BACKGROUND Combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia is the preferred anesthesia method for cesarean delivery.The use of an epidural catheter is essential for administering additional drugs intraoperatively and managing...BACKGROUND Combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia is the preferred anesthesia method for cesarean delivery.The use of an epidural catheter is essential for administering additional drugs intraoperatively and managing postoperative pain.However,the insertion of epidural catheters is associated with various complications,such as total spinal anesthesia,symptoms indicative of spinal nerve root irritation,and challenges in epidural catheter removal.CASE SUMMARY We present a case report of a challenging epidural catheter removal due to knotting.The lumbar computed tomography scan results revealed that the catheter formed a tight knot in the epidural space.We used a novel extubation method and successfully removed the catheter.CONCLUSION The operator can use opposite forces to"spiral"apart the spinal joints by positioning the patient's body in a specific position.The findings indicate that,when combined with imaging examination results,this method is effective for the removal of epidural catheters.展开更多
The comprehensive utilization of wood is the main goal of log cutting,but knot defects increase the diffi-culty of rationally optimizing cutting.Due to the lack of real shape data of knot defects in logs,it is diffi c...The comprehensive utilization of wood is the main goal of log cutting,but knot defects increase the diffi-culty of rationally optimizing cutting.Due to the lack of real shape data of knot defects in logs,it is diffi cult for detection methods to establish a correlation between signal and defect morphology.An image-processing method is proposed for knot inversion based on distance regularized level set segmentation(DRLSE)and spatial vertex clustering,and with the inversion of the defects existing relative board position in the log,an inversion model of the knot defect is established.First,the defect edges of the top and bottom images of the boards are extracted by DRLSE and ellipse fi tting,and the major axes of the ellipses made coplanar by angle correction;second,the coordinate points of the top and bottom ellipse edges are extracted to form a spatial straight line;third,to solve the intersection dispersion of spatial straight lines and the major axis plane,K-medoids clustering is used to locate the vertex.Finally,with the vertex and the large ellipse,a 3D cone model is constructed which can be used to invert the shape of knots in the board.The experiment was conducted on ten defective larch boards,and the experimental results showed that this method can accurately invert the shapes of defects in solid wood boards with the advantages of low cost and easy operation.展开更多
Knot theory is a branch of topology in pure mathematics, however, it has been increasingly used in different sciences such as chemistry. Mathematically, a knot is a subset of three-dimensional space which is homeomorp...Knot theory is a branch of topology in pure mathematics, however, it has been increasingly used in different sciences such as chemistry. Mathematically, a knot is a subset of three-dimensional space which is homeomorphic to a circle and it is only defined in a closed loop. In chemistry, knots have been applied to synthetic molecular design. Mathematics and chemistry together can work to determine, characterize and create knots which help to understand different molecular designs and then forecast their physical features. In this study, we provide an introduction to the knot theory and its topological concepts, and then we extend it to the context of chemistry. We present parametric representations for several synthetic knots. The main goal of this paper is to develop a geometric and topological intuition for molecular knots using parametric equations. Since parameterizations are non-unique;there is more than one set of parametric equations to specify the same molecular knots. This parametric representation can be used easily to express geometrically molecular knots and would be helpful to find out more complicated molecular models.展开更多
We study zeros of the Jones polynomial and their distributions for torus knots and 2-bridge knots. We prove that e(2m+1)πi/2and e(2m+1)πi/4(m is a positive integer)can not be the zeros of Jones polynomial for torus ...We study zeros of the Jones polynomial and their distributions for torus knots and 2-bridge knots. We prove that e(2m+1)πi/2and e(2m+1)πi/4(m is a positive integer)can not be the zeros of Jones polynomial for torus knots T p,q by the knowledge of the trigonometric function. We elicit the normal form of Jones polynomials of the 2-bridge knot C(-2, 2, ···,(-1)r2) by the recursive form and discuss the distribution of their zeros.展开更多
