Demand,Supply and Surplus of Agricultural Labor Force in China

China's economy enjoys the prominent characteristics of a dual structure,with a severe surplus in the agricultural labor force.Scholars in China and overseas have conducted extensive research on the issue of labor surplus and have developed estimates on the size and percentage of surplus labor.The results,however,vary considerably due to the differences in methods and data sources.Based on existing research and using the National Agricultural Costs and Returns Compilation as the data source,this paper proposes that the size of the agricultural surplus labor force is only 8,520,000 persons,accounting for 2.1% of the total rural labor force.

Empirical Study on the Impact of Rural Labor Force Flow on the Price of Agricultural Products——A Method Based on VEC Model

Based on the research introduction of domestic and foreign scholars,dynamic equilibrium between the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural product is analyzed by VEC model,according to the data of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products in the years 1990-2007.Chows breakpoint test is used to measure the stage characteristics of the impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product.Result shows that there is a long-term and stationary relationship between the flow quantity of rural labor force and the price of agricultural product.Rural labor force flow,as an exogenous force,affects the agricultural production,and further influences the price fluctuation of agricultural products.Impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product is from weak to strong,then grows gradually weaker,and reaches its peak value at the year 1998.With the development of rural society and economy and the market process,rural labor force flow endogenously affects the price of agricultural product,which has periodic characteristics.In order to achieve a dual stabilization of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products,the following countermeasures are put forward:vigorously developing vocational education,increasing the support for agricultural production,and making active employment measures.

A Two-Sector Economic Growth Model with Labor Force

In this paper, a two\|sector growth model is given. The labor force transfer process from agricultural sector to industrial sector is exogenous determined. By introducing the labor force transferring function, a two\|dimension nonautonomous differential equation is obtained. The results of the model manifest that the labor force transfer delays industrial sector growth and accelerates the agricultural sector growth. It is proved that the solution of the model is asymptotic stable. By the numerical analysis, the economic growth and labor force transfer is presented under the specific parameters.

Coupling Research on the Process of Transfer of Surplus Labor Forces and Scaling-up of Farmland

On the basis of giving an overview of efficiency research on transformation of land from fragmentation to scale economy, by using the concept of coupling in physics, this paper expounds the behavior basis of transfer of surplus rural labor forces in China and transformation of land from fragmentation to scaling up, and analyzes behaviors of all parties and equilibrium outcomes in the three stages concerning the transformation of agricultural land from fragmentation to scaling up as follows. At the first stage of coupling, after multitudinous rural surplus labor forces emerge, the farmers begin to go to city seeking jobs. In this period, the amalgamation of land management has not occurred and the single farmer's land has not yet concentrated. The total land area of single farmer has not yet increased and the total amount of farmers has not yet decreased. At the second stage of coupling, driven by living standards and income, multitudinous rural surplus labor forces begin to live in the city permanently in fact, and the scale management of rural land begins to arise. Foreign funded enterprises begin to enter agriculture, and the industrialization management of agriculture is equipped with the most fundamental conditions due to the occurrence of scaling up of land. At the third stage of coupling, the transfer of rural surplus labor forces basically ends. The property rights of agricultural land or the management forms also, in a large measure, concentrate. The obstacles to agricultural scaling-up management are solved fundamentally, and the income gap between urban areas and rural areas is narrowed. Urban-rural population migration is no longer the main form of China's population migration. This stage has not yet been realized in China and it is the future state of villages. Finally, through the two cases researched by the predecessors, we verify the research results of the preceding two stages, which provides reliable reference for transformation of China's agricultural land management, and policy formulation of transfer of surplus labor forces.

Study on the Quantity and Age Structure of Rural Surplus Labor Force in China

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006, this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from ＂Lewis turning point＂, and ＂mingong huang＂ （ shortage of peasant workforce） appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.

Robot Application and Labor Force Employment:Substitution or Complementation?——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Data from 22 Economies

The rise of robotics has brought great uncertainty to the labor market.Based on the sectoral data from 22 economies during 2008-2019,this paper explores the impact of robot application on employment.The results show that,on the whole,robot application will have complementary effects on labor force employment,and the grouped regression by economic development level and demographic characteristics supports this conclusion,while the effect of robot application on labor force employment is significantly different by industry.Further research shows that the degree of robot use is the key factor that determines the effect of robots on employment,and the complementary effect is dominant in economies with low degree of robot application,and the subtitution effect is dominant in economies with high degree of robot application.In addition,obvious spillover effects are observed in robotic application.On the one hand,robot application will have a forward crowdingout effect and a reverse siphon effect,which drive the labor force moving from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.On the other hand,robot application will also have heterogeneous effects on the labor force employment of economies in the upstream and downstream position along the value chain through the transmission effect of the Global Value Chains(GVC).The conclusions of this paper provide some practical implications for the rational formulation of artificial intelligence plans in the context of“stabilizing employment”.

