Will Cleaner Air Reduce CorporateLabor Cost?

With China’s listed companies from 2005 to 2015 as samples, this paperinvestigates how air quality influences labor cost based on city-level air quality data. Ourstudy finds a significant negative correlation between air quality and corporate employeecompensation - such a negative correlation is particularly strong in regions whereemployees are more rights-conscious and for companies that are non-labor-intensive. Byadjusting employee compensation according to air quality, firms will increase their futurecorporate value. In addition, air quality has significantly differentiated effects on employeecompensation for firms of different ownership nature and different level of cash on hand.Further research reveals that the effects mainly stem from poor air quality. In general,extreme air quality changes will lead to a difference of 14,210 yuan in the annual averagecompensation to employees from sample companies, or a labor cost difference of around23 trillion yuan for all companies nationwide during the sample period. Our researchconclusions have broadened the scope of research on how air quality influences firmbehavior, and provide empirical reference for employee motivation and cost management,as well as empirical evidences for China’s policy principle that “lucid waters and lushmountains are invaluable assets”.

Labor Cost Analysis for Pome Production in Different Cultivation Modes in Hebei Province

Taking the traditional fruit pear as the example, this paper analyzes labor cost for pome production in Hebei Province, based on the representative cases and the research of pome production in different cultivation modes. Firstly, it conducts cost analysis for medium-density pome production in Xinji City, focusing on the comparison of the costs for the main production labor in standard thin planting mode and dwarf close planting mode. According to the research results, labor cost has a great influence on the total production cost of pome. The methods to reduce labor cost include: adopting dwarfing rootstock close planting and intensively efficient pome cultivation method; simplifying the pruning method when matching up the shape of tree; improving soil by the methods of natural grasses and addition of organic materials, and increasing mechanized operation.

Labor compensation,labor productivity and labor cost advantage—An empirical study of Chinese manufacturing enterprises during 2000-2007

Unlike the usual practice of equating wages or labor compensation with labor cost,this paper incorporates labor productivity into an analytical framework and holds that the labor cost advantage is the relative relationship between labor compensation and labor productivity.Based on an empirical study of the data of Chinese manufacturing firms that include all state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises with their annual revenue greater than 5 million yuan from 2000 to 2007,this paper finds that labor compensation growth was accompanied by faster labor productivity growth.Hence,the labor cost advantage was not weakened during this period.Furthermore,this paper conducts an exploration of how to sustain labor cost advantages in the future and proposes that they can be sustained by upgrading the industrial structure and improving the education system.

A Study on Labor Cost of Enterprises in Shanghai

Increasing labor costs have become a focus of concern for enterprises and governmentsince Chinas entry into the WTO. Based on recent statistics and case studies of enterprisesin Shanghai, changes in labor costs in Shanghai are examined in this paper and comparedwith other areas around Shanghai. Some factors contributing to recent increases in laborcosts in Shanghai are analyzed. It highlights that labor costs in Shanghai will continue toincrease due to the citys rapid economic development and intensive use of human capital.It points out, however, that some room still exists to reduce the labor cost, and severalpractical measures are suggested.

How Do Rising Labor Costs Affect China’s Industrialization?

China’s uninterrupted high-speed economic growth depends on promoting the process of industrialization.Based on provincial data during 2003-2016,this paper empirically estimates the impact of labor costs on China’s industrialization and examines its mechanism and path.The results show that the rising labor costs such as wages and social security premiums may lead to China’s“de-industrialization”.With endogeneity excluded,the conclusion still holds.The following policy suggestions are proposed:increasing the effective labor supply in the industrial sector to slow down the increase in wages,implementing social insurance premium reform to reduce social security premium rate,reversing the situation of investment“fl eeing from the real economy and into the virtual economy”in a multi-pronged manner,and optimizing the combination of labor,capital and technology in various ways.

Agricultural Land Use Responses to the Rising Labor Opportunity Cost in Sui County,China

Rising labor opportunity cost is one of the most important characteristics of farmers' economic environment in present China,and brings great agricultural land use changes correspondingly.Based on the stratified random sample of rural households in Sui County,this paper estimates the opportunity cost of farm labors,and then analyzes its effect on farmers' agricultural land use decisions.The findings show that the households with higher labor opportunity cost are more likely to reduce labor intensity and increase labor-saving input in their land use decisions.From the descriptive analysis,we also find these households always prefer grain crop planting,reduce yield-raising input or even rent out their cultivated land.As labor and yield-raising input are two essential positive factors for grain production,continuous declining of labor input and yield-raising input caused by rising labor opportunity cost may influence the grain yield per unit area in the future.

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low's model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.