Topological methods are rapidly developing and are becoming more used in physics, biology and chemistry. One area of topology has showed its immense potential in explaining potential financial contagion and financial ...Topological methods are rapidly developing and are becoming more used in physics, biology and chemistry. One area of topology has showed its immense potential in explaining potential financial contagion and financial crisis in financial markets. The aforementioned method is knot theory. The movement of stock price has been marked and braids and knots have been noted. By analysing the knots and braids using Jones polynomial, it is tried to find if there exists an untrivial knot equal to unknot? After thorough analysis, possible financial contagion and financial crisis prediction are analysed by using instruments of knot theory pertaining in that sense to Jones, Laurent and Alexander polynomial. It is proved that it is possible to predict financial disruptions by observing possible knots in the graphs and finding appropriate polynomials. In order to analyse knot formation, the following approach is used: “Knot formation in three-dimensional space is considered and the equations about knot forming and its disentangling are considered”. After having defined the equations in three-dimensional space, the definition of Brownian bridge concerning formation of knots in three-dimensional space is defined. Using analogy method, the notion of Brownian bridge is translated into 2-dimensional space and the foundations for the application of knot theory in 2-dimensional space have been set up. At the same time, the aforementioned approach is innovative and it could be used in accordance with stochastic analysis and quantum finance.展开更多
In this paper, the knot strengths of the seven strands which were made of polyethleneterephthalate(PET), nylon 6, polyvinyl formal fibre, polypropylene and polyethylene with differentspecification used for industrial ...In this paper, the knot strengths of the seven strands which were made of polyethleneterephthalate(PET), nylon 6, polyvinyl formal fibre, polypropylene and polyethylene with differentspecification used for industrial purposes were tested and discussed. The results of experimentshow: the knot strength loss does not only depend on the breaking elongation and the diameter ofsample, but also on the shape of the load-extension curve and twist factor of sample and other fac-tors; the range of the knot strength loss and the breaking energy loss vary in a wide range, in thepresent case. the former is from 2.7% to 58.14% and the latter from 16.36% to 78.76%. Thestrength loss of the polypropylene filament is the least among the samples investigated.展开更多
By means of the method of torus knot theory, this paper gives the complete processes of obtaining the knotted pictures of four Bell b^es from the knotted pictures of four basic two qubit states.
The relationship between a link diagram and its corresponding planar graph is briefly reviewed. A necessary and sufficient condition is given to detect when a planar graph corresponds to a knot. The relationship betwe...The relationship between a link diagram and its corresponding planar graph is briefly reviewed. A necessary and sufficient condition is given to detect when a planar graph corresponds to a knot. The relationship between planar graph and almost planar Seifert surface is discussed. Using planar graph, we construct an alternating amphicheiral prime knot with crossing number n for any even number n 〉 4. This gives an affirmative answer to problem 1.66(B) on Kirby's problem list .展开更多
By means of the torus knot theory method, this paper presents the complete process of obtaining the knotted pictures of eight GHZ states on the surface of a trivial torus from the knotted pictures of eight basic three...By means of the torus knot theory method, this paper presents the complete process of obtaining the knotted pictures of eight GHZ states on the surface of a trivial torus from the knotted pictures of eight basic three-qubit states on the surface of a trivial torus. Thus, we obtain eight knotted pictures 121 linkage on the ordinary plane.展开更多
We show that certain satellite knots of every strongly negative-amphicheiral rational knot are rational-slice knots. This proof also shows that the O-surgery manifold of a certain strongly negative amphicheiral knot s...We show that certain satellite knots of every strongly negative-amphicheiral rational knot are rational-slice knots. This proof also shows that the O-surgery manifold of a certain strongly negative amphicheiral knot such as the figure-eight knot bounds a compact oriented smooth 4-manifold homotopy equivalent to the 2-sphere such that a second homology class of the 4-manifold is represented by a smoothly embedded 2-sphere if and only if the modulo two reduction of it is zero.展开更多
An H(2)-move is a local move of a knot which is performed by adding a half-twisted band. It is known an H(2)-move is an unknotting operation. We define the H(2)-unknotting number of a knot K to be the minimum nu...An H(2)-move is a local move of a knot which is performed by adding a half-twisted band. It is known an H(2)-move is an unknotting operation. We define the H(2)-unknotting number of a knot K to be the minimum number of H(2)-moves needed to transform K into a trivial knot. We give several methods to estimate the H(2)-unknotting number of a knot. Then we give tables of H(2)-unknotting numbers of knots with up to 9 crossings.展开更多
The boundary knot method (BKM) is a truly meshless boundary-type radial basis function (RBF) collocation scheme, where the general solution is employed instead of the fundamental solution to avoid the fictitious o...The boundary knot method (BKM) is a truly meshless boundary-type radial basis function (RBF) collocation scheme, where the general solution is employed instead of the fundamental solution to avoid the fictitious outside boundary of the physical domain of interest. In this study, the BKM is first used to calculate the free vibration of free and simply-upported thin plates. Compared with the analytical solution and ANSYS (a commercial FEM code) results, the present BKM is highly accurate and fast convergent.展开更多
