KARST ENVIRONMENT AND ECO-POVERTY IN SOUTH-WESTERN CHINA:A CASE STUDY OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE

Guizhou Province is one of the least developed areas with the largest number of counties in poverty and the widest coverage of karst landscape in China. The vulnerability of its karst eco-environment seriously threatens the survival of local residents and the development of local economy. Rapid population growth results in higher demand of various resources, which leads to more intensive development activities. For example, the blindfolded development on steep slopes has caused rock desertification of local rare soil in this karst area. It has induced a vicious circle in the poverty -> population growth -> ecosystem degradation and so on. About 3.13 x 10(6) people belong to the absolute impoverished population in Guizhou Province and most of them are living in rock-desertification areas. The essential reasons for destitution are the atrocious eco-environment and the huge population stress. Degradation of mountain ecosystems in southwestern China has continued at unprecedented speed and scale in recent decades. It is necessary to control population growth strictly and prevent further expansion of rock-desertification in order to develop local economy and better living conditions for local people. The only way to ensure a sustainable, stable and harmonious development of human, nature and economy is to restore a good condition of eco-environment and resolve the conflicts between human and land use.

Environmental Geochemistry of Fluorine in the Rock-Soil-Water System in the Karst Region of Central Guizhou Province

Systematic determination of and adsorption experiment on fluorine in the carbonate rock\|soil\|water system in the karst region studied in Guizhou Province, in conjunction with the mineral surface and soil chemistry data, have revealed the geochemical characteristics of F and the mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region, central Guizhou Province. Deep\|seated underground waters (-100m or lower) and soil layers in the karst region of central Guizhou are characterized by high\|F anomalies whereas shallow\|level underground and surface waters by low contents of F (mostly lower than 0.5 mg/L). Fluorine in soil and water in the region studied comes largely from Triassic marine strata dominated by gypsum\|bearing carbonate rocks. The special adsorption and desorption of F on the surface of geothite in soil layers are the important mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region studied.

Hydrochemical Variations of the Karstic Spring and Its Environmental Effects

The groundwater was polluted in some extent by pesticides and fertilizers.There are few research on the monitoring groundwater in karst areas at present. This paper list a case study of the jiangjia spring in Qingmuguan karst valley experimental site,ChongQing China.Rainfall and physico-chemical variations of groundwater were monitored by HOBO

On the Karst Ecosystem

In this paper the author gives a definition of the karst ecosystem and discusses the characteristics of the karst environment and karst ecosystem and the relationship between life and the karst environment. Finally he clarifies the structure, driving force and functions of the karst system.

ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT——A Case Study of Southwest China

This paper focuses on migration occurrence as a result of environmental degradation and population growth. It briefly reviews previous practices in some less developed courtries and then considers the extent to which environmental factors have been and may be significant in initiating migration. A case study of the karst region of southwest China is used to illustrate the phenomenon, including root causes, restrictive factors, nature of the migration, desires of migrants, strategies of response and optional policies. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of environmentally caused displacement should be developed.

Natural resources deterioration,environmental degradation and sustainable resetlement in Southwest China

As a consequence of increased population growth and environmental degradation, a particular type of population mobility-environmental migration-has emerged in the Third World. In this paper environmental migration is defined and previous practices in some developing countries are reviewed. A case study of the Karst Region of Southwest China is used to illustrate the phenomenon, including root causes, restrictive factors, nature of the migration, desires of migrants, strategies of response and optional policies. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of environmentally caused displacement should be developed.

The research of Chinese karst ecological hydrology

Karst environment is very common in southwest China. Soil and vegetation are the most sensitive elements for the variation of karst environment. The weathering of carbonate is important soil formation mechanism in karst area, but its soil forming ability is so poor that the thickness of soil layer becomes thin by the water erosion, though the soil loss is insignificant but serious. The karst process, the ecology process, the hydrology process are three important circulation mechanisms in the karst multiple media environment. In the Chinese North and South karst area, the eco-environmental protection and restoration has already been the important part as the national territorial resources and the environmen- tal comprehensive development and management. The character of karst plants mainly depends on the environmental conditions, i.e. lack of water, richness of Ca, poor soil and shortage of organic matter. The plants have low growth pace and low life-form resource; it is vulnerable under the disturbance of irrational human activities. Therefore, the rocky desertification is the final result of karst ecosystem degradation. But ecological condition is severe in the North and South karst area, especially in the south karst stone mountainous area and the north arid karst area. There are many problems with the eco-environmental protection and restoration. This paper takes the karst multiple media environment as a core, comprehensively discusses the relations of the three processes – karst, hydrology, and ecology, and puts forward the direction of the research on karst ecology hydrology and the future.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REHABILITATION IN THE KARST OF SOUTHWEST CHINA

The Karst of Southwest China is a typical representative of poverty stricken region with impoverishment-degradation spiral. To essentially break away from this vicious circle, the local ecology, economy and society should be rehabilitated, and hence to strengthen the self-development capacity building of the localities. Two considerations are stressed in this article: (1) Poverty alleviation is a system project with great complexities. Any single approach is difficult to success and integrated measures should be taken. (2) Some typical and feasible areas should be selected to demonstrate the project of poverty alleviation and ecological, socio-economic reconstruction. Then, they can be used as a model to promote the sustainable development of the whole region. Based upon these ideals, a project entitled “Reversal of Impoverishment-Degradation Spiral in the Karst of Southwest China' was proposed and has been listed in 《Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21》.

