Linear-like polypeptide-based micelle with pH-sensitive detachable PEG to deliver dimeric camptothecin for cancer therapy

Nano drug delivery systems have made significant progress in delivering anticancer drugs camptothecin(CPT).However,many challenges for CPT delivery remain,including low drug loading efficiency,premature drug leakage,and poor cellular internalization.Herein,we report a novel dual-sensitive polypeptide-based micelle with remarkably high drug loading of CPT for cancer therapy.This self-assembled micelle possesses the following essential components for CPT:(1)pH-sensitive PEG(OHC-PEG-CHO)for prolonging blood circulation and allowing biocompatibility by shielding the cationic micelles,which can be detached under the tumor acidic microenvironment and facilitates the cellular uptake;(2)polypeptide polylysine-polyphenylalanine(PKF)synthesized via ring-opening polymerization for micelle formation and CPT analogue loading;(3)dimeric CPT(DCPT)with redox-sensitive linker for increasing CPT loading and ensuring drug release at tumor sites.Interestingly,the linear-like morphology of PEG-PKF/DCPT micelles was able to enhance their cellular internalization when compared with the spherical blank PKF micelles.Also,the anticancer efficacy of DCPT against lung cancer cells was significantly improved by the micelle formation.In conclusion,this work provides a promising strategy facilitating the safety and effective application of CPT in cancer therapy.

喜树中一株特异产喜树碱内生真菌Aspergillus niger GP3的分离与鉴定

目的:从喜树内生真菌中筛选出具有产喜树碱潜力的菌株,为获得喜树碱提供一条新的药源途径。方法:从喜树根皮分离内生真菌,综合利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)以及超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱(UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS)法对内生真菌次生代谢产物有效活性成分进行分析,并通过形态学和分子学对其特异性真菌进行鉴定。结果:内生真菌GP3具有产喜树碱的化学性质,其菌落圆形、黑褐色、中心凸起、边缘呈纤毛状,经ITS序列比对,该菌与Aspergillus niger ITS序列相似性为99%。结论:GP3是一株具有产喜树碱潜力的内生真菌菌株,鉴定为黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)。

抗癌药物喜树碱的超声辅助PEG400绿色提取工艺研究

目的:建立使用表面活性剂PEG400结合超声辅助从喜树种子中提取抗癌药物喜树碱的绿色提取工艺。方法:通过对不同表面活性剂对喜树碱的溶解度的考察,确定适合喜树碱提取的表面活性剂及其最佳浓度,同时对提取过程中的液料比、超声功率、超声时间、温度进行单因素实验和正交试验。结果:采用13%的PEG400水溶液结合超声提取喜树碱的最佳工艺条件为液料比90∶1、超声功率540W、超声时间90min、温度25℃,在此条件下的喜树碱提取率为1174.59μg/g。结论:使用PEG400水溶液成功提取了喜树种子中的喜树碱,喜树碱的提取率为1174.59μg/g。

2种喜树碱类拓扑异构酶1抑制剂ADE信号的挖掘与分析

目的对2种喜树碱类拓扑异构酶1抑制剂伊立替康和托泊替康的药物不良事件(ADE)信号进行挖掘与分析,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法基于美国FDA不良事件报告系统(FAERS)数据库,提取2004年1月1日至2023年3月31日上述2种药物的ADE报告数据。对数据进行处理后,采用报告比值比法联合贝叶斯置信传播神经网络法进行信号挖掘,并进行分析。结果共筛选出相关ADE报告14738份,其中伊立替康11483份,托泊替康3255份。伊立替康的ADE报告性别以男性为主,托泊替康以女性为主;两药的使用患者年龄均主要集中于45~<75岁。共检测出847个信号,累及24个系统器官分类(SOC)。其中,伊立替康检测出565个信号,累及24个SOC,主要集中于胃肠系统疾病、全身性疾病及给药部位各种反应、血液及淋巴系统疾病等;报告频数最多的ADE为腹泻,信号强度最大的ADE为胆碱能综合征。托泊替康检测出282个信号,累及22个SOC,主要集中于全身性疾病及给药部位各种反应、各类检查、血液及淋巴系统疾病、胃肠系统疾病等;报告频数较多的ADE为死亡和贫血,信号强度最大的ADE为发热性骨髓再生障碍。伊立替康的转移性结肠直肠癌、外周感觉神经病、脂肪性肝炎等ADE和托泊替康的虹膜萎缩、视网膜变性、玻璃体积血等ADE均未在各自说明书中提及。结论伊立替康和托泊替康的ADE主要累及消化系统和血液系统,临床上应重点监测;伊立替康所引起的胆碱能综合征应引起关注。除此之外,使用伊立替康的患者还应关注转移性结肠直肠癌、外周感觉神经病、脂肪性肝炎、蛋白尿等ADE,使用托泊替康的患者应加强眼器官疾病的监测,以确保用药安全。