The highly-damaging root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne spp.,RKN)cannot be reliably controlled using only a nematicide such as fosthiazate because of increasing pest resistance.In laboratory and greenhouse trials,we showed...The highly-damaging root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne spp.,RKN)cannot be reliably controlled using only a nematicide such as fosthiazate because of increasing pest resistance.In laboratory and greenhouse trials,we showed that chloropicrin(CP)or dazomet(DZ)synergized the efficacy of fosthiazate against RKN.The combination significantly extended the degradation half-life of fosthiazate by an average of about 1.25 times.CP or DZ with fosthiazate reduced the time for fosthiazate to penetrate the RKN cuticle compared to fosthiazate alone.CP or DZ combined with low or medium rate of fosthiazate increased the total cucumber yield,compared to the use of each product alone.A low-dose fosthiazate with DZ improved total yield more than a low dose fosthiazate with CP.Extending the half-life of fosthiazate and reducing the time for fosthiazate or fumigant to penetrate the RKN cuticle were the two features that gave the fumigant-fosthiazate combination its synergistic advantage over these products used singularly.This synergy provides the opportunity for farmers to use a low dose of fosthiazate which lowers the risk of RKN resistance.Farmers could combine DZ at 30 g m^-2 with fosthiazate at a low rate of 0.375 g m^-2 to control RKN and adequately control two major soil-borne diseases in cucumber greenhouses.展开更多
Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry (Melia toosendan) residue and sand cypress (Sabina vulgaris) residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with or...Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry (Melia toosendan) residue and sand cypress (Sabina vulgaris) residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with organic solvents. The only option for botanical pesticide residue utilization has been as landfill. Chinaberry residue (CBR) and sand cypress residue (SCR) were collected and composted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. We studied the effects of chinaberry residue compost (CBRC), CBRC incorporated with Trichoderma viride (CBRCT), sand cypress residue compost (SCRC), and SCRC incorporated with T. viride (SCRCv) on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infesting the balloonflower (Platycodon grandiflorum). Bioassay results indicated that stock solutions of the CBRCT and SCRCT extracts significantly inhibited egg hatching and caused high larval mortality, followed in degree by the CBRC and SCRC extracts. The CBR and SCR extracts caused very low inhibition of eggs and larvae. Supplementing potting mixtures with these four composts reduced the severity of root galling and increased the proportion of marketable roots. The severity of root galling decreased and the average weight of the marketable roots increased with an increase in all the composts when supplemented at rates from 5 to 30%. CBR- and SCR-supplemented pot soils also inhibited the nematodes, but CBR and SCR applied to the soil had a phytotoxic effect and inhibited balloonflower growth. Supplementing field soil with the composts reduced the severity of root galling and the populations of southern root-knot nematodes in the soil. CBRCT and SCRCT clearly enhanced the average weight of the marketable roots by 30.45 and 26.64%, respectively. Continuous supplementation with CBRCT or SCRCT in the same field significantly enhanced the control of the root-knot nematode, and the populations of nematodes continued to decrease with second inoculations. The populations of total Trichoderma spp. were distinctly enhanced and were maintained at high levels for a long time in the supplemented soils.展开更多
Soil cadmium (Cd) causes toxicity and oxidative stress, alters biochemical processes and rootknot formation in rice. Irrigation of exogenous peroxidase (POX) together with its co-substrate H2O2(POXRice + H2O2), is lik...Soil cadmium (Cd) causes toxicity and oxidative stress, alters biochemical processes and rootknot formation in rice. Irrigation of exogenous peroxidase (POX) together with its co-substrate H2O2(POXRice + H2O2), is likely to have protective effect upon the biochemical and nodular changes in ricegrown in Cd-rich soil. Exposure to Cd concentration of 1.00 mg/L increased oxidative stress, loss of cellviability, electrolyte leakage and root knot formation, whereas it significantly lowered the chlorophyll leveland rhizobium growth in rice. Irrigation of exogenous POXRice + H2O2 to Cd-stressed rice seedlingsreversed the Cd-induced alterations in rice to levels similar in control (non-stressed) seedlings. Resultsprovided strong evidence of exogenous POXRice + H2O2-mediated reversal and restoration of physiologicaland biochemical processes as well as increased resistance of rice seedlings to root knot formation.Irrigation with POXRice + H2O2 appeared to contribute towards bringing normoxic conditions in the otherwisehypoxic soil environment by enhancing the O2 in pot-experiments due to reduced Cd uptake, enhancedmineral homeostasis of essential elements viz. P, Fe, Mo, Mg and Mn for maintenance of root architecturedamaged by lipid peroxidation and reduction in oxidative stress by reducing Cd-induced reactive oxygenspecies generation. Therefore, the mitigation of Cd-toxicity in rice through this novel approach appeared tobe a promising mode to limit Cd-uptake, modulate protective and tolerance mechanisms for sustainablerice yield in Cd-contaminated rice-croplands and prevent nematode attack in rice, however, more detailedstudies are needed prior to large scale applications.展开更多
