aspects of human reasoning and its interaction with the world.At the same time,the categories of the philosophical matrix are not related to such ambiguous classificatory concepts as space,time,being,existence,consciousness,and others.The article draws attention to the fact that the matrix can be used not only to analyze philosophical theories but also to develop new concrete scientific approaches,for example,for the intellectual development of children.In addition,the article suggests the possibility of applying the philosophical matrix in other areas of the humanities,including psychology,linguistics,and sociology.As a result of the conducted research,the human intellect is divided into three ascending stages,designated by me in the following words-reason,mind,and wisdom,with the subsequent use of these concepts in philosophy and other fields of knowledge.

情理融入司法裁判的逻辑机理与现实路径

将“情理”融入司法裁判说理是当代法治中国建设的必然要求。在当前的司法实践中,“情理”融入司法裁判存在标准不统一、定位不准确、论证不科学和阐释不合理等问题。针对存在问题,宏观方面应从完善法律法规、统一适用标准、准确定位关系和推行司法公开入手推进司法体制改革,微观层面裁判者要从法律证成、法律解释和法律修辞等方面改进融入方法,实现“看得见的正义”向“说得出的正义”转变。

道德作为审美如何可能?

将康德“实践理性”与中国文化“实用理性”精神进行简略比较,我们会得出中西不同文化意义的“道德作为审美”都是“可能”的这一初步结论。二者具有相异的文化背景与哲学机制。对于西方文化而言,“道德作为审美”之所以“可能”,是因为人格道德的至善与美,决定于“纯粹理性”即“上帝”的“在场”;就中国文化来说,是因为经过先秦“史”文化的“祛魅”即“理性化”过程,以“良知”即内在觉悟作为心灵根因的缘故,是心体与性体的合一于道。“道德作为审美”的可能实现,取决于“幸福”与“崇高”同时两栖于道德与审美的缘故。

长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究

为降低各类事故造成的灾难性后果,利用频率-死亡人数(F-N)曲线的方法,开展长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究。基于我国长江水域散货船实际运营基础数据,对船舶营运经济价值(EV)、风险厌恶系数、单次事故最大死亡人数等决定可接受衡准中尽实际可能低(ALARP)区域边界设定的关键参数,进行敏感性分析;建立一般社会风险可接受衡准,并考虑到社会公众对较大死亡人数的风险厌恶,提出改进的可接受衡准;结合长江散货船2010—2019年的历史事故资料,通过数据分析和频率计算,获得散货船碰撞、搁浅、触碰、触礁、自沉、火灾/爆炸及风灾等造成的社会风险,并利用建立的可接受衡准对散货船进行风险评价。结果表明:风险厌恶系数是决定可接受衡准是否足够严苛的最关键参数;改进衡准ALARP上边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的9.55%,改进衡准ALARP下边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的44.44%,改进的衡准更严苛,且对较大数目的人员死亡有更强烈的厌恶性。

论教师利用课程资源的实践智慧

内含实践智慧是教师利用课程资源的本质要求。遵循实践理性是教师利用课程资源的品质保障。教师在课堂教学中利用课程资源应当遵循正当原则、向善原则和有效原则。教学需要是教师利用课程资源的逻辑起点。核心素养是教师利用课程资源的终极关照。为了实现有效教学,教师要审时度势,避免不切实际地使用课程资源;要明晰各项课程资源在教学中的不同功能定位,避免课程资源的堆砌使用。采用艺术的方式呈现课程资源,有助于彰显教师的实践智慧。研究是教师在利用课程资源过程中生成实践智慧的关键途径。

非意愿妊娠女性人工流产后放置吉妮致美IUD效果

目的:探讨非意愿妊娠女性人工流产后放置吉妮致美宫内节育器(IUD)效果.方法:以2021年7月-2022年7月在本院自愿要求人工流产术的未育女性213例,对实行流产后关爱干预,其中选择IUD避孕103例为观察组,未选择IUD避孕方法110例为对照组,问卷调查比较两组干预前后对人工流产危害的知信行,比较流产后性生活恢复时间,随访1年非意愿妊娠及其妊娠原因、人工流产情况.结果:干预前后两组对人工流产危害性知识理论认知、态度信念、行为能力评分均提升(P<0.05),但两组间无差异;干预后观察组性生活恢复时间(3.7±0.1月)晚于对照组(3.2±0.9月),非意愿妊娠发生(8例,7.8%)低于对照组(24例,21.8%)(P<0.05),两组人工流产(0.9%、1.9%)发生无差异,观察组非意愿妊娠原因均为IUD脱落,对照组为避孕措施失败(11例,45.8%)和未避孕或避孕措施使用不正确(13例,54.2%).结论:吉妮致美IUD对降低人工流产后妇女非意愿妊娠有效,但需要重视IUD脱落率问题.