载喜树碱抗氧化纳米药物传递系统用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展

喜树碱及其衍生物能够与DNA拓扑异构酶形成复合物,从而抑制DNA复制和RNA合成,阻止肿瘤生长,因此在肿瘤治疗方面具有巨大潜力。然而,这种化合物具有结构不稳定、溶解性差、毒性较大等缺点,限制了其在临床上的应用。使用纳米技术可以有效地增强喜树碱的水溶性和稳定性,从而提高其治疗效果。同时,抗氧化药物可以消除肿瘤微环境中氧化应激产生的大量活性氧,从而发挥抗氧化作用并抑制肿瘤生长。因此,将抗氧化纳米材料作为喜树碱的运输载体,形成载喜树碱的抗氧化纳米制剂,有望为肿瘤治疗提供抗氧化和抗肿瘤的联合治疗效果。本文主要对载喜树碱的抗氧化纳米药物传递系统的研究进展进行了综述。

喜树碱结构修饰研究进展

喜树碱及其衍生物是一类具有广谱抗肿瘤活性的生物碱,对恶性肿瘤具有显著抑制作用,已开发出伊立替康、拓扑替康等临床用药。喜树碱类抗肿瘤药物的主要缺陷是水溶解度低、结构稳定性差、毒副作用强,因而相应的结构修饰策略也随着药物开发的进程而逐渐迭代。作者以提高喜树碱类抗肿瘤药物药效为目的,从结构修饰策略角度综述喜树碱及其衍生物的发展过程,着重总结2015年以来在各种策略指导下喜树碱类衍生物研究的最新进展,为后期喜树碱类抗肿瘤新药物的开发提供参考。

Camptothecin-based nanodrug delivery systems

The drug camptothecin has a wide range of antitumor effects in cancers including gastric cancer,rectal and colon cancer,liver cancer,and lung cancer.Camptothecin-based drugs inhibit topoisomerase 1(Topo 1),leading to destruction of DNA,and are currently being used as important chemotherapeutic agents in clinical antitumor treatment.However,the main obstacle associated with cancer therapy is represented by systemic toxicity of conventional anticancer drugs and their low accumulation at the tumor site.In addition,low bioavailability,poor water solubility,and other shortcomings hinder their anticancer activity.Different from traditional pharmaceutical preparations,nanotechnology-dependent nanopharmaceutical preparations have become one of the main strategies for different countries worldwide to overcome drug development problems.In this review,we summarized the current hotspots and discussed a variety of camptothecin-based nanodrugs for cancer therapy.We hope that through this review,more efficient drug delivery systems could be designed with potential applications in clinical cancer therapy.

HPLC analysis of camptothecin content in various parts of Nothapodytes foetida collected on different periods

Objective:To investigate the content of topoisomerase I-DNA inhibitor alkaloid camptothecin(CPT) from various parts of Nothapodytes foetida(N.foetida) collected from the month of October to February.Methods:The content of CPT was quantified in the methanolic extract of various parts of N.foetida using high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC).Quantification was performed with the regression analysis and the method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Results:The results revealed that maximum concentrations of camptothecin were found in root(2.62%) collected in the month of February followed by fruits(January,1.22%),stem(January,0.81%) and leaves(February,0.70%).Roots were found to have 3-fold higher concentration of CPT than the leaves and stem,while the fruits showed 2-fold higher concentration.Maximum concentration of camptothecin in fruits was observed in month of January,when they were not fully mature, which was 2-fold higher than that of young and fully mature fruits.Conclusions:These findings indicate that the synthesis of CPT differs in different parts of N.foetida and the content varies periodically.

The transcription factor OpWRKY2 positively regulates the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug camptothecin in Ophiorrhiza pumila