中亚热带典型岩溶森林植物多样性与环境因子关系的研究

为深入了解岩溶石山森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性及其与环境因子的关系,该研究通过群落学调查、功能性状和环境因子的测定,结合方差分析、多重比较和冗余分析等统计方法,对桂林岩溶石山落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林的物种多样性和功能多样性进行对比分析,探究环境因子对不同植被类型物种多样性与功能多样性的影响机制。结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林的Patrick丰富度指数显著高于落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林;Pielou均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(2)常绿阔叶林的功能丰富度指数显著高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;功能均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林中最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(3)冗余分析结合蒙特卡洛随机置换检验结果显示,落叶阔叶林物种多样性主要受林冠开阔度和土壤水溶钙影响;功能多样性则受到土壤水溶钙和岩石裸露率的影响;岩石裸露率和土壤厚度是影响常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性和功能多样性的主要制约因子。此外,物种多样性还受到土壤速效氮的显著影响;常绿阔叶林物种多样性和功能多样性主要受岩石裸露率、土壤含水量和土壤厚度的显著影响。该研究结果揭示了不同森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性对非生物环境变化的响应,拓展了对岩溶石山物种多样性和功能多样性的认识,为岩溶石山生物多样性保护提供了进一步的参考依据。

北热带喀斯特季节性雨林随机体的分布特征及其影响因素

基于弄岗15-hm2喀斯特季节性雨林动态监测样地2021年的野外复查数据,本研究对林分整体和优势种的随机体分布特征进行分析,并从生活型和环境因子角度探讨随机体的影响因素。结果显示,无论是林分整体还是优势种的角尺度分布中,随机体频率均最高,在0.5以上。林分整体和优势种角尺度分布均为随机分布。乔木分布格局为随机分布,灌木为聚集分布,且随机体比例均超过55%。原有植株个体数、平均胸径、平均海拔、地形湿润度指数和坡度对随机体的解释率较高。综上所述,我们认为,随机体在喀斯特天然林中占据主导地位,其分布受林木生活型、生物因素以及复杂地形条件的共同影响。

裸露型岩溶区人类活动输入对地下河水化学的影响

地下河是西南岩溶水的重要赋存形式,在区域人畜供水中发挥重要作用,裸露型岩溶区因其特殊水文地质结构,地下河易受到人类活动输入的影响。利用水文地球化学分析、水化学演化图(Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram,HFE-D)、环境同位素辨析等多手段研究人类活动输入对开阳地下河水化学的影响。结果表明:阴阳主要离子分别是HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+),水化学类型为HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg,主要受控于岩石风化控制,但地下河系统中SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)及Cl^(-)受到南部县城、垃圾填埋场和渣场输入的影响。HFE-D发现地下河下游始终处于受影响状态,δ^(34) S-SO_(4)^(2-)同位素表明SO_(4)^(2-)主要来源生活污水输入(71%),其次是大气降雨(22%)。δ^(15) N-NO_(3)^(-)-δ^(18) O-NO_(3)^(-)同位素计算显示NO_(3)^(-)主要来源于污水排放(42%)、大气降雨(37%)和农业输入(21%),地下河系统的开放性不利于氮素的反硝化降解。

基于生态系统敏感性与服务功能的桂林喀斯特景观资源分区治理研究

【研究目的 】桂林是全球喀斯特地貌的典型代表,也是中国重要的生态脆弱区,近年来因人类活动导致的喀斯特景观资源退化严重,开展桂林喀斯特景观资源评价与治理研究,对于实现区域生态保护修复和社会经济高质量发展具有重要意义。【研究方法 】以桂林国家可持续发展议程创新示范区为研究区,选取水土流失、石漠化、土地利用、岩性进行生态敏感性评价;选取水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性、地貌景观进行生态系统服务功能评价。【研究结果 】研究区水土流失和石漠化敏感性以轻度和一般敏感性为主,占区域喀斯特总面积的67.04%~76.24%,土地利用和岩性敏感性以高度和极敏感占主导,占比52.12%~62.21%;水源涵养和土壤保持功能重要性表现为一般重要,占比36.23%~51.87%,生物多样性维护和地貌景观表现为高度重要,占比37.99%~44.26%。基于生态系统敏感性与服务功能综合计算的景观保护重要性显示为中等以上等级,其面积占区域喀斯特总面积的83.57%。【结论 】依据景观保护重要性评价结果,将研究区划分为农林景观功能提升区、湿地与水景观修复区、矿山景观修复区、地质景观修复区和石漠化景观修复区等,提出了景观恢复与水资源调控、喀斯特地质景观保护与生态循环产业协同发展等治理模式,研究为桂林市喀斯特景观资源可持续利用、生态环境保护和综合规划提供科学依据。