家族企业更重视员工利益吗?——基于劳动力成本粘性的考察视角

家族企业追求“基业长青”,其在对待员工这一重要利益相关者时,是否会表现出显著的行为偏好和特征?本文切入劳动力成本粘性的研究视角,以2003年—2019年民营上市公司为对象,考察了家族企业劳动力成本的决策行为表现及其机理.研究结果表明,与非家族企业相比,家族企业进行劳动力成本调整时会表现出更强的粘性特征,且随着家族持股水平提升、进入代际传承阶段以及董事会中家族成员占比提高,劳动力成本粘性现象会更加突出.进一步研究发现:维护员工关系和保持良好声誉是造成这一现象的主要原因;家族企业中的劳动力成本粘性具体表现为用工粘性,而非薪酬粘性;行业竞争程度和非劳动密集性都会加剧家族企业的劳动力成本粘性;家族企业承担适当的劳动力成本粘性还有助于促进生产效率,实现劳资“互惠”.本文既丰富了家族企业行为特征和成本粘性影响因素的相关研究,也为处理劳资关系和实现共同富裕提供了一定的现实启示.

“双碳”背景下中国制造业绿色出口竞争力研究

在“双碳”背景下,提升中国制造业绿色出口竞争力对发展绿色贸易具有重要意义。论文引入碳排放权交易价格,运用多区域投入产出模型,将传统的单位劳动成本改进为单位绿色隐含劳动成本,将出口增加值国际市场份额改进为绿色出口增加值国际市场份额,进而构建绿色出口竞争力指数,测算并比较中国十大制造行业绿色出口竞争力。研究发现,2005—2019年中国大部分制造行业单位绿色隐含劳动成本和绿色出口竞争力指数均在上升,其中单位绿色隐含劳动成本上升最多的是金属制品业,从2005年的0.409上升到2019年的0.780,绿色出口竞争力指数上升最多的是非金属矿物制品业,从0.243上升到1.069。回归结果表明,研发投入和行业规模对中国制造业绿色出口竞争力有显著正向影响。针对以上结论,在“双碳”目标下,论文提出提高劳动生产率、培育可持续竞争优势、加大技术研发投入等政策建议。

企业数字化转型能否降低劳动力成本粘性——基于内部控制的考察

在全球数字经济的大浪潮下,数字化转型对企业的经营管理及成本费用产生了深刻影响。利用2010—2021年我国A股上市公司的样本数据,构建企业数字化转型指标,探究企业数字化转型对劳动力成本粘性的影响效应及机制。研究发现:企业数字化转型有利于提高内部控制质量,从而降低了企业劳动力成本粘性;异质性分析表明,数字化转型对劳动力成本粘性的影响在非国有企业、衰退期企业、劳动密集型企业以及东中部地区企业更明显;进一步检验发现,企业数字化转型对降低劳动力成本粘性具有长期抑制作用,主要体现在用工粘性而非薪酬粘性,且主要影响普通员工而非高管;企业数字化转型还能够更好地提高劳动力成本经济效率。本研究揭示了数字化转型对企业成本性态的影响机理,为实现数字经济与实体经济高质量协同发展提供了现实指导。

社会信用与企业韧性——基于社会信用体系改革试点的准自然实验

在当前全球经济环境不稳定的背景下,如何增强企业韧性是所有企业都要面临的重要问题。文章基于2007—2021年我国A股上市公司的平衡面板数据,测度了企业韧性水平,并以城市社会信用体系改革试点作为一项准自然实验,运用多时点DID模型实证检验了社会信用对企业韧性的影响。结果表明:社会信用提升能够显著增强企业韧性;社会信用主要通过提高城市人力资本水平、降低企业交易成本和提升企业劳动生产率三个机制来增强企业韧性。异质性分析发现:社会信用对企业韧性的增强作用在内部治理水平较低企业、非国有企业、市场化程度较低地区中的效果更大。文章为研究企业韧性的影响因素提供了新的视角,对如何增强企业韧性、实现企业高质量发展具有一定的启示。

人口老龄化与外商直接投资:影响机制与实证分析——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

基于2003—2020年中国省级面板数据,将储蓄率和劳动力成本纳入同一分析框架,从理论和实证两个层面探究人口老龄化对外商直接投资流入的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明,人口老龄化与外商直接投资流入存在显著的倒U形关系,且存在时空异质性:空间异质性,表现为老龄化对外商直接投资流入的影响呈现东、中、西部逐渐下降趋势;时间异质性,表现为2012—2020年人口老龄化对外商直接投资的影响程度明显高于2003—2011年。储蓄率在人口老龄化影响外商直接投资流入的过程中表现出正向调节效应,起到推动作用,而劳动力成本起到部分中介效应,且劳动力成本对外商直接投资流入的影响力随着老龄化的持续加剧而扩大,阻碍了外商直接投资的流入。为此,各级政府要完善劳动权益保障体系,加大人力资本投入力度,制定完善的外资引入机制,引导外商直接投资区域均衡发展。