The limited bioavailability of plant-derived natural products with anticancer activity poses major challenges to the pharmaceutical industry.An example of this is camptothecin,a monoterpene indole alkaloid with potent anticancer activity that is extracted at very low concentrations from woody plants.Recently,camptothecin biosynthesis has been shown to become biotechnologically amenable in hairy-root systems of the natural producer Ophiorrhiza pumila.Here,time-course expression and metabolite analyses were performed to identify novel transcriptional regulators of camptothecin biosynthesis in O.pumila.It is shown here that camptothecin production increased over cultivation time and that the expression pattern of the WRKY transcription factor encoding gene OpWRKY2 is closely correlated with camptothecin accumulation.Overexpression of OpWRKY2 led to a more than three-fold increase in camptothecin levels.Accordingly,silencing of OpWRKY2 correlated with decreased camptothecin levels in the plant.Further detailed molecular characterization by electrophoretic mobility shift,yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that OpWRKY2 directly binds and activates the central camptothecin pathway gene OpTDC.Taken together,the results of this study demonstrate that OpWRKY2 acts as a direct positive regulator of camptothecin biosynthesis.As such,a feasible strategy for the over-accumulation of camptothecin in a biotechnologically amenable system is presented.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata seeds

Naturally occurring camptothecin（CPT） is an important source of chemotherapeutic agents.The extraction from Camptotheca acuminata is still the main approach to obtain CPT compared with total synthesis.In the present study,ultrasound-assisted extractions（UAE） of CPT from C.acuminata seeds with alkaline solutions were investigated and CPT yield were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The conditions of alkaline species and concentrations,extraction time,extraction temperature and ultrasonic power were optimized.Results show that both Na3PO4 and Na2CO3 solutions gain good extraction yields,whereas Na3PO4 solution has stronger basicity and need higher concentration than Na2CO3 solution does,thus aqueous Na2CO3 is more beneficial for the extraction.The optimal condition was ultrasonically extracted with 0.5% aqueous Na2CO3 at 50°C and ultrasonic power of 400 W for 60 min.Comparing with UAE with ethanol,the extraction with 0.5% Na2CO3 solution achieves higher yield.Moreover,aqueous Na2CO3 as a solvent has various advantages including non-toxicity,inflammable,non-corrosive and low cost,which ensure this UAE method is a superior method with high utilizing prospect.

20(S)-20-O-Camptothecin β-Aminopropionate: Novel Synthesis and Antitumor Activity in vitro

To improve the biological anticancer activity of 20 （S）-camptothecin, a novel class of 20 （S）-20-O-camptotheein β-aminopropionates were designed and synthesized with eamptothecins as the starting materials, through acylation with acryloyl chloride followed by Michael＇s addition. Twelve esters, 1a-1d, 4a-4d and 5a-5d, were synthesized and evaluated by using MTT assay method. The results demonstrate that all these compounds show a potential eytotoxicity on KB, HT-29, HCT-8, and Bel7402 tumor cell lines. Some compounds, 1d, 4c, 5b, 5c and 5d, show a higher cytoto-xicity on KB and HCT-8 compared with eamptotheein.

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 7-alkynyl camptothecin derivatives

Several 7-alkynyl camptothecin derivatives were prepared via Sonogashira coupling. And anti-tumor activities of these compounds were evaluated against human esophageal cancer cell line （Eca-109）, human chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line （K562）, bladder cancer cell line （5637） and gastric cell line （SGC7901）. Compounds 9a--d and 10a exhibited remarkable in vitro cytotoxic activity, compared with topotecan.

Facile synthesis and cytotoxicity of 5-C-alkylates of 20(S)-camptothecins

A series of 5-C-alkylating camptothecins have been synthesized by one-step method, and their in vitro antitumor activity was evaluated against six human cancer cell lines. The results showed that all 5-C-alkylates of camptothecins possessed poor cytotoxicity on six human cancer cell lines.

The effects of different nitrogen sources on camptothecin content and related gene expression in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

Camptotheac acuminata Decne is a unique tree species in China with an important secondary metabolite,camptothecin(CPT),used in the treatment of cancer.Nitrogen(N)is an important element that affects plant growth and the accumulation of CPT.Reports on the effect of N on CPT synthesis from a genetic perspective are scarce.To explore the effects of different N sources and levels on CPT synthesis in C.acuminata,two-year-old seedlings were fertilized with different concentrations of pure ammonium sulphate,source of ammonium N(NH4+-N),and potassium nitrate for nitrate N(NO3--N).Concentrations of 2.5,5,7.5,and10 g pot-1 NH4+-N and NO3--N were used.The results showed that 7.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments were best for growth and fresh weight of leaves.Compared with the other treatments,the CPT content,tryptophan synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase activities,and expression of the CaTSB and CaTDCl genes under the 2.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments peaked significantly at 30 days.However,the expression of CaTDC2 surpassed that of the other two genes at 60 days.Therefore,compared with NH4+-N source,the NO3--N source was more beneficial for growth,and NO3--N was better for CPT yield.Consequently,leaves of C.acuminata treated with 2.5 g NO3--N could be harvested after 30 days to obtain maximum CPT content.CaTDC1 is more closely linked to CPT synthesis.The results of this study improved the production of CPT in C.acuminata via fertilization.

