Karst Cave Tourism System in Zhejiang Province Based on Resource Regional Analysis

Karst cave tourism plays an important role in the overall tourism of Zhejiang Province, China. In analyzing the current status of karst cave tourism resources, it is crucial to develop a scientific system for optimizing resource exploitation and tourism development in the future. This study conducted an analysis of resource characteristics and regional structure in Zhejiang Province. Nearest neighbor index （NNI） method and accessibility index method were used for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of scale, strength, combination, and accessibility of karst cave tourism resources. Results indicated that karst cave tourism resources in Zhejiang Province have a significant regional influence, and that resource quality and exploitation are diverse in different regions. Among the regions, Jinhua had the highest exploitation proportion of over 60% and the lowest NNI value of 0.098. Furthermore, regional analysis inferred that different karst caves demonstrate diversity in accessibility to tourism markets, among which the Lingshan Cave, Fengshui Cave, and Xianqiao Cave reveal the highest accessibility index of 2.41. Finally, we put forward a karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on the Growth Pole Theory and set up an overall scheme for karst cave tourism development. From a regional perspective analysis, the study refined the methods for regional resource re- search and provided a strategic proposal for karst cave tourism in Zheiiang Province.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Influential Factors of Karst Cave Tourism Development

There are many karst caves in China and each karst cave is a special part of natural landscape resources.How to exploit karst cave resources to develop tourism relates to the the effective exploitation of karst caves resources.The author comprehensively analyzed the main influential factors of karst cave tourism development and concluded that the influential factors were the feature of karst caves resources,transportation condition,construction condition,regional economic development level,source market,regional combination of scenic spots,spatial competition,investors' decision-making behavior,local residents' attitudes and so on.The integrated action of these factors codetermines whether karst cave tourism development successes or not.Only by thoroughly realizing the status and role of every influential factor karst cave tourism development could be reasonably conducted,exploiting strong points and avoiding shortcomings.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China

In order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst aquifers in northern China,time series analyses(correlation and spectral analysis in addition with hydrograph recession analysis)are applied on Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring in Jinan karst spring system,a typical karst spring system in northern China.Results show that the auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 after 123 days and 117 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring,respectively.The regulation time obtained from the simple spectral density function in the same period is 187 days and 175 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring.The auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 in 34-82 days,and regulation time ranges among 40-59 days for every single hydrological year.The delay time between precipitation and spring water level obtained from cross correlation function is around 56 days for the period of 2012-2019,and varies among 30-79 days for every single hydrological year.In addition,the spectral bands in cross amplitude functions and gain functions are small with 0.02,and the values in the coherence functions are small.All these behaviors illustrate that Jinan karst spring system has a strong memory effect,large storage capacity,noticeable regulation effect,and time series analysis is a useful tool for studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of karst spring system in northern China.

Stability analysis of subgrade cave roofs in karst region

According to the engineering features of subgrade cave roof in karst region, the clamped beam model of subgrade cave roof in karst region was set up. Based on the catastrophe theory, the cusp catastrophe model for bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof and safe thickness of subgrade cave roof in karst region was established. The necessary instability conditions of subgrade cave roof were deduced, and then the methods to determine safe thickness of cave roofs under piles and bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof were proposed. At the same time, a practical engineering project was applied to verifying this method, which has been proved successfu1ly. At last, the major factors that affect the stability on cave roof under pile in karst region were deeply discussed and some results in quality were acquired.