何以韩国儒学?

韩国儒学的形成主要有三种途径:一是韩国儒学者的哲学论辩;二是对中国儒学尤其是对中国朱子学的发展;三是因应国家的危难.韩国儒学也由此形成了有别于中国儒学和日本儒学的重“情”重“实”的特性.

讲深、讲透、讲活“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论课”的实践探索

讲深、讲透、讲活“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论课”是新时代思政课教学的重要组成部分。讲深、讲透、讲活新思想概论“道理”要讲清楚“为什么讲理,讲什么理,如何讲理”这三重逻辑。讲深要坚持理论深入、立足教材;讲透要坚持问题导向、立场坚定;讲活要坚持精构教学设计、巧用教学方法。

旅游发展初级阶段乡村非正规就业的形成逻辑--以元阳哈尼梯田为例

乡村振兴背景下,旅游发展增加本地就业机会已成为共识。乡村旅游就业多为非正规、非标准形式,但这一现象尚未得到充分探讨。文章以处在旅游发展初级阶段的元阳哈尼梯田为例,基于非参与观察、半结构访谈、文本分析等质性研究方法,借助文化理性理论,探讨乡村旅游正规部门中非正规就业的外在表象与内在逻辑。研究发现:1)这一现象的突出特征是雇佣双方共同塑造的灵活性。在旅游雇主的许可下,本地农村雇工受时空规律调控,在旅游场域与务农、务工、家庭、社会场域之间进行灵活转换。2)灵活性的内在逻辑是文化理性与实践理性的交织。文化理性体现为雇佣双方受地方文化影响所形成的各种观念,灵活就业是文化的理性表达。研究结果对理解旅游情境下地方传统文化与现代商业文化的互动具有重要意义,并为解释乡村旅游就业的演化提供了理论参照。

论实践理性自然法之不证自明性

面对近代事实与价值二分法对自然法理论的冲击,当代自然法学家约翰·菲尼斯试图以自然法不证自明性跨越自然法认识论困境。然而,菲尼斯所提出的自然法不证自明性概念既继承了中世纪典范自然法学家托马斯·阿奎那的自明性传统,又包含了现代希尔伯特几何公理的自明性概念,二者在形而上学实在论立场上相互对立。这使菲尼斯的自然法不证自明性概念面临着本体论实在论与非实在论之间的张力,其对事实与价值二分法的回应以及自然法伦理学的构建也因此受到质疑。一种对自然法不证自明性的自洽理解可以从理论理性判断与实践理性判断的同一性之中得出,自然法原则作为理论理性判断是可推导的,但作为实践理性判断是无源出且不证自明的,这种理解也为弥合事实与价值之间的鸿沟提供了一种可能。

以中华文化认同铸牢中华民族共同体意识的逻辑理路与实践进路

中华文化是中华民族的文化基因,是中华民族永续发展的内在动力。中华文化认同是凝聚人心、汇聚民力的情感纽带,是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内生动力,也是汇聚中华民族伟大复兴磅礴伟力的精神支撑。以中华文化认同铸牢中华民族共同体意识,要以共享中华文化知识体系强化各族人民身份认同,以共有中华民族精神凝聚各族人民的情感认同,以共生价值观念形塑各族人民价值认同,以共同意识指导各族人民行为实践。站在新的历史起点上,以中华文化认同铸牢中华民族共同体意识,要着力建设中华民族现代文明,立足中华文化多元一体特性,切实发挥多元主体优势,不断推动中华文化交融发展,推进中华文化体系深入人心,以共同文化记忆、历史观念凝聚各族人民共同心理,为铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定坚实的思想和文化基础。

铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践逻辑

铸牢中华民族共同体意识需要正确理解和把握其中的实践逻辑构成,即坚持党的领导是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的根本保证,树立“四个与共”是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的共同理念,实行民族平等是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的现实基础,构筑中华民族共有精神家园是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的精神纽带。在此基础上,有必要探索铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践路径。