The actions of the Hamiltonian constraint onto the members of the extended knot families {φi}2^2, {φi}3^4 and {φi}4^6, and the check of their invariance under the Mandelstam identities are given in the extended loo...The actions of the Hamiltonian constraint onto the members of the extended knot families {φi}2^2, {φi}3^4 and {φi}4^6, and the check of their invariance under the Mandelstam identities are given in the extended loop representation of loop quantum gravity.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia is the preferred anesthesia method for cesarean delivery.The use of an epidural catheter is essential for administering additional drugs intraoperatively and managing postoperative pain.However,the insertion of epidural catheters is associated with various complications,such as total spinal anesthesia,symptoms indicative of spinal nerve root irritation,and challenges in epidural catheter removal.CASE SUMMARY We present a case report of a challenging epidural catheter removal due to knotting.The lumbar computed tomography scan results revealed that the catheter formed a tight knot in the epidural space.We used a novel extubation method and successfully removed the catheter.CONCLUSION The operator can use opposite forces to"spiral"apart the spinal joints by positioning the patient's body in a specific position.The findings indicate that,when combined with imaging examination results,this method is effective for the removal of epidural catheters.
基金supported fi nancially by the China State Forestry Administration“948”projects(2015-4-52),and Hei-longjiang Natural Science Foundation(C2017005).
文摘The comprehensive utilization of wood is the main goal of log cutting,but knot defects increase the diffi-culty of rationally optimizing cutting.Due to the lack of real shape data of knot defects in logs,it is diffi cult for detection methods to establish a correlation between signal and defect morphology.An image-processing method is proposed for knot inversion based on distance regularized level set segmentation(DRLSE)and spatial vertex clustering,and with the inversion of the defects existing relative board position in the log,an inversion model of the knot defect is established.First,the defect edges of the top and bottom images of the boards are extracted by DRLSE and ellipse fi tting,and the major axes of the ellipses made coplanar by angle correction;second,the coordinate points of the top and bottom ellipse edges are extracted to form a spatial straight line;third,to solve the intersection dispersion of spatial straight lines and the major axis plane,K-medoids clustering is used to locate the vertex.Finally,with the vertex and the large ellipse,a 3D cone model is constructed which can be used to invert the shape of knots in the board.The experiment was conducted on ten defective larch boards,and the experimental results showed that this method can accurately invert the shapes of defects in solid wood boards with the advantages of low cost and easy operation.
文摘Knot theory is a branch of topology in pure mathematics, however, it has been increasingly used in different sciences such as chemistry. Mathematically, a knot is a subset of three-dimensional space which is homeomorphic to a circle and it is only defined in a closed loop. In chemistry, knots have been applied to synthetic molecular design. Mathematics and chemistry together can work to determine, characterize and create knots which help to understand different molecular designs and then forecast their physical features. In this study, we provide an introduction to the knot theory and its topological concepts, and then we extend it to the context of chemistry. We present parametric representations for several synthetic knots. The main goal of this paper is to develop a geometric and topological intuition for molecular knots using parametric equations. Since parameterizations are non-unique;there is more than one set of parametric equations to specify the same molecular knots. This parametric representation can be used easily to express geometrically molecular knots and would be helpful to find out more complicated molecular models.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of China(11471151) Supported by Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University(LR2011031)
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the referees for kind suggestions and many useful comments
文摘We study zeros of the Jones polynomial and their distributions for torus knots and 2-bridge knots. We prove that e(2m+1)πi/2and e(2m+1)πi/4(m is a positive integer)can not be the zeros of Jones polynomial for torus knots T p,q by the knowledge of the trigonometric function. We elicit the normal form of Jones polynomials of the 2-bridge knot C(-2, 2, ···,(-1)r2) by the recursive form and discuss the distribution of their zeros.
