Effects of financial development and capital accumulation on labor productivity in sub‑Saharan Africa:new insight from cross sectional autoregressive lag approach

This study aims to shed light on the effects of financial development and accumula-tion of capital on the productivity of labor in the sub-Sahara African region within the period of 1990–2018.In this work,we used the(dynamic)common correlated effects estimator-mean group and additional techniques such as cross-section autoregressive distributed lag to calibrate the sample into the African subregion to ensure robustness.The findings reveal that financial progress in the region over time leads to an increase in productivity of labor and also the accumulation of capital.Furthermore,financial markets have a progressive impact on the productivity of labor within sub-Saharan African regions.We extend the very limited literature on the nexus between financial development and labor productivity by incorporating capital accumulation into our model which has not been previously studied.

Relationship Between Social Economic Agglomeration and Labor Productivity of Core Cities in Northeast China

Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor productivity is explored by making comparisons among these four cities. The model used for analysis is a classical model derived from previous studies. Some indicators, such as population density and economic density, were selected to examine the impact of urban agglomeration on the labor productivity based on the time-series data for the four cities from 1990 to 2007. The four main conclusions are： l） The promotion from the growth rate of population density on the growth rate of labor productivity is limited. 2） The negative relationship exists between the growth rate of employment density and the growth rate of labor productivity. 3） Agglomeration effect exists in the four cities, the highest one is Dalian, Shenyang takes the second place, followed by Changchun and Harbin, and the predominant promotion exerted on the labor productivity is the output density.

A Comparative Study on the Labor Productivity of Provincial Textile Industry Based on DEA in China

Making use of the DEA-based method of quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity, the paper analyzes the influence of labor productivity of provincial textile industry in China, caused by the effect of technical efficiency, pure technical progress, changes of scale efficiency of capital per labor and of capital intensity from the year of 2002 to 2005. Its results show that the improvement of provincial textile industry labor productivity has mainly resulted from technical progress since 2003. Meanwhile, labor productivity of underdeveloped provinces has been growing faster than that of developed ones owing to technology diffusion. And then, the above-mentioned improvement has originated from the enhancement of capital deepening and technology efficiency. In addition, scale return of capital per labor appeared to decrease during the period from 2004 to 2005.

Health and Labor Productivity among Female Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria

This study examined the impact of farmers＇ health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and estimation of efficiency following maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） procedure available in Frontier 4.1 were used to analyze the data. Results from the analyses showed that malaria has the highest prevalence level among female farmers in the study area followed by typhoid fever. The causes of sicknesses vary from cold, stress, mosquito bites and bad drinking water. Furthermore, the results showed that sicknesses affect the productivity of farmers by reducing their work capacity. Also, the distance to source of drinking water from home, source of drinking water, age, body mass index of farmers are also found to significantly affect the physical work output of farmers in the study area. The result shows that the distribution of farmers was highly skewed with about 99% of the farmers having their efficiency above 0.61. This indicates that majority of the farmers are technically efficient in the allocation of resources to crop production, The result also shows that the average efficiency was about 82.9%. Thus, the farmers＇ level of efficiency can be improved if there is a shift in the fi＇ontier, i.e. if factors contributing to inefficiency are adequately controlled. The study recommends the need to invest more on human capital especially health for there to be an improvement in rural productivity. Also, rural development policies should include health policies especially for women since it has a great influence on the household and emphasis should also be on preventive rather than curative health services.

Research on Improving Labor Productivity in Chinese Railway Enterprises

Our research aims to summarize the implementation results of the former strategy of reducing redundant personnel and improving productivity in Chinese railway system. Based on the experience and advanced methods of foreign railway enterprises, the thesis studies the way and measures for the Chinese railway enterprises to improve the labor productivity in the new historical period and provides policy suggestions for further improving labor productivity in Chinese railway enterprises.

Regression Analysis of the Sensitivity of Labor Productivity in Tourism to Operating Costs

The paper investigates the impact of selected variables of operating costs on labor productivity in the activity of accommodation and preparation and serving of food and beverages in the period from 2010 to 2020.The research was conducted by applying more linear on a sample of all companies that submitted annual financial reports in the observed period.The authors elaborate the special characteristics of the importance of labor productivity as an important indicator of business success,methods,and importance of business cost management and analyze the sensitivity of labor productivity to the costs incurred.Based on regression analysis,it is concluded that the amount of costs has an impact on the growth or decline of labor productivity,but based on the results of some of the costs incurred in business positively affects labor productivity,which is partially confirmed by the hypothesis of this study.

