Researches on the Differences of Kinship Systems

Kinship system is the way to determine the family members. Based on the Whorfian Hypothesis, this paper takes Chinese and English kinship terms as the research object to make an analysis about the relationship between language and culture from the perspective of sociolinguistics, expecting to find out the major differences and explore the factors leading to them.

早期中国嫡庶之分与宗法制度形成--基于王国维《殷周制度论》的哲学反思

王国维《殷周制度论》指出,立子立嫡之制是周人对殷商“兄终弟及”王位继承制度的突破和创新。天子在众多公子中选拔接班人,难免任意性、随机性,容易导致祸乱事变。周政的特点是让政治道德化,让道德政治化,使血亲社会化,使社会宗法化。血缘关系是生来如此而并非后天人力所为。把血缘关系上升到一种天定法则的高度予以确认,等于在为“亲亲”之制建构可靠根基。以嫡系长房、长孙为大宗,血缘正统可靠,是“百世不迁之宗”,秉承先祖恩德最隆最多;而以庶子系统、旁支所出为小宗,是先祖余泽播撒。“五世而迁之宗”要求小宗超过五世则剔出丧服范围。“大宗维翰”而具有核心地位,“宗子维城”则能够起到拱卫、守护作用。对别子小宗和别子大宗强调尊过去的祖,无疑是变相要求他们尊现在的王。依据亲亲尊尊法则所建构出的宗法社会,以一种向内挖掘亲和力而不是向外诉诸神力的形上方式,来实现一种具有儒家鲜明特色的王道普遍性。

Density But Not Kinship Regulates the Growth and Developmental Traits of Chinese Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis) Tadpoles

Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chinese tiger frog Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as an experimental model to investigate the effects of kinship and density on growth and development of this species over a 73 day period. The results showed that density can affect the growth and developmental traits （survival rate, larval period, size at the limb bud protrusion/metamorphic climax and body mass at different life stages） of H. chinensis tadpoles, while kinship does not. Tadpoles took longer to develop and potential metamorphosis was greater in high density groups of both sibling and non-siblings. The interaction of kinship and density did not significantly influenced growth traits of H. chinensis tadpoles during the experimental period. For coefficient variations of each growth trait, no differences were detected between sibling and non-sibling groups. These findings provide valuable information on the basic ecology of H. chinensis which will be helpful in future studies of other anuran species.

English & Chinese Kinship Terms and Their Cultural Roots

Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.The cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms exist in several aspects.The causes of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms are various,and the major aspects we will consider are history,like different patriarchal clan system;worldview,like different ideas of birth and numbers of birth;different social organization and system changes of social system.

A Study of Kinship Terms in Thai from the Culture and Cognitive Perspectives

The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.

Using non-destructive sampling to evaluate the population genomic status of captive Brown Eared Pheasants

Evaluating the genetic status of threatened species is an essential task in conservation genetics.However,the genetic status of threatened species has been mostly evaluated through techniques that fail to estimate genetic diversity at the whole genomic level.Next generation sequencing can meet this demand,but high quality samples such as blood or muscle tissues are required.However,it is difficult to collect such samples from threatened species because sampling work may impact their health.Therefore,it is essential to design a workflow to evaluate the whole genomic status of threatened species using non-destructive sampling.Even though non-destructive sampling has been used in traditional barcoding technique,the barcoding technique cannot evaluate the whole genomic status.Brown Eared Pheasant(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)is an endangered species,with captive populations maintained in Taiyuan Zoo,China,and Europe.However,the genetic diversity,inbreeding pattern,and mutation load of these two populations are unclear.To uncover the genetic status of these two captive populations,we applied 2b-RAD technology to evaluate the genomic status of these populations using feathers as samples.The feathers could be collected by non-destructive sampling.The results indicate that the Taiyuan Zoo population has a lower genetic diversity and higher inbreeding coefficient than the European population.The Taiyuan Zoo population has lethal mutations when homozygous.The current project uses a non-destructive sampling technique to evaluate the whole genomic status of the two captive populations,providing a paradigm for conservation genetics,which will facilitate the development of conservation biology.