文摘Topological methods are rapidly developing and are becoming more used in physics, biology and chemistry. One area of topology has showed its immense potential in explaining potential financial contagion and financial crisis in financial markets. The aforementioned method is knot theory. The movement of stock price has been marked and braids and knots have been noted. By analysing the knots and braids using Jones polynomial, it is tried to find if there exists an untrivial knot equal to unknot? After thorough analysis, possible financial contagion and financial crisis prediction are analysed by using instruments of knot theory pertaining in that sense to Jones, Laurent and Alexander polynomial. It is proved that it is possible to predict financial disruptions by observing possible knots in the graphs and finding appropriate polynomials. In order to analyse knot formation, the following approach is used: “Knot formation in three-dimensional space is considered and the equations about knot forming and its disentangling are considered”. After having defined the equations in three-dimensional space, the definition of Brownian bridge concerning formation of knots in three-dimensional space is defined. Using analogy method, the notion of Brownian bridge is translated into 2-dimensional space and the foundations for the application of knot theory in 2-dimensional space have been set up. At the same time, the aforementioned approach is innovative and it could be used in accordance with stochastic analysis and quantum finance.
文摘In this paper, the knot strengths of the seven strands which were made of polyethleneterephthalate(PET), nylon 6, polyvinyl formal fibre, polypropylene and polyethylene with differentspecification used for industrial purposes were tested and discussed. The results of experimentshow: the knot strength loss does not only depend on the breaking elongation and the diameter ofsample, but also on the shape of the load-extension curve and twist factor of sample and other fac-tors; the range of the knot strength loss and the breaking energy loss vary in a wide range, in thepresent case. the former is from 2.7% to 58.14% and the latter from 16.36% to 78.76%. Thestrength loss of the polypropylene filament is the least among the samples investigated.
文摘By means of the method of torus knot theory, this paper gives the complete processes of obtaining the knotted pictures of four Bell b^es from the knotted pictures of four basic two qubit states.
文摘The relationship between a link diagram and its corresponding planar graph is briefly reviewed. A necessary and sufficient condition is given to detect when a planar graph corresponds to a knot. The relationship between planar graph and almost planar Seifert surface is discussed. Using planar graph, we construct an alternating amphicheiral prime knot with crossing number n for any even number n 〉 4. This gives an affirmative answer to problem 1.66(B) on Kirby's problem list .
文摘By means of the torus knot theory method, this paper presents the complete process of obtaining the knotted pictures of eight GHZ states on the surface of a trivial torus from the knotted pictures of eight basic three-qubit states on the surface of a trivial torus. Thus, we obtain eight knotted pictures 121 linkage on the ordinary plane.
文摘We show that certain satellite knots of every strongly negative-amphicheiral rational knot are rational-slice knots. This proof also shows that the O-surgery manifold of a certain strongly negative amphicheiral knot such as the figure-eight knot bounds a compact oriented smooth 4-manifold homotopy equivalent to the 2-sphere such that a second homology class of the 4-manifold is represented by a smoothly embedded 2-sphere if and only if the modulo two reduction of it is zero.
基金supported by Grant-in-Aid (20540079) for Scientific Research (C),Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
文摘An H(2)-move is a local move of a knot which is performed by adding a half-twisted band. It is known an H(2)-move is an unknotting operation. We define the H(2)-unknotting number of a knot K to be the minimum number of H(2)-moves needed to transform K into a trivial knot. We give several methods to estimate the H(2)-unknotting number of a knot. Then we give tables of H(2)-unknotting numbers of knots with up to 9 crossings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10672051).
文摘The boundary knot method (BKM) is a truly meshless boundary-type radial basis function (RBF) collocation scheme, where the general solution is employed instead of the fundamental solution to avoid the fictitious outside boundary of the physical domain of interest. In this study, the BKM is first used to calculate the free vibration of free and simply-upported thin plates. Compared with the analytical solution and ANSYS (a commercial FEM code) results, the present BKM is highly accurate and fast convergent.