岩溶地下水开发利用及环境保护地质工程研究

隨着国民经济发展,需要建设更多的水利工程,包括蓄水工程、引调水工程、提水工程、地下水开采工程等,其开发建设条件越来受到限制,且工程投资较大,受生态环境、资源开发利用的制约,也受到地形地质条件限制。岩溶水循环带水动力类型研究划分,不仅有利于研究各类型岩溶地下水水动力特征、岩溶发育规律及岩溶地下水运动规律,还有利于解决岩溶水利工程的建库方案,解决引调水、输水工程、矿坑开采工程的岩溶环境工程地质问题,为其充分利用开发、保护岩溶地下水资源都具有重要意义。

高寒岩溶土壤微生物群落组成及其多样性

高寒岩溶是四川黄龙风景区独特的地质特征。为分析高寒岩溶区土壤微生物群落组成特征与土壤理化性质间的相关性,以黄龙风景区土壤为研究对象,对土壤细菌的16SrRNA基因序列和真菌ITS序列进行高通量测序。结果表明:不同岩溶区的土壤细菌多样性和丰富度具有显著差异,但土壤真菌差异不显著,且土壤细菌群落占主导地位;细菌群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为主;真菌群落以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主,真菌在门和属水平的差异较大。冗余分析发现总磷和温度是黄龙风景区土壤微生物群落结构变化的重要环境因子,pH是第二重要的环境因子。

基于AHP的岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估应用与实践

对广西岩溶区废弃矿井进行环境风险评估。基于广西岩溶区139口废弃矿井的实际情况和环境因素,综合考虑了源、径、汇3项指标以及矿种类型等9个因子,利用层次分析法确定了岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估影响因子及其权重值,结合数据分析和专家打分构建判断矩阵对废弃矿井环境风险进行了分级评估。影响因子的重要性从大到小依次为矿种类型、水源地、矿种数量、地下水系统、土地、开拓类型、含水层岩性、废弃时间、建井结构。通过赋值计算,发现中、高风险废弃矿井占比较大,占比高达93.53%。高风险废弃矿井分布最多的为桂林(占比50.00%)和河池(占比15.79%)。该评价结果与实际调查情况相符,有一定的可靠性和实用性,可为后续其他岩溶地区的废弃矿井环境风险评估和管理提供参考。

基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力测算及影响因子探讨——以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例

针对现有岩溶洞穴环境承载力主题研究不足的现状,以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例,通过TLS获取溶洞点云数据,建立精细三维模型。根据旅游溶洞规划设计要求,利用研究区安全水位线高度对初始模型进行切割和面片提取,去除安全水位线下部模型,得到旅游洞穴空间模型,准确计算游客游览空间。在此基础上,综合考虑CO_(2)浓度、热量、灯光、河流等多种洞穴环境影响因子,对传统生态环境容量法进行改进,建立基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力数学模型,测算尚未开发洞穴的最大环境承载力,从而更好地指导岩溶洞穴开发设计。通过与传统测算方法从理论及结果进行对比分析发现,洞穴旅游环境承载力的最大限制因子是热量。根据测算结果,瞬时承载力最大相差19146人,全天承载力最大相差123189人,本文方法更加科学合理,更加符合实际情况。

鄂西南清渔河间地块地质特征与铁路选线研究

某拟建铁路地质背景独特,工程地质及水文地质条件复杂,需查明主要工程地质问题,开展基于减灾理念的综合选线研究,针对地质问题采取工程措施规避灾害风险。研究表明:清渔河间地块岩溶与岩溶水系统、环境水文条件、卸荷式地质灾害、页岩气生成与存储等多种地质问题控制铁路通行方案的选择;经专项研究将清渔河间地块岩溶系统细分为5个大区、21个小区,开展人口分布与可利用水资源分级分析,卸荷式地质灾害和页岩气发育规律及影响评价;多方案综合比选,找出可通行方案,提出结合施工组织、环境水文生态保障、工程施工运营风险等多因素统筹考虑的方案研究建议。

西南喀斯特石漠化治理植物选择与生态适应性

在概述喀斯特生境特征和主要石漠化治理模式的基础上,对石漠化主要治理植物物种进行了统计分析,从干旱、土壤质量、小生境异质性和地形海拔等方面对石漠化治理植物物种的生态适应性研究进了简要评述。结合现有研究基础和国家对西南喀斯特石漠化区主体生态功能的定位,提出了加强石漠化治理特色植物物种选育研究;治理植物物种生境适应性研究;石漠化治理过程中的植被演替规律研究;不同石漠化治理植被恢复模式的适用性与治理综合效益的监测与评价研究等四个主要研究方向。