Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.

Isotope Hydrogeological Study of Karst Water in the Lu' an Mining District and the Xin'ancun Spring Basin, Shanxi

Isotope hydrogeological study has shown that the water supply exploration area in the Lu' an coal mine may be divided into four zones of hydrodynamic conditions and the Xin'ancun Spring Basin where the mine is located may be divided into three Middle Ordovician karst water systems. This paper discusses the features of recharge, runoff and discharge of karst water in various zones, and hydrogeological parameters such as the age, flow rate and natural recharge of karst water have been estimated.

Exploration of Water Resource and Multiple Model for Water Resource Development in Karst Areas with the Preferred Plane Theory

According to the theory of preferred plane, preferred planes (faults) alwayscontrol the distribution of bedrock fissure water and hold abundant groundwater. Thus, theexploration of fissure or karst water can be converted into searching for the watery preferred plane(WPP). In the paper, the characteristic of watery preferred planes is analyzed and a series ofsuperior indices has been set up. It is introduced that WPPs are determined by the methods ofgeological analysis, superior index and complex geophysical analysis. Meanwhile, new multiple modelfor water resource development in the water-scarce areas of karst mountainous regions are advanced.

塔里木盆地塔河北部“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体发育特征及其成因

为了研究塔里木盆地塔河北部强剥蚀区海西早期古岩溶洞穴发育特征,用古地貌恢复、岩溶水系统分析、测井-岩心洞穴识别和地震属性刻画等方法进行了YQ5井区的洞穴类型样式识别、缝洞结构刻画和洞穴成因演化研究。研究结果表明:YQ5井区在塔河油田Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号古岩溶台地北部的地势平缓区,总体为多期次岩溶叠加改造后的残留地貌,主要发育幅差较小的溶峰洼地、溶丘洼地和溶丘平原,南部发育NE向展布的峰丛垄脊沟谷。与塔河油田主体区及斜坡区不同,YQ5井区地下和地表水系的流向与地貌趋势不一致,岩溶水系统遭受构造作用破坏,导致补给、径流和排泄的岩溶水循环过程不完整。YQ5井区主要发育暗河型洞穴和“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体。暗河型洞穴充填较为严重,洞穴的有效储集空间受到破坏,影响油气开发效果。岩溶台地的构造抬升造成区域侵蚀基准面的下降,顺走滑断裂的垂向侵蚀作用有利于“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体的持续发育和保存,油气开发效果好。“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体的发育主控因素为走滑断裂、地层剥蚀强度和负向地貌。与塔河古岩溶台地演化过程一致,YQ5井区的岩溶演化经历深切曲流期、岩溶改造期和下渗断溶期3个阶段。暗河型洞穴被持续改造破坏,断溶体则持续建造。

北方岩溶区降水入渗补给系数及补给机制:以羊庄岩溶水系统为例

为建立北方岩溶区水文地质参数系列,提高岩溶地下水可采资源计算精度,笔者团队于20世纪80年代开始,在山东羊庄封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统开展了岩溶水均衡试验研究,积累了40余年的监测试验数据。根据长期野外水均衡要素观测资料,推导出裸露型、半覆盖型和覆盖型岩溶区降水入渗补给系数计算公式,建立了岩溶区降水入渗补给系数α与降水量P和地下水位埋深D的相关方程,以及可调控的最大降水入渗补给系数系列,揭示了降水入渗补给过程与α变化机制。结果表明:α随水位埋深D的改变而改变,每个降水量P段分别对应一个最大降水入渗补给系数α_(max)和最大降水入渗补给量即补给极限G_(max),相应的水位埋深便是最佳水位埋深D_(critical)。D>D_(critical)时,包气带截留量随着水位埋深的增大而增大,α<α_(max);D<D_(critical)时,地表径流量随着地下水位埋深的减小而增大,α<α_(max)。不同的降水量段对应不同的D_(critical),降水量增大时,对应的α_(max)及D_(critical)也增大。在任意水位埋深时,G_(max)为蓄满产流临界降水量与包气带最大截流量之差。本研究解决了岩溶区降水入渗补给的关键科学问题,即揭示降水入渗补给机制、建立降水入渗补给系数与降水量和水位埋深的定量关系,提升了我国北方岩溶水资源基础性研究水平。