Stability evaluation of the Gümüshane-Akcakale cave by numerical analysis method

The Ak?akale Cave is located in the vicinity of the Arsa neighborhood within the boundaries of the Ak?akale village, Gümü?hane, Turkey. The cave is rich in cave formations(stalactite, stalagmite, cave pearl, cave flower, wall travertines). Thus, the appropriateness of opening the cave to visitors to boost tourism is of importance for the local and national economy. This study analyzes the stability of the Ak?akale Cave using a numerical analysis method. According to the results of the total displacement analysis, there are displacements in the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave ranging from 1 mm to 48 mm. It seems that the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave face a high risk of local or sudden collapse. According to the deformation analysis of the length section of the cave examined, local collapses may occur especially in the first 75 m from the entrance of the cave. We believe that this situation would not carry a risk for the Arsa neighborhood for now. In conclusion, the results of the stability analysis and in-situ observations showed clear evidence of former and ongoing cave-ins(collapses) and the Ak?akale Cave faces a high risk of local or sudden collapse. Thus, although the Ak?akale Cave is one of the most prominent karst caves in Turkey, it seems to be not appropriate to open the cave to tourist visits.

Stability analysis on tunnels with karst caves using the distinct lattice spring model

The effects of karst caves on tunnel stability were numerically investigated using the distinct lattice spring model(DLSM).The DLSM was validated by investigating the mechanical behavior of Brazilian discs with various sizes of central circular holes.Then,the effects of karst cave on U-shaped tunnel were investigated under various karst caves positions(top,bottom,and right side of the tunnel),tunnelcave distances(0.5-4 times the radius of the tunnel arc),and cave shapes(circular,rectangular flat,and rectangular vertical caves).The failure processes of the tunnel under those various conditions were analyzed and both the failure process and the final failure patterns of the tunnel were discussed.Numerical simulation demonstrated that karst caves around the tunnel could weaken the stability of the tunnel,indicating tunnel-cave distance effects.The closer the cave to the tunnel,the weaker the tunnel under loading.This effect was not significant when the tunnel-cave distance(d)was larger than three times the tunnel arc radius(R).In addition,the final failure pattern of the tunnel and its surrounding rock mass were dependent on both the position and the size of the cave.The larger the cave,the weaker the tunnel and its surrounding rock mass.Furthermore,compared with those cases with top and bottom caves,the tunnel with a right side cave had more impacts on tunnel stability.The main research finding could help engineers carry out stability analysis on tunnels in karst areas and take effective measures to enhance tunnel stability.

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between concealed karst cave and tunnel

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel is established based on the attribute mathematic theory.The model can be applied to carrying out risk classification of the safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel and to guarantee construction’s safety in tunnel engineering.Firstly,the assessment indicators and classification standard of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are studied based on the perturbation method.Then some attribute measurement functions are constructed to compute the attribute measurement of each single index and synthetic attribute measurement.Finally,the identification and classification of risk assessment of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are recognized by the confidence criterion.The results of two engineering application show that the evaluation results agree well with the site situations in construction.The results provide a good guidance for the tunnel construction.

Collapse mode of rock mass induced by a concealed karst cave above a deep cavity

Reliable prediction of the potential collapse region of rock mass is a key challenge for deep underground cavity excavation, especially if a concealed karst cave is located above the excavated cavity. Because of the effect of the blast vibration, a possible collapse would occur at a certain region between the concealed karst cave and the excavated cavity. This paper aims to study the roof collapse of a deep buried cavity induced by a concealed karst cave base on a two-dimensional failure mechanism by using upper bound theorem. The failure mechanism is constituted by arbitrary curves which is similar to the collapse observed in an actual cavity excavation. The shape and range of the collapse block is determined by virtual work equation in conjunction with variational approach. The results obtained by the presented approach are approximate with the numerical results provided by finite difference code, which indicates that the proposed method in this work is valid.

A New Species of Odorrana Inhabiting Complete Darkness in a Karst Cave in Guangxi, China

A new species of the genusOdorrana is described from a completely dark karst cave of northeastern Guangxi, southern China. The new species,Odorranalipuensissp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters： medium size （SVL： 40.7–47.7 mm in males, 51.1–55.4 mm in females）;tips of all but ifrst ifnger expanded with circummarginal grooves; smooth, grass-green dorsum with irregular brown mottling; pineal body invisible; throat to upper abdomen with gray mottling; dorsal surfaces of limbs with brown bands; dorsolateral fold absent; tiny spinules on lateral body, temporal region, and anterior and posterior edge of tympanum;white nuptial pad present on ifnger I; males lacking vocal sacs; females having creamy yellow eggs, without black poles. Uncorrected sequence divergences betweenO.lipuensissp. nov. and all homologous 16S rRNA sequences ofOdorrana available on GenBank is equal to or greater than 4.9%. Currently, the new species is only known from the type locality.