Grandparent-provided childcare and labor force participation of mothers with preschool children in Urban China

This paper investigates the effects of grandparent-provided childcare and the access to daycare services on the labor force participation of mothers with children under 7 years old in urban China.Using two-stage residual inclusion method,the analysis finds that grandparent-provided childcare and the access to daycare services both have strong positive effects on maternal labor force participation(MLFP).Specifically,having grandparent-provided childcare increases MLFP by 38-43%,whereas having access to daycare services increases MLFP by 24-29%.The analysis also finds that having a healthy grandmother is a significant determinant in whether grandparent-provided childcare is utilized and that the demand for grandparent-provided childcare is higher in localities in which daycare services for children under 3 years old are more expensive.These results indicate that grandparents,particularly grandmothers,play an important role in sustaining MLFP,particularly as the supply of publicly funded daycare programs is declining.

International Cooperation for China's Labor Force

At present, the keystone for integration of the world’s economy is the liberalization of commodities, services, investment and finance. While it reinforces the global mobility of high-technology staff, it does not actually lead to the cross border flow of general labor, especially low-skill labor in the developing countries. This may create a problem for the developing countries, that is, how to combine international capital, which is expanding incessantly and has strong mobility, with the international labor, which is great in quantity and weak in mobility. China’s accession to WTO in 2001 is an important milestone of China’s reform and opening up. This means that China

Analysis of the impacts of socioeconomic factors on hiring an external labor force in tilapia farming in Southern Togo

This study analyzed the financial profitability and the impacts of socioeconomic factors on hiring an external labor force in tilapia farming in Southern Togo.We obtained the primary data from 75 randomly selected tilapia farmers for socioeconomic analysis by a structured questionnaire.Logit regression and return on investment(ROI)were performed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the decision of tilapia farmers to hire an external labor force and financial profitability of tilapia farming in the study area,respectively.The results indicate that tilapia farming contributes to employment opportunities in the study area.However,the key variables such as economic diversification,farming experience and educational attainment significantly affect the farmers’decision to hire an external labor force in their farms.Furthermore,tilapia farming is a profitable activity based on the positive mean gross margin and mean net farm income.The ROI was 0.31,which implies that a return of USD 0.31 was obtained for the investment of every single dollar.The government must pay more attention by organizing training or re-training workshops for tilapia farmers,which would improve their socio-economic status.

Is the Problem of Population Aging Real?An Answer Obtained from the Labor Force Participation of the G7 Countries

Old-age dependency ratio(OADR)is commonly used to indicate the financial burden of population aging;increases in OADR have caused widespread concerns.To better measure the financial burden,this paper proposes a dependency ratio of non-labor-force population to labor-force population(NLDR).This ratio includes OADR as a special case.This paper finds that,when measured by NLDR,financial burden actually declined in five of the G7 countries during the years 2000-2014.To project future trends,labor force participation rates by age f(x)can be forecasted using the coherent LeeCarter method.This paper combines the forecasted f(x)and the population projections of the United Nations,to forecast increases of NLDR for the G7 countries between 2014 and 2050.These increases are on average less than onefifth of the increases projected for OADR.Because OADR ignores the increase of labor force participation,its description of the problem of population aging for the G7 countries in the past is unrealistic and inaccurate,and forecasts of the future based on OADR are likely to be just as unrealistic.Understanding the conditions and reasons for increases in labor force participation can provide valuable insights into the issues of population aging in China,where the remarkable increase of OADR may result in real financial burdens.One condition for labor force participation to increase could be that people remain in good health,which makes continuing to work more feasible.Other reasons for labor force participation to increase are likely to be found in government policies that encourage people to continue working longer.For China,collecting reliable data on labor force participation is also crucial.Without these data,the effects of the policies that encourage people to continue working longer cannot be detected;and therefore the policies cannot be properly developed.

An Analysis of Labor Resources “One River and Two Tributaries” Region in Tibet, China

Focusing on the region of Yarlung Zangbo River and the middle reaches of itstwo tributaries of Nianchu River and Lhasa River in Tibet (Hereafter referred to as the 'One Riverand Two Tributaries' region), and based on the data from China 3rd, 4th and5th population censuses,the article has analyzed change patterns of this region' s labor force. Major findings from thestudy are summarized as follows; (1) Compared with the data from the 3rd census, labor forcepopulation in 2000 has increased significantly. (2) Children dependency coefficient has dropped,while old people dependency coefficient has changed very slightly with an increase of 0. 047% only.(3) Compared 2000 with 1982, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy rate of the population above 15 yearsold have decreased significantly by 30. 69 percentage points, but still higher than the nationalaverage. (4) Women' s illiteracy rate has dropped faster than men's, but up to 2000 it was generallyquite high. The upgrading of the entire population's overall quality has a long way to go.