山东莱芜侯家沟—西泉河地区岩溶塌陷成因浅析

莱芜侯家沟—西泉河地区断裂构造、裂隙岩溶水水文地质条件复杂。该文在系统分析侯家沟—西泉河地区水文地质条件、岩溶塌陷发生历史及规模的基础上,总结了区内岩溶塌陷成因。研究表明:区内岩溶塌陷主要发生在浅部岩溶发育的侯家沟和泉河地区,发生时间多为每年汛期雨中或雨后的一段时期内,主要是岩溶地下水的频繁大幅度波动(波动范围16~40 m)造成的浅部溶洞上覆厚度约4~15 m的黏质砂土、砂质黏土遭到破坏,进而产生塌陷。

Effects of acid mine drainage on photochemical and biological degradation of dissolved organic matter in karst river water

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)can be removed or transformed by photochemical and biological processes,producing the negative effect of transforming organic carbon into inorganic carbon,which plays a vital role in the karst carbon cycle.However,acid mine drainage(AMD)will affect this process,so the degradation of DOM in karst river water(KRW)needs to be studied in this context.In this study,to reveal the evolution processes of DOM under photochemical and biological conditions in AMD-impacted KRW,AMD and KRW were mixed in different ratios under conditions of visible light irradiation(VL),biodegradation(BD),ultraviolet irradiation(UV)and ultraviolet irradiation+biodegradation(UV+BD).The average DOC concentrations in samples after mixing AMD and KRW in different proportions decreased significantly(by 23%)in UV+BD,which was 1.2–1.4 times higher than under the other conditions and would lead to a significant release of inorganic carbon.Further analysis of the fluorescence parameters via parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)revealed that the DOM fluorescence components in AMD comprised mainly protein-like substances derived from autochthonous components,while the DOM fluorescence components in KRW were mainly humic-like substances with both autochthonous and allochthonous sources.Therefore,AMD could promote both the photochemical and biological degradation of DOM in karst receiving streams,resulting in the conversion of DOC to inorganic carbon.The results showed that the synergistic effects of UV+BD and AMD accelerated the degradation of DOM and the release of inorganic carbon in KRW,thus affecting the stability of the karst carbon cycle.

济南泉域岩溶水系统硝酸盐空间分布及溯源解析

人为活动产生的硝酸盐(NO_(3)^(-))污染是北方岩溶泉域面临的最普遍的环境问题之一.以济南泉域为研究对象,于2020年9月采集地下水和地表水样品共30件,综合利用水化学分析方法耦合硝酸盐氮氧同位素(δ^(15)NNO_(3)和δ^(18)ONO_(3))示踪技术,分析研究区NO_(3)^(-)来源及空间分布.结果表明,研究区主要阴、阳离子浓度从高到低依次为HCO_(3)->SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)>NO_(3)^(-)、Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>Mg^(2+)>K+,水化学类型以HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca为主.地下水NO_(3)^(-)浓度平均值(37.93 mg·L^(-1))高于地表水(10.15 mg·L^(-1)).有7个地下水采样点明显受到NO_(3)^(-)污染,超标率为27%,上游补给区及下游汇集排泄区采样点地下水NO_(3)^(-)浓度较高,而径流区采样点地下水NO_(3)^(-)浓度相对偏低.NO_(3)^(-)浓度主要受到无N形态转化的混合过程的影响,反硝化作用并不显著.δ^(15)N和δ^(18)O值范围分别为1.05‰-14.43‰和-7.92‰-22.94‰,MixSIAR模型计算结果显示,粪便和污水对地下水和地表水NO_(3)^(-)的贡献率最大,分别为39.9%和51.5%,其次为土壤氮及降雨和化肥中的NH4+,大气沉降的贡献率最低,说明粪便和污水是该区NO_(3)^(-)污染的主要来源,也可能有土壤有机氮和化肥的混合.