Increasing China's Agricultural Labor Productivity: Comparison and Policy Implications from Major Agrarian Countries

China's low agricultural labor productivity has become the key weakness of its agricultural competitive- ness and sustainable development,and strategies for improving China's agricultural labor productivity lack clear and consistent theory and empirical support.To address this issue,the current study uses the methods of convergence index,correlation coefficient,and nonparametric test,to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural labor productivity among 32 major agrarian countries during 1961-2013.This analysis shows that the development gap among countries has been narrowing.The USA takes the leading position among all the countries, while some countries with scarce land like Japan have succeeded in achieving transcendence,and other countries like India have experienced relatively slow speed.The agricultural labor productivity is significantly driven by agricultural labor surplus,agricultural product processing,and agricultural industrial structure.The effects of land resource endowment,agricultural mechanization,and biochemical inputs have been declining and in some cases are no longer even significant.It is therefore necessary to shift attention to marketization,diversification,and high quality,instead of the former focus on agricultural intensification,concentration and large-scale operations,and this shift is probably more closely aligned with current practices.There are more people and less land in China,and the agricultural labor force in China still accounts for nearly 30% of the total population.Considering these national conditions,it is very important to simultaneously improve the efficiency of agricultural production of small farmers and promote the successful urbanization of the agricultural labor force.In the medium and long term,it is imperative to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agriculture by adopting related policy arrangements such as induced agricultural technological innovation,production factor substitution,and multifunctional agriculture development.

Emerging Geography of Creativity and Labor Productivity Effects in China

The paper presents an alternative approach to explain why regional productivity is different across regions by utilizing the creative class approach in China. First, we analyze the extent of spatial agglomeration of the creative class across regions in China. Second, we develop a model with spatial externalities to investigate how the concentration of the creative class can promote regional productivity. Our analysis confirms the importance of spatial agglomeration of the creative class in stimulating regional productivity. The results also imply that regional productivity is greater in markets with higher levels of innovation, capital stock, manufacturing and urbanization. In light of the results of our analysis, we discuss a number of policy implications.

TFP and labor productivity:empirical facts of China’s macro-economy and issues for long-run economic growth

The empirical facts of China’s Macro-economy from 2013 to 2014 show the rate of investment and scale of import and export are approaching a maximum and there is an increasing fluctuation in investment and trade;deflation in real economy and the real estate market bubble go hand in hand;and efficiency imbalances between industries and regions become acute.The phase of growth driven by investment and wealth is approaching its end and the economy has entered a crucial period of structural adjustment.The economic growth rate is anticipated to be 7.4%in 2014,and stand between 6.4%and 7.8%over the next five years.Steady growth and high efficiency become the new requirements during the slowing-down of economic growth.In the process of investment-driven growth transforming into efficiency-driven growth,it is well worth paying attention to the establishment of a long-term mechanism for consumption-driven growth.The balance between investment and consumption in the sense of demand management is rendered unhelpful to establishing a path for sustainable growth in China;the report aims to deliver a new perspective by pondering the dynamic efficiency of consumption in the transformation of investment potential into consumption-driven growth.

Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation

The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation.

Is the Productivity-Based Explanation for the Time-Varying US NAIRU Valid？

This paper empirically examines whether the productivity-based explanation for the time-varying US NAIRU is valid. We apply a novel filter known as the ld fused lasso. This procedure enables us to estimate the mean trend of the labor productivity as a step function, without specifying the location and number of breaks a priori. This paper reports that although there exists an impressive similarity between the US NAIRU and the US labor productivity, changes in the US labor productivities do not necessarily lead to changes in the US NAIRU.

Effects of Infrastructure Investment on Structural Change and Productivity Growth in China

The rapid growth of infrastructure investment is a salient feature of China’s economy since the reform and opening-up in 1978,contributing to not only the aggregate demand but also the structural change and productivity growth on the supply-side.This paper builds a multi-sector general equilibrium model to show how infrastructure investment influences structural change through price,investment and income effects,and influences productivity growth through the intensive and extensive marginal effects.By quantifying the model with China’s economy for the period 1981-2017,the paper finds that the infrastructure investment restrained the rise of services,but boosted productivity growth over the period.The policy implication is that China should ramp up infrastructure investment to increase productivity as it pursues high-quality development,but give priority to new infrastructure and public-interest infrastructure to promote industrial structural upgrade.

Impact of Operating Conditions on the Productivity of Star-Rated Hotels in China's Mainland: Verification from Spatial Metrology

Room occupancy rate is a key indicator of star-rated hotel management quality. This paper takes Cobb-Douglas production function as the theoretical framework. Spatial Moran index of autocorrelation, Spatial Lag Model(SLM) and Spatial Error Model(SEM) are used to analyze the star-rated hotels labor productivity of 31 provincial regions in China's Mainland based on the star-rated hotels statistical data of year 2016. The spatial correlation and spatial difference of the star-rated hotels labor productivity is discussed. This paper studies the impact of three factors on spatial characteristics of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The econometric estimation results show that:(1) Star-rated hotels labor productivity present significant spatial dependence and spatial difference in China's Mainland.(2) The estimation results of Ordinary least Squares(OLS) are reliable.(3) The reliability of the results obtained by the Spatial Error Model(SEM) analysis is the highest, and has a stronger explanatory power to the spatial relationship of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The average room occupancy rate has more influence on the labor productivity of the provincial star-rated hotels than the impact of capital and labor.

