KINEMATIC WAVE PROPERTIES OF ANISOTROPIC DYNAMICS MODEL FOR TRAFFIC FLOW

The analyses of kinematic wave properties of a new dynamics model for traffic flow are carried out. The model does not exhibit the problem that one characteristic speed is always greater than macroscopic traffic speed, and therefore satisfies the requirement that traffic flow is anisotropic. Linear stability analysis shows that the model is stable under certain condition and the condition is obtained. The analyses also indicate that the model has a hierarchy of first- and second-order waves and allows the existence of both smooth traveling wave and shock wave. However, the model has a distinctive criterion of shock wave compared with other dynamics models, and the distinction makes the model more realistic in dealing with some traffic problems such as wrong-way travel analysis.

Practical approach to determining traffic congestion propagation boundary due to traffic incidents

A practical approach for predicting the congestion boundary due to traffic incidents was proposed. Based on the kinematic wave theory and Van Aerde single-regime flow model, a model for estimating the congestion propagation speed for the basic road segment was developed. Historical traffic flow data were used to analyze the time variant characteristics of the urban traffic flow for each road type. Then, the saturation flow rate was used for analyzing the impact of the traffic incident on the traversing traffic flow at the congestion area. The base congestion propagation speed for each road type was calculated based on field data, which were provided by the remote traffic microwave sensors(RTMS), floating car data(FCD) system and screen line survey. According to a comparative analysis of the congestion propagation speed, it is found that the expressway, major arterial, minor arterial and collector are decreasingly influenced by the traffic incident. Subsequently, the impact of turning movements at intersections on the congestion propagation was considered. The turning ratio was adopted to represent the impact of turning movements, and afterward the corresponding propagation pattern at intersections was analyzed. Finally, an implementation system was designed on a geographic information system(GIS) platform to display the characteristics of the congestion propagation over the network. The validation results show that the proposed approach is able to capture the congestion propagation properties in the actual road network.

AN IMPROVED NUMERICAL METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS IN WAVE KINEMATICS

The prediction of wave kinematics is a necessary basis for ocean engineering design. In this article, an improved method to calculate the wave kinematics especially in the crest region is presented. This method is based on the local approximation method. According to one measured wave surface, the proposed solution focuses on a Fourier series expansion in a somewhat larger segment of the wave surface record. The horizontal and vertical kinematics under the wave crest can be directly predicted. Good agreement between the numerical results and the theoretical Stokes waves verifies the validity of the numerical model. The effectiveness of the numerical method is also proved by the calculation of the wave kinematics of the laboratory focused wave groups.

Experimental research on kinematics of breaking waves

One important kinematic propertie of breaking waves is the wave celerity. Constant wave celerity has been used for the wave breaking criterion by many researchers. However, this approach does not consider the variation of wave celerity at different phases before breaking. Hence, this article examines the aspects of the wave breaking criterion and dynamics of wave celerity before wave breaking. Breaking waves were generated using the JONSWAP focused spectrum and a semi-empirical formula for the wave celerity estimation was established.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF THE KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PROPAGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC STATIONARY WAVES

Time-mean global general circulation data are employed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of the meridional gradient of zonal mean potential vorticity,the critical wavenumber n_s for horizontal wave- propagation,and the critical wavenumber K_c for vertical wave-propagation.Thereby the kinematic charac- teristics in the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves and their annual variations are studied.Results show that in the troposphere n_s and K_c usually decrease with the increase of either latitude or altitude. Synoptic and near-resonant Rossby waves could be trapped during their upward and meridional propagations. These characteristics possess prominent annual variations,especially in the Northern Hemisphere.It is found that the spatial and temporal variations of these kinematic characteristics are in good agreement with those of the atmospheric wave patterns.

城市绿地产流影响因素与径流系数取值的多方法比较

为明确城市绿地产流过程的影响因素,比较不同径流系数计算方法的原理和特征,以北京城市绿地为例,采用理论计算、模型模拟和试验实测3类方法,比较KW(kinematic wave)方程、SCS-CN(soil conservation service curve number)算法、Hydrus-1D模型和试验测试4种方式,定量分析在不同降雨、土壤、地形条件下的产流过程、影响因素及其对应的径流系数。研究表明,降雨量(重现期)、雨型、土壤物理性质(渗透性、前期湿润程度等)、绿地坡度等因素对产流过程有较大影响,不同条件和算法下绿地径流系数取值为0~0.53。建议在工程应用中,应结合场地条件和设计目标,选择适宜的径流系数确定方法和模型参数。研究成果可为我国城市绿地的径流系数研究提供参考。