基金financial support from the Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0201600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672066)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council (201704280020)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China over the years
文摘The highly-damaging root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne spp.,RKN)cannot be reliably controlled using only a nematicide such as fosthiazate because of increasing pest resistance.In laboratory and greenhouse trials,we showed that chloropicrin(CP)or dazomet(DZ)synergized the efficacy of fosthiazate against RKN.The combination significantly extended the degradation half-life of fosthiazate by an average of about 1.25 times.CP or DZ with fosthiazate reduced the time for fosthiazate to penetrate the RKN cuticle compared to fosthiazate alone.CP or DZ combined with low or medium rate of fosthiazate increased the total cucumber yield,compared to the use of each product alone.A low-dose fosthiazate with DZ improved total yield more than a low dose fosthiazate with CP.Extending the half-life of fosthiazate and reducing the time for fosthiazate or fumigant to penetrate the RKN cuticle were the two features that gave the fumigant-fosthiazate combination its synergistic advantage over these products used singularly.This synergy provides the opportunity for farmers to use a low dose of fosthiazate which lowers the risk of RKN resistance.Farmers could combine DZ at 30 g m^-2 with fosthiazate at a low rate of 0.375 g m^-2 to control RKN and adequately control two major soil-borne diseases in cucumber greenhouses.
基金supported by the Important Projec of China's Western Development (2004BA901A14)
文摘Plant pesticide residues, such as chinaberry (Melia toosendan) residue and sand cypress (Sabina vulgaris) residue, are pesticidal plant materials discarded after the bioactive ingredient has been extracted with organic solvents. The only option for botanical pesticide residue utilization has been as landfill. Chinaberry residue (CBR) and sand cypress residue (SCR) were collected and composted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. We studied the effects of chinaberry residue compost (CBRC), CBRC incorporated with Trichoderma viride (CBRCT), sand cypress residue compost (SCRC), and SCRC incorporated with T. viride (SCRCv) on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infesting the balloonflower (Platycodon grandiflorum). Bioassay results indicated that stock solutions of the CBRCT and SCRCT extracts significantly inhibited egg hatching and caused high larval mortality, followed in degree by the CBRC and SCRC extracts. The CBR and SCR extracts caused very low inhibition of eggs and larvae. Supplementing potting mixtures with these four composts reduced the severity of root galling and increased the proportion of marketable roots. The severity of root galling decreased and the average weight of the marketable roots increased with an increase in all the composts when supplemented at rates from 5 to 30%. CBR- and SCR-supplemented pot soils also inhibited the nematodes, but CBR and SCR applied to the soil had a phytotoxic effect and inhibited balloonflower growth. Supplementing field soil with the composts reduced the severity of root galling and the populations of southern root-knot nematodes in the soil. CBRCT and SCRCT clearly enhanced the average weight of the marketable roots by 30.45 and 26.64%, respectively. Continuous supplementation with CBRCT or SCRCT in the same field significantly enhanced the control of the root-knot nematode, and the populations of nematodes continued to decrease with second inoculations. The populations of total Trichoderma spp. were distinctly enhanced and were maintained at high levels for a long time in the supplemented soils.
文摘Soil cadmium (Cd) causes toxicity and oxidative stress, alters biochemical processes and rootknot formation in rice. Irrigation of exogenous peroxidase (POX) together with its co-substrate H2O2(POXRice + H2O2), is likely to have protective effect upon the biochemical and nodular changes in ricegrown in Cd-rich soil. Exposure to Cd concentration of 1.00 mg/L increased oxidative stress, loss of cellviability, electrolyte leakage and root knot formation, whereas it significantly lowered the chlorophyll leveland rhizobium growth in rice. Irrigation of exogenous POXRice + H2O2 to Cd-stressed rice seedlingsreversed the Cd-induced alterations in rice to levels similar in control (non-stressed) seedlings. Resultsprovided strong evidence of exogenous POXRice + H2O2-mediated reversal and restoration of physiologicaland biochemical processes as well as increased resistance of rice seedlings to root knot formation.Irrigation with POXRice + H2O2 appeared to contribute towards bringing normoxic conditions in the otherwisehypoxic soil environment by enhancing the O2 in pot-experiments due to reduced Cd uptake, enhancedmineral homeostasis of essential elements viz. P, Fe, Mo, Mg and Mn for maintenance of root architecturedamaged by lipid peroxidation and reduction in oxidative stress by reducing Cd-induced reactive oxygenspecies generation. Therefore, the mitigation of Cd-toxicity in rice through this novel approach appeared tobe a promising mode to limit Cd-uptake, modulate protective and tolerance mechanisms for sustainablerice yield in Cd-contaminated rice-croplands and prevent nematode attack in rice, however, more detailedstudies are needed prior to large scale applications.
文摘The actions of the Hamiltonian constraint onto the members of the extended knot families {φi}2^2, {φi}3^4 and {φi}4^6, and the check of their invariance under the Mandelstam identities are given in the extended loop representation of loop quantum gravity.