Globalization and Income Gap from the Perspective of Developing Countries

Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge.

Labor Inputs and Productivity in Chinese Industries:2000-2018

Under the framework of growth accounting,this paper introduces four heterogeneity characteristics of labor,namely,educational level,age,gender and industry,constructs a cross classification matrix of employment,labor compensation and working hours,and calculates the labor input(volume)of the whole country and of 19 industries during 2000-2018.Then it decomposes the volume into quantity and quality parts to analyze the total amount of labor input and the performance of industry labor input.The results are as follows.First,during the research period,the annual growth rate of labor input was 2.5%,and 78.8%of that came from the growth of labor input quality.The growth of labor input was mainly resulted from the improvement of educational level and the optimization of industrial structure.Second,in 2018,the proportions of labor input of the primary,secondary and tertiary sectors were 13.76%,31.06%and 55.18%respectively,and the transfer speed of labor input to the secondary and tertiary sectors was higher than that of the quantity structure;the labor input volume in the new economy and related industries in the tertiary sector has been greatly increased.Third,the index method-based labor productivity(ILP)of some producer service and consumer service industries was relatively low,and the growth of total industry output mainly attributed to the increase of labor input and the expansion of industrial scale.The improvement of labor input quality has become the key to the growth of labor input in China,and the improvement of educational level is the core power to improve the labor input quality.

A Counterfactual Analysis on Unlimited Surplus Labor in Rural China

Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the existence of mass surplus laborers in China. When analyzing various sources of statistics, evidence shows that there is no longer a large pool of surplus laborers in rural China as most people believe. Based on this counterfactual result, all related events, such as the direction of agricultural technological changes, the level of comparative productivity of agricultural labor, and the degree of rural-urban income gap must be reconsidered.

Digital technology,the industrial internet,and cost stickiness

The deep integration of digital technology with the real economy has reconstructed production systems.We explore the impact of digital technology on the resource allocation behavior and efficiency of manufacturing enterprises.Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms over the 2010–2021 period,we find that digital technology alleviates cost stickiness,especially in enterprises with a high level of Industrial Internet platform usage.This effect occurs by optimizing the labor force structure and improving the economic benefits of labor capital investment.Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is pronounced in enterprises with high levels of labor intensity and business complexity.Our findings shed new light on the consequences and mechanism of enterprise cost optimization that is driven by technologydriven reforms.

Underlying motivation for land use change： A case study on the variation of agricultural factor productivity in Xinjiang, China

Understanding the driving forces and mechanism of land use change is a key issue in land change science, and has received much attention over the past 30 years. While many driving forces have been identified, the mechanism of land use change is still unclear, mainly because of limited knowledge of the underlying motivation for land use change. Traditionally, the underlying motivation for land use change was ascribed to people＇s pursuit of satisfying their own demands or that of profit maximization. However, those theoretical hypotheses combine all productive factors without highlighting certain predominant factor, in this paper, a case study was conducted on the variation of land productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity in agricultural land use in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The case study revealed that only labor productivity presented a long-term increasing trend in regional cotton and grain production. This result implies that people＇s pursuit of increasing labor pro- ductivity is probably the underlying motivation for land use change. Additional details identi- fied in agricultural and non-agricultural land use in China support the above implication. As labor productivity is a determinant of people＇s living standards, increasing labor productivity means improving people＇s living standards. Therefore, it is concluded that land use change results from people＇s pursuit of increasing labor productivity in a changing environment.

Productivity Change and Growth in Posts and Telecommunications Sector

First,the Production Functions(PF)are estimated for Posts and Telecommunications(P&T)sector's aggregate economy, using annual data from 1957 to 1993. In this paper the contributions of factorinputs to the output growth are measured.Some comparative static results are presented and some interesting results about the economic characteristics of P&T sector are introduced.

Refreshing China’s Labor Education in the New Era: Policy Review on Education Through Physical Labor

Purpose:This study reviews China’s labor education theories and policies to reveal the main objectives,contents,and methods of the new era,as well as analyzes future development in labor education.Design/Approach/Methods:In addition to reviewing the relevant labor education theories,this study examines China’s labor education policies using historical documents and current policy texts.Marxist and traditional approaches to labor education,as well as the historical development of education in China,provide the macroscopic backdrop of this study’s analysis of the persistence and innovativeness of China’s labor education policies.Findings:China’s labor education policy has placed labor education on the same level as that in morality,intellect,sports,and aesthetics,thereby endowing labor education with new meaning.Labor education seeks to cultivate workers with all-round physical and mental development.Becoming more varied over time,labor education now involves the cultivation of skills,technological capacities,creative thinking,labor habits,and emotional development.Approaches and methods include formal programs and teaching,education in daily life at home and school,as well as practical activities outside of school.Originality/Value:This study identifies the meaning of labor education in different eras and analyzes the objectives,contents,and methods of China’s current policies on labor education,as well as its future developmental trends.In doing so,this study provides a useful reference for the implementation of labor education in elementary and middle schools.