A review of pressure transient analysis in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves

A review of the pressure transient analysis of flow in reservoirs having natural fractures,vugs and/or caves is presented to provide an insight into how much knowledge has been acquired about this phenomenon and to highlight the gaps still open for further research.A comparison-based approach is adopted which involved the review of works by several authors and identifying the limiting assumptions,model restrictions and applicability.Pressure transient analysis provides information to aid the identification of important features of reservoirs.It also provides an explanation to complex reservoir pressuredependent variations which have led to improved understanding and optimization of the reservoir dynamics.Pressure transient analysis techniques,however,have limitations as not all its models find application in naturally fractured and vuggy reservoirs as the flow dynamics differ considerably.Pollard’s model presented in 1953 provided the foundation for existing pressure transient analysis in these types of reservoirs,and since then,several authors have modified this basic model and come up with more accurate models to characterize the dynamic pressure behavior in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves,with most having inherent limitations.This paper summarizes what has been done,what knowledge is considered established and the gaps left to be researched on.

Eco-economic control mode and benefit analysis of rock desertification region in Huajiang Karst Valley of Guizhou Province

It is difficult to afforest in rock desertification region and is the key area for eco-environment treatment. To speed up the comprehensive treatment of rock desertification, several anti-rock desertification modes implemented in Dingtan region, located on the right bank of Huajiang Grand Valley in Beipanjiang Town, are introduced as examples. This paper first analyzes the natural and environmental conditions, the development of rock desertification in the Dingtan region, then the detail of the treatment modes, such as “Chinese wingleaf pricklyash – pig breeding – marsh gas” (Mode One), “amomum villosum – pig breeding – marsh gas” mode (Mode Two), “traditional grain and economic crop (corn, peanut) – amomum villosum or Chinese wingleaf pricklyash” (Mode Three), etc. The eco-economic effects, potential and shortcomings of the above mentioned modes are analyzed and compared. It is proved that Mode One and Mode Two are of good economic effect, but Mode Three of better ecological effect. Solutions to the shortcomings of the modes are also put forward.

A new method determining safe thickness of karst cave roof under pile tip

Cave roofs are used to support pile foundation in many engineering projects. Accurate stability analysis method of cave roof under pile tip is important in order to ensure the safety of the pile foundation structure. Firstly the mechanical model to analysis the stability of cave roof under pile tip is founded aiming to solve the problems that the simplified mechanical model has. Secondly, the boundary of cave roof is simply supposed to be supported according to the integrity of the rock mass in the boundary of cave roof. Thirdly, based on the theory of plates and shells, the simplified model is calculated and the theoretical calculation formula to determine the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip can be obtained when the edges of the cave roof are simply supported. In the end, the analysis of the practical engineering project proves the feasibility and the rationality of the method which can be a new method to calculate the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip.

The Diversity of Soil Fauna Communities in the Karst Cave Wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve

From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla. The dominant groups were Araneae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, accounting for 48.90% of the total catch. There were 18 common groups and 10 rare groups. The diversity analysis showed that the Banzhai karst cave wetland had the largest soil fauna community diversity index and evenness index and that the Dongsai karst cave wetland had the largest number of groups and individuals. The seasonal variation of the soil fauna in the karst cave wetlands was analyzed: the number of soil fauna individuals showed a downtrend in summer, autumn, spring and winter; there were the highest number of phytophagous soil fauna, followed by predatory soil fauna and saprophagous soil fauna.

SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN KARST ROCKY DESERTIFICATION AND LITHOLOGY IN DU'AN YAO AUTONOMOUS COUNTY IN GUANGXI

Du’an Yao Autonomous County is a typical area for the distribution of karst rocky desertification in Guangxi. The indices for the grades of rocky desertification are selected according to the scientific meaning of karst rocky desertification and after the interpretative symbol system of rocky desertification. RS images are established by the landscape characteristics of Du’an karst and its TM image. Relying on RS & GIS means and taking land use map as base map, this paper conducts synthetic analysis on the 1999a TM image (126-043) and the correlation data involving landform, soil, geological map and GPS—database and photo on the spot, and brings forth a map showing the Du’an rocky desertification grades and a digital lithology map. As can be viewed from spatial correlation, the inherent connection is also illuminated between the various levels of rocky desertification and the carbonate lithology.

Combinatorial analysis on spatial information statistics for the karst water environment in Guiyang,China

The karst groundwater system is extremely vulnerable and easily contaminated by human activities.To understand the spatial distribution of contaminants in the groundwater of karst urban areas and contributors to the contamination,this paper employs the spatial information statistics analysis theory and method to analyze the karst groundwater environment in Guiyang City.Based on the karst ground water quality data detected in 61 detection points of the research area in the last three years,we made Kriging evaluation isoline map with some ions in the karst groundwater,such as SO4 2-,Fe 3+,Mn 2+and F -,analyzed and evaluated the spatial distribution,extension and variation of four types of ions on the basis of this isoline map.The results of the analysis show that the anomaly areas of SO4 2-,Fe 3+,Mn 2+,Fand other ions are mainly located in Baba’ao,Mawangmiao and Sanqiao in northwestern Gui- yang City as well as in its downtown area by reasons of the original non-point source pollution and the contamination caused by human activities(industrial and domestic pollution).

The Formation Mechanism of Hydrogeochemical Features in a Karst System During Storm Events as Revealed by Principal Component Analysis

The hydrogeochemical parameters of Jiangjia Spring,the outlet of Qingrnuguan underground river system(QURS) in Chongqing,were found responding rapidly to storm events in late April,2008.A total of 20 kinds of hydrogeochemical parameters,including discharge,specific conductance,pH,water tempera-

Formation of Baiyun Karst Cave Landscapes in the Kongshan Mountain of Lincheng County, Hebei Province

Baiyun Cave in the Kongshan Mountain is a cave which developed mostly in thick-layer oolitic limestone of the Middle Cambrain Zhangxia Formation in the Quaternary period.The spatial distribution of the karst cave was cotrolled by the NNW,NE and near-EW faults.The karst cave system consists of three layers,includes mainly hall type and corridor type,within which there are diversified sedimentary landscapes and corrosion landscapes,especially"Reticular helictite","Jade-hairpin pointing at bottle","Yin and yang jade columns"and many other special landscapes can hardly be found in other karst caves.Influenced by the strong tectonic activities since the Quaternary period,the cave collapsed several times,and landscapes within the cave have been seriously damaged.Study on the landscape formation of karst caves and influence of cave environment changes on its landscape development will contribute to the reasonable development and protection of tourist resources in the cave.

Quantitative classification and discriminant analysis of the karst for

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An approach for wellbore failure analysis using rock cavings and image processing

There have been interests to link different cuttings/cavings to various wellbore failure types during drilling. This concept is essential when caliper and image logs are not available. Identification ofwellbore failure during drilling gives more chance of immediate actions before wireline logging program. In this paper, an approach was presented based on the image processing of ditch cuttings. This approach uses the sphericity and roundness of cuttings as input data to classify caving types and subsequently deter- mine the dominant failure type. Likewise, common definitions of cavings were discussed initially before a new criterion is suggested. This quantitative criterion was examined by observations from caliper and acoustic image logs as well. The proposed approach and criterion were implemented on ditch cuttings taken from a well in Western Australia. Results indicate that the primary failure is shear failure （breakout） due to high levels of angular cavings. However, another failure due to the fluid invasion into pre-existing fractures was also recorded by blocky cavings.