MODFLOW-CFPv2 模型在岩溶隧道突涌水及对地下水环境影响中的应用: 以云南鹤庆锰矿沟岩溶水系统为例

滇中地区构造复杂、岩溶发育,隧洞突涌水及泉流量衰减是隧洞施工过程中最棘手的问题之一。锰矿沟岩溶水系统岩溶管道化程度高,岩溶裂隙与岩溶管道2种含水介质差异显著。采用MODFLOW-CFPv2双重介质数值模型对锰矿沟岩溶水系统展开数值模拟研究,精细刻画岩溶管道与引水隧洞,进而掌握隧洞施工对地下水流场影响以及泉流量变化的规律。结果表明:(1)MODFLOW-CFPv2模型能够刻画岩溶地区复杂的地质结构,较好地模拟研究区地下水位的动态特征和岩溶泉流量响应特征。(2)在强排工况下隧洞单位长度最大涌水量为164 m^(3)/(d·m),单位长度稳定涌水量为69 m^(3)/(d·m),锰矿沟岩溶泉流量也出现显著下降的趋势,在模拟期内平均泉流量从天然条件下1578 L/s下降至1098 L/s,总体减少了30.4%;峰值泉流量从2133 L/s下降至1375 L/s,减少了35.5%,强排工况施工会对隧洞工程施工和地下水环境造成显著影响;限排工况下隧洞单位长度最大涌水量为39 m^(3)/(d·m),单位长度稳定涌水量为24 m^(3)/(d·m),隧洞单位长度涌水量显著降低,锰矿沟岩溶泉流量的下降趋势也得到了一定程度的改善,模拟期内平均泉流量降低至1284 L/s,减少了18.6%,峰值泉流量降低至1617 L/s,减少了22.1%。采用的MODFLOW-CFPv2双重介质模型具有较精确刻画岩溶区管道、溶洞、裂隙共存的高度非均质岩溶水系统的能力,能够定量评价香炉山隧洞施工对锰矿沟岩溶水系统地下水流场及泉流量的影响,为香炉山隧洞工程的突涌水灾害防治提供参考依据,也为岩溶地区复杂地质条件下地下水研究提供借鉴经验。

黄河流域长孝岩溶水系统水文地质特征及蓄水模式分析

基于在黄河流域长孝岩溶水系统开展的1∶5万水文地质调查工作,系统总结了该水文地质单元的边界条件、含水岩组分布及富水性空间分布特征,分析了区内地下水补给、径流、排泄条件与地下水动态变化特征,探讨了黄河长孝单元与周边地下水的相互作用。黄河向北侧补给孔隙水,向南侧补给孔隙水及岩溶水,其中对孔隙水侧渗补给带范围至王营村—庞道口—太平庄—姚河门村一带,对岩溶水补给主要发生在望口山村至柳河圈村一带、孝里镇胜利村附近。圈定了以朱砂洞组为含水岩组的双泉镇段店村裂隙岩溶水富水地段、以三山子组马家沟群为含水岩组的归德孝里马集裂隙岩溶水富水地段,分析其富水机理,总结了层间岩溶断层阻水型及单斜断裂型两种基岩蓄水构造模式,可为该区域找水定井提供参考。

线状排泄带对地下岩溶发育的控制及富水区形成的作用——以费县岩溶含水系统为例

为了在费县寒武-奥陶纪碳酸盐岩分布区寻找富水区,建设集中供水的水源地,通过河水流量监测、水文地质钻探、动态监测等勘查和试验手段,查明了费县岩溶含水系统的含水层主要为炒米店组至八陡组碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶含水岩组。含水层具有相对封闭的边界条件和基本统一的水动力场和水化学场。该系统分为补给区、补给径流区和汇集排泄区,岩溶最大发育深度分别为132m、200m、300m,含水介质由溶蚀裂隙、溶孔渐变为溶穴、溶洞。研究认为:线状排泄带的形成与地形南北高沿河低、北部弱透水岩层的阻挡和河床岩溶含水层直接裸露有关。沿浚河、温凉河、祊河岩溶水的线状排泄带对岩溶发育的强度和深度有重要的控制作用。主要线状排泄带附近形成了单井涌水量5000~10000m~3/d和大于10000m~3/d的强富水区,为费县城市生活和工业集中供水的优选地段。