Effect of planting density on plant growth and camptothecin content of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

C. acuminata seedlings cultivated in greenhouse were transplanted into the fields with 5 designed planting densities (11, 16, 25,44 and 100 plants·m^-2) in May of 2004 and were harvested in the middle of September of 2004. The seedling growth indexes including plant height and crown width, biomass allocation, camptothecin (CPT) content and CPT yield of different organs (young leaf, old leaf, stem,and root) were studied. For the 5 selected planting densities, the plant biomass, height, crown width, and total leaf area of C. acuminata seedlings all showed highest values at the planting density of 25 plants ·m^-2. CPT content in young leaves was higher than that in other organs of seedlings and presented an obvious change with the variation of planting densities and with the highest value at density of 100plants·m-2, while for other organs no significant variation in CPT content was found with change of planting density. The accumulation of CPT was enhanced significantly at the planting density of 25 plants·m^-2. It is concluded that for the purpose to get raw materials with more CPT from C. acuminata, the optimal planting density of C. acuminata seedlings should be designed as 25 plants·m^-2.

Density function theory study on the interaction between camptothecin and cytosine

Density function M06 method has been used to optimize the geometries of camptothecin-cytosine at 6-31+G* basis.Finally, thirteen stabilized complexes have been obtained.Theories of atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) have been utilized to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the complexes.The interaction energies of all the complexes are corrected by basis set superposition error (BSSE).By the analysis of complexes interaction energy, charge density, second-order interaction energies E(2), it is indicated that the complex 6 is the most stable structure.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of 9-methyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin

A novel camptothecin analogue, 9-methyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin （4）, was unexpectedly synthesized from 10-hydroxycamptothecin in two steps. The key step included an efficient Mannich-type reaction. The overall yield was 47.2%. An ether analogue of 4, 9-methyl-10-benzylaminomethoxycamptothecin （5）, was also prepared. These new camptothecin analogues were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines, and exhibited more potent antitumor activities than contrals camptothecin and topotecan against several cancer cells.

Homogenate extraction technology of camptothecine and hydroxycamptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata leaves

Camptothecine(CPT) and hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT), two kinds of anti-cancer alkaloids, were extracted from Camptotheca acuminata leaves using homogenate extraction technology under different conditions such as the ratio of material to liquid, ethanol concentration, and homogenate time.The optimum technology parameters for homogenate extraction of CPT and HCPT from C.acuminata leaves were determined as homogenate time at 8 min, ethanol concentration at 55% and the ratio of material to liquid at 1:15(g:mL).By using the optimized parameters, we obtained 0.639‰ extraction rate for CPT and 0.437‰ for HCPT.The extraction yields of CPT and HCPT extracted by homogenating technology were higher than those by other extractive methods, such as ultrasonic, reflux, shaking in water bath.It is concluded that the homogenate extraction technology was an efficient method for extracting CPT and HCPT from C.acuminata leaves, with characteristics of less extraction time and high yield.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of heterocyclic acid ester derivatives of 20S-camptothecins

A series of heterocyclic acid esters of camptothecins as new compounds had been synthesized by acylation method, their in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities were evaluated. The cytotoxic results showed that 6 possessed the best efficacy on six human cancer cell lines in the six classes of CPTs＇ derivatives. In vivo testing results indicated that 9 had better antitumor activity against mouse liver carcinoma H22 than topotecan.

Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Camptothecin Derivatives Containing Analogs of Chrysanthemic Acid Moieties

Creating high-efifcient and environment-friendly pesticides is very important to produce the pollution free agriculture food and maintain the balance of the survival environmental of the human being. According to reports, camptothecin （CPT） and its derivatives are now being explored as a class of botanical insecticide in agriculture due to its novel mode of action. In order to improve the insecticidal activity of CPT, ten novel camptothecin （1） and 10-hydroxycamptothecin （2） derivatives （1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e;2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e） were designed and synthesized via esteriifcation with analogs of chrysanthemic acid, which have outstanding insecticidal activity. The results showed that compound 2a exhibited potent antifeeding effect and the best contact toxicity among the target compounds against the third-instar larvae of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua H＆#252;bner. Compound 2a was also found to be the most effective cytotoxic compound to the tested insect cell lines, IOZCAS-Spex-II, which were established from the fat bodies of S. exigua. It was proposed that the 10-hydroxyl group in the camptothecin derivatives is a key factor for the antifeeding activity of a compound. The nature of the substituents was considered the major factor in determining the insecticidal activity of these compounds.