Relatedness dynamics and sex-biased dispersal in a seasonal cycle of corn mice from intensively managed agroecosystems

The sex-biased dispersal and kinship dynamics are important factors shaping the spatial distribution of individuals and are key parameters affecting a variety of ecological and evolutionary processes.Here,we studied the spatial distribution of related individuals within a population of corn mice Calomys musculinus in a seasonal cycle to infer dispersal patterns.The sampling was carried out from spring 2005 to winter 2006 in field borders of intensively managed agroecosystems.Genotyping data from 346 individuals with 9 microsatellites showed spatial genetic structure was weak for males,but not for females.The results indicate a complex spatial kinship dynamic of related females across all seasons.Which,contrary to our expectations,dispersal distances decrease with the increase of the population abundance.Meanwhile,male dispersal distances were greater when population abundance increased and thus the availability of active females.Males disperse greater distances to mate and sire offspring with distant females as a possible inbreeding avoidance mechanism.This study shows that C.musculinus is capable of much greater scattering distances than previously reported and that dispersal occurs fluidly and without barriers across the agroecosystem.The indirect benefit of dispersal on individual fitness could be related to relaxing the competition in the natal area and increasing the mating rate.Our study highlights the value of combining genetic relatedness,fieldwork observations,and behavioral data to estimate dispersal at a fine geographical scale.

微卫星技术在高原鼠兔繁殖行为研究中的应用

20 0 2年 4～ 8月 ,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站对高原鼠兔的种群进行标志重捕 ,用眶下取血法对标志的鼠兔各取血样 10 0 μL ,使用 8对引物对血样中的DNA微卫星序列进行扩增。结果每对引物所扩增的产物都具有明显的多态性 ;结合野外行为观察对这些多态性位点进行分析 ,基本上对当年出生幼体的父权进行了准确的确定 ;从中发现高原鼠兔的交配体制为多配制 ,其家庭中存在等级制度 ,处于统治地位的雄性的繁殖成功率明显高于处于从属地位的雄性个体。上述工作表明微卫星技术在动物行为研究中具有很高的优越性 ,在高原鼠兔社会动态、亲缘关系和行为进化等研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。

土族通婚圈的实地调查与分析——以大庄村为个案

本文以土族婚姻圈的现状调查作为研究主题,基于对某一典型土族村庄的实证调查与个案研究,以微观的社区视角进行较为深入的分析,以期作为相关研究的个案补充,为相应的通婚圈理论研究提供和补充新的材料。文章从族群、宗教、地域等视角探讨了土族的择偶标准、通婚圈的开放程度、通婚距离及其影响因素等。

双系亲属法与亲属制度的多样性

中国的婚姻法是一部以双系血缘制度为基本原则的亲属法,中国56个民族的传统文化和社会实践都遵循这一基本原则吗?通过介绍汉人、纳人、奕车人、拉祜人和景颇人等民族或族群的血亲制度,并对这些制度进行比较研究,指出了在表面相似的一夫一妻制形式下隐藏着巨大的文化多样性。据此,对少数民族地区自治条例的细化和传统文化保护提出了一些基本问题。

欧盟国家人口老龄化及其对社会经济政策的影响

在未来 15年里 ,欧盟国家人口年龄结构将发生很大的变化 ,其中老年人口尤其高龄人口群 (80岁及以上 )比例增加较快。持续的低生育率和不断延长的人口预期寿命是加快人口老龄化进程的根本原因。人口老龄化带来一系列的社会经济影响 ,主要反映在劳动力资源及相关政策 ,老年福利制度 ,养老金制度 ,健康照料制度和移民政策等方面。

