Iranian Judiciary Facing Human Rights Norms or Islamic Criteria

The function of the courts in the Iranian post-Islamic revolution constitutional law may be analyzed by reference to a number of different considerations of procedural reforms:the abolition of pre-revolution courts;the establishment of new courts such as the clerical and the revolutionary one;the matter of radical changes due to procedural criminal law aiming to"Islamicize"the judicial system;and the classes of situations in which court's jurisdiction may be raised.On the other hand,the introduction of Islamic decisive factors as the basis for judgments resulting in the obvious challenges to the international norms,the nature characteristics and effects of the remedies and sanctions they may award,and many other matters can be listed in the substantive evolutions.A comprehensive analysis would be unbearably wordy and recurring.However,a brief preliminary survey may help to provide a clearer image of the judiciary in Iran.This article along with a constitutional overview of the judicial system in Iran and its preparedness for protection of human rights,attempts to illustrate,albeit briefly,the important aspects of the International human rights under the criminal codes of the post-Islamic revolution in Iran.

Religious Wear (Uniforms) in Psychiatry

Uniforms represent more than just a body cover. There could be symbols of status, power, authority, values, beliefs, identity, wealth representation, self-protection, health and safety, suppression of individuality and identification on one hand by the wearer. The observers may perceive uniforms differently based on their experiences, expectations, education, perceptual ability, conformity, status, power, self-confidence, and need for trust and communication without barrier or judgment. Forty five adult mentally ill patients (21 female and 24 male) were administered questionnaires with Linkert Scale regarding how approachable or off-putting they find casual and religious wear in social worker. Significantly more patients preferred casual wear to religious. Chi squared test equals 28.689 with p value of less than 0.0001 for four degrees of freedom.

The Reshaping Effects and Limitations of the Judicial AI

Artificial Intelligence(AI)application in the judiciary has initiated the historical process of moving from access to justice(ATJ)to"visible justice"and has profoundly changed the judicial operation mechanism.The judiciary's visualization,codification,modularization,and intellectualization are reshaping the judicial procedure and greatly improving the efficiency of intelligent justice.But Judicial AI(JAI)still has its inherent limits.It is not easy to achieve absolute objectivity and accuracy in algorithmic decision-making,and in more complex cases,JAI can promote formal justice but not substantive justice.The judiciary's AI optimization and reshaping effect should be developed simultaneously with risk prevention.It is necessary to establish corresponding regulations and relief mechanisms for algorithmic decision-making and to infuse the concepts of openness,fairness,and responsibility to promote science and technology for goods and positive development of intelligent justice to realize"visible justice."