儿童照料费用对女性劳动参与决策的影响研究

自我国开始市场化改革以来,我国女性劳动参与率呈现不断下降的趋势,且长期低于男性劳动参与率。受传统家庭劳动分工的影响,女性在家庭中承担着养育孩子的主要责任,因而与儿童照料相关的成本负担通常会对女性劳动供给产生一定的负面影响。在我国进行托育制度改革后,公共托育体系的瓦解抬高了儿童托育服务的价格。目前,我国女性劳动参与率的持续下降与儿童照料费用的不断增加有着密切联系。基于此观察,利用中国健康和营养调查(CHNS)1991~2015年九期调查数据,创新性地利用了社区0~6岁儿童托幼机构的托儿费支出这一指标,综合使用Probit模型和工具变量法实证分析了儿童照料费用对我国女性劳动参与决策的影响。研究结果发现:儿童照料费用的增加显著降低了女性的劳动参与率。异质性分析表明,儿童照料费用的增加对于城镇、受教育程度较低、30岁以下和中低收入水平家庭的女性劳动参与率的负面影响更为明显。稳健性分析表明,儿童照料费用的增加对男性劳动参与率没有显著的负面影响;在控制内生性后,儿童照料费用对女性劳动参与率的负向影响显著增强。在生育政策完全放开的背景下,完善普惠托幼服务体系、健全女性就业保障制度和倡导男性共同承担育儿责任是提升我国女性劳动参与率的重要措施。

劳动力成本上升对物流发展水平影响的时空效应

以长三角城市群26市2004-2020年的面板数据为研究样本,在测算各城市物流发展水平的基础上,借助普通面板模型、动态空间杜宾模型探究劳动力成本对物流业发展的影响。研究表明:长三角城市群物流发展水平整体呈上升趋势,由极化发展逐步转为均衡扩散发展;城市间物流发展水平表现出正向的空间自相关关系,劳动力成本对本地物流发展水平有积极的促进作用,但对邻地产生负向的空间溢出效应,异质性检验发现,发展水平低的城市更易受到劳动力成本的影响。应从物流产业空间布局、产业支持政策及劳动力成本增速等方面助力长三角地区物流业发展。

劳动力成本驱动物流业发展研究

选取2004—2020年长三角城市群26市的面板数据,采用熵值法测算各城市物流发展水平并描述其演变规律,利用普通面板模型、面板向量自回归模型及门槛模型探究劳动力成本对物流发展水平的影响。结果表明:各城市物流发展水平整体上有所进步,具有明显的俱乐部趋同现象和惯性发展趋势。劳动力成本是物流发展水平的驱动因素,劳动力成本的正向影响存在阶段性,当劳动力成本和产业结构跨越门槛值时,其促进作用呈先弱后强的非线性特征。

苦尽甘来:子女数量与家庭财务脆弱性

子女数量与家庭经济行为息息相关。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,探究子女数量对家庭财务脆弱性的影响。研究结果表明,抚养阶段子女数量增加会通过提高养育成本、降低劳动供给、改变资产配置增加家庭财务脆弱性,其中城市家庭更为显著。而父母在体制内工作、有较高的受教育水平和金融素养的家庭则不受影响。进一步分析发现,成年子女数量增加显著降低了家庭财务脆弱性,呈现出苦尽甘来的生命周期特征。从而,完善生育保障体系、提高育龄人群生育意愿,对于改善我国人口结构具有重要意义。

投服中心行权会影响企业劳动投资效率吗?——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

中证中小投资者服务中心(以下简称“投服中心”)推出的持股行权政策是资本市场的重要制度创新,为解决中小投资者保护难题提供了政策思路。基于2014—2020年中国A股上市公司数据,构建多期双重差分模型检验了投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的影响。研究发现,投服中心行权能够显著提升企业劳动投资效率。机制检验结果显示,投服中心行权通过降低信息不对称和缓解代理问题进而提升企业劳动投资效率。异质性分析结果表明,在劳动投资不足、治理水平较低的企业中,以及行权方式为专项行动、股东大会和网上行权时,投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的提升效应显著。进一步研究发现,投服中心行权通过提升劳动投资效率,提高了企业业绩和企业价值。因此,应充分发挥投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的提升作用,提高公司治理水平,以保护中小投资者合法权益。

静脉用药调配中心集中调配4类药品的成本测算

目的 测算静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)集中调配4类药品(普通药物、抗菌药物、危害药品和全胃肠外营养液)的成本,为相关部门制定收费标准提供参考依据。方法 通过问卷调查法收集陕西省12家医疗机构的PIVAS运营成本,包括人力成本、医疗卫生材料成本、固定资产折旧及修缮成本、水电成本与管理成本,综合采用操作时间分配系数法和工作量分配系数法对以上成本进行分配,计算得到4类药品的单位调配成本。结果 陕西省PIVAS调配普通药物、抗菌药物、危害药品和全胃肠外营养液的年均总成本分别为(2 195 900.25±1 680 893.73)、(746 341.59±725 839.39)、(331 420.15±183 258.83)、(330 322.68±277 281.70)元,其中人力成本占比最大,平均占比为85.49%。调配1组普通药物、抗菌药物和危害药品的成本分别为5.89、7.60、14.37元,调配1袋全胃肠外营养液的成本为32.15元(不含一次性静脉营养袋成本)。结论 本研究所得不同类别静脉药物的调配成本计算方法及数据,可为相关部门制订和调整PIVAS收费标准提供参考。