山东省泰安市岩溶地下水系统划分及循环模式分析

为细化岩溶水系统划分,以更加精细地进行岩溶水资源开发与利用,对山东省泰安市岩溶地下水系统进行厘定,分析了其岩溶水循环模式。结果表明:泰安市岩溶地下水资源丰富但分布不均,依据划分原则与方法,可划分为2个一级岩溶水地下水系统,6个二级岩溶地下水系统;岩溶水循环模式分为单斜盆地循环模式和岩溶断块循环模式两类,不同循环模式具有相对不同的循环特征与规律。依据水文地质条件不同,岩溶水循环可分为浅、中、深三种循环机理。

A review of water resources utilization and protection in Southwest China

Yunnan and Guizhou are two provinces in Southwest China where in recent years drought disasters have occurred due to natural and human factors. This paper reviewed literature and summarized the related achievements of water resources utilization and protection in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. rivers, and karst ground water in the two provinces, and also This included characters and utilization of precipitation, the various explanations of drought （climate and human factors） and strategies for coping with droughts. Our concluding remarks highlight three lines of future studies： inequalities and equitable use of water distribution, better evaluation systems, and raising awareness through conservation practices.

塔河油田海西运动早期岩溶水系统划分及特征

塔里木盆地塔河油田中—下奥陶统海西运动早期地表及地下岩溶形态多样,地下岩溶缝洞系统中油气资源丰富。根据高精度地震资料及钻井资料,统一地下及地表水系统,构建了塔河油田中—下奥陶统海西运动早期岩溶水系统。研究结果表明:塔河油田中—下奥陶统在海西运动早期发育4个岩溶台地,总体呈东高西低阶梯分布,岩溶水差异化排泄和溶蚀作用造成各岩溶台地发育峡谷、伏流、深切曲流、宽谷等不同水文地貌形态;岩溶水系统的边界主要为地表分水岭、排泄基准面、地层岩性组合、断裂和弱溶蚀带;塔河油田岩溶水系统划分为4个相对独立的二级岩溶水系统,分别为高原峡谷水系统、伏流峡谷水系统、深切曲流水系统和宽谷水系统;岩溶水系统层级结构的划分为深化塔河油田岩溶缝洞系统和岩溶缝洞单元认识提供地质依据。

MODFLOW-CFP软件在岩溶水系统数值模拟应用中的若干关键问题

MODFLOW-CFP软件很好地解决了管道流与含水层连续介质地下水渗流的耦合问题以及管道中水流运动的层流−紊流转换问题,为岩溶管道型地下水系统的定量研究提供了一个适用的数值模拟平台,近年来也在工程实际中得到了较多的应用。为了更好地利用和推广该软件在岩溶地下水系统定量平价和研究中的应用,避免新方法在实际应用中的盲目性,文章结合MODFLOW-CFP软件自身的特点、岩溶水系统常见的水循环特征及其在实际应用中存在的一些关键问题,从地下水数值模拟的基本要求出发,探讨如何通过一些有针对性且相对比较容易开展的野外岩溶水文地质调查、降雨−流量(水位)高分辨率监测、地下水示踪试验和综合分析研究等工作,提取MODFLOW-CFP模型所需的关键结构要素、水文地质参数以及模型识别的目标函数,进而提高复杂岩溶水系统地下水数值模型的仿真度和预测精度,推动岩溶地下水定量研究的发展。

Influence of droughts on remote villages in the karst region of Guizhou Province, China: Causes and control

Even though the precipitation is abundant in the Karst region of Guizhou Province, remote villages in this area frequently suffer severe droughts. This paper studied the causes of droughts in this region through field investigation and references collection. Based on the cause analysis, some suggestions were provided for hazard prevention and control from an engineering perspective. Besides occasional extreme weathers, the drought in this area is primarily caused by its unique geological structures of Karst plateau and underdeveloped agricultural techniques. Meanwhile, the vicious cycle between drought and poverty, which causes the deficiency of water conservancy facilities and hazard prevention awareness, is an important reason for the frequent occurrence of agricultural and socioeconomic drought. Considering the social and economic conditions of remote villages, the long-term control of drought can only be realized if current measures are capable of bring immediate effects and benefits. Therefore, the construction of well-planned and designed water conservancy system based on each village's natural and social conditions are the priority for current hazard prevention. Generally, the exploitation of subterranean river should be considered as the first choice to stabilize the water supply for remote villages. Meanwhile, the construction and improvement of micro water conservancy facilities, such as small water tank, small pond and so on, can effectively support the water providence during droughts as well.