The Design of the Assistant Decision Support System of Cross-Regional Rural Labor Flow

The framework of the assistant decision support system of cross-regional rural labor flow is established,the system combines the cross-regional rural labor flow with DSS,which provides the leaders with the maximum assistant decision-making function in the regulation and guidance of rural labors as well as in relevant programs.The assistant decision support system functions are discussed,the function modules of this system are introduced from four aspects,including the analysis of labor flow,the prediction of labor flow,the regulation of cross-regional flow and the configuration of decision support system;based on the data base obtained from dynamic tracking of the migrant workers and combining other data sources,the data warehouse model is established,for example,in the analysis of the labor migration times,a star multi-dimensional data model is designed from the time dimension,place dimension,the type of work dimension,accompaniers dimension and so on;the trans-regional flow of rural labor force is analyzed and predicted by using OLAP from the labor's migration times,migration places and other various perspectives.The operation principles of the assistant decision support system of trans-regional labor flow are introduced,it is pointed out that the system serves the policy-makers of the regulation of labor flow and other relevant enterprises,the system will play an important role in the tracking monitoring and cross-regional regulation of the rural labor flow.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

Detrimental Effects of COVID-19 Measures on Mental Health and Social-Economic Disparities

The COVID-19 pandemic has struck nations worldwide,pushing worldwide health and socioeconomic systems to extreme limits.Various factors,such as drastic alterations in public environments,prolonged quarantine,revenue loss,and anxiety of disease contraction,have caused mental turmoil.Although there was a need to cope with an excess of psychological strain among the public,post-COVID patients,and those with a previously diagnosed psychiatric condition,mental health programs faced a substantial decline in services,mirroring the dramatic rise in psychological issues.Interestingly,certain coping strategies play protective or deleterious effects on mental health outcomes.Moreover,social media exposure has played a double-edged role in the mental health of the public during the pandemic,leaving grounds for further debates.Protean cultural themes have taken center stage in the discussion on social resilience and compliance to COVID-19 measures,driving their impact through cer-tain work ethics,social capital,and public attitudes in different societies.On the other hand,exceedingly rising poverty rates cemented the deleterious economic impact of the pandemic.Attention has been called to the racial implications of the pandemic,driving millions of individuals with low socioeconomic position(SEP)and belong-ing to minority groups out of the paid workforce.Interestingly,we turn attention to an array of elements impli-cated in this dramatic effect,such as public transport,living arrangements,and health insurance coverage among these vulnerable groups.We attempt to address the mechanisms COVID-19 channeled its mental health and socioeconomic impacts by explaining the risk factors and pave the way for stronger crisis management in the future by evaluating the socioeconomic and psychological effects in stark detail.

Cultivating New-type Farmers Based on the Theory of Human Resources Development

Under the direction of theory of human resources development,this thesis analyzes the impact of rural human resources development oncultivating new-type farmers.Firstly,it increases the input of rural basic education;secondly,it reinforces the vocational education and technologytraining;thirdly,it promotes the rural medical and public health services;fourthly,it quickens the rural labor transfer.The status quo of China's ruralhuman resources has been analyzed as follows:in terms of the quantity of rural human resources,the status quo is large and quick-developed baseof rural human resources,high labor participatory rate,and constitution of low age;in terms of the quality of rural human resources,the status quois the ubiquitous low quality of rural human resources,low technological level of rural human resources,and overall low physical quality of farmers;in terms of the structure of rural human resources,the status quo is the irrational industrial structure distribution and imbalanced regional structuredistribution.The thesis also discusses the edification of theory of human resources development in cultivating new-type farmers.First,in terms ofthe control over quantity of rural human resources,it is to keep the stability of family planning policy,and expedite the transfer of rural surplus la-bor;second,in terms of promoting the quality of rural human resources,it is to bolster the development of reserve rural labor force resources,toconstruct the adult educational training system with Chinese characteristics,and to build rural primary health care system;third,in terms of adjus-ting the structure of rural human resources,it is to perfect rural human resources market,and adjust rural economical structure and talents struc-ture.

Investment Problems of China Rural Human Capital

The rural human capital refers to the condensation of the physical body, knowledge, skills, and all the abilities that can improve the capacity of the rural labor productivity. The ability is a form of human capital stock and it plays an important role in China＇s development of rural economy and society, but at present the situation of investment in human capital in rural areas is not optimistic. A lot of problems need to be solved such as the inadequate total investment and the irrational structure, as to these issues, strategies and recommendations were proposed in order to strengthen the human capital investment.

Balance and Sharing:Women's Childcare Time and Family's Help

It is of crucial importance for professional women to strike a balance between childcare and work.Help from family can effectively reduce