文化的建构与实践:永宁摩梭人亲属制度再研究

亲属称谓作为人类学中一个独特的研究领域,有其独特的性质。生活在泸沽湖周边的永宁摩梭人因独特的社会形态、两性关系与家庭组织而使其亲属制度具有独特的自身逻辑,为我们研究不同文化背景中社会群体对亲属概念的分类提供了一个经典的、独特的个案,显示出极高的人类学研究价值,挑战了以往民族志资料中亲属分类的固有模式。本文将永宁摩梭人的亲属观念置于摩梭文化的整体观念体系中进行再研究,通过大量摩梭谚语、习语的引证,揭示了永宁摩梭人独特的亲属制度是其独特的文化建构与实践的结果,亲属体系的运作依赖其独特的社会制度、文化信仰与价值观念。

中国古代不动产优先购买权制度研究

以亲、邻优先权为核心的中国古代不动产优先购买权 ,滥觞于中唐 ,于宋、元形成制度 ,至明、清则融于交易习惯和家法族规。该项制度的产生 ,主要是受中国古代社会注重维护宗法家族利益精神的影响 ,也与维护乡党利益、处理相邻关系及其些赋役征发的法例和习惯等因素有关。该项制度与中国古代国情基本相适应 ,具有一定的合理性。

文明“早熟”与中国古代亲属称谓的泛化

中国古代的亲属称谓不仅标识特定的血缘与姻亲关系,同时以多种途径泛化并用于政治及社会领域。泛化的亲属称谓加强了非亲属成员或组织之间的联系,同时在非亲属成员或组织之间构建了等差有序的责权规范和行为准则。泛化的亲属称谓,旨在凭借血缘组织的力量强化政治控制和社会交往,体现了古人以“循名责实”的方式推进政治、社会关系“血缘化”的尝试和结果。在不同文明或民族中,亲属称谓泛化现象的程度和面貌不尽相同,这与血缘组织在该文明或民族在国家产生过程中扮演的角色,尤其是与血缘组织在国家时代政治生活中的地位高低相关。中国古代国家产生的独特方式所导致的文明“早熟”,决定了亲属称谓泛化现象在国家时代具有普遍性和典型性。

浅析汉缅英亲属称谓语构成系统

使用汉语、缅语、英语的不同民族,由于亲属制度的不同,亲属称谓的体系也会不同程度地存在差异。将对汉缅英三种语言中的亲属称谓语构成系统进行初步的对比分析,以示三种语言中亲属称谓语间的共性特点和差异,为学习汉语、缅语及英语的学习者和在跨文化交际中的人们提供一定的参考。

那安壮语亲属称谓词的一些特殊用法

那安壮语亲属称谓词除了具有壮语的一般特点外还有一些比较特别的用法,这些用法与当地历史遗留下来的姓氏观念、土司制度以及语用等因素紧密相关。

汉语亲属面称用法调查与分析

通过问卷调查及面访考察青少年对父系、母系上两代亲属面称的情况,可知汉语亲属面称用法正逐步简化。总的简化规律是遵循亲密原则,去疏就亲,原因主要是家庭亲属关系的弱化以及男女平等化等。

汉语拟亲属称谓语的文化内涵

拟亲属称谓语是汉语称谓语的一种特殊形式,本文通过分析它存在的深厚的历史文化背景及其存在的形式,以便更好地、恰当地在日常生活中应用拟亲属称谓语,达到良好的交际效果。

“家单位”的组织形态——单位社会亲缘网络资本对就业体系的作用机制

在封闭的单位社会时代,单位是人们培育社会网络、获得社会资本的重要场域。单位内部通过接班、招工等方式形成了密切的社会亲缘网络。在由传统向现代化转型的过程中,单位组织中人情资本的表现形式、作用空间以及影响方式都发生了更大的变化,单位中的组织网络以类亲缘的方式重新回归、隐蔽发展、并从双边关系建构为多元关系。这种转变并没有违背中国特色的文化惯习,反而是人情资源的实践特征、差序格局的圈子文化以及熟人社会的情感义务的新体现;因此,单位亲缘网络是既符合现代人的理性选择,又是保持着传统"家单位"的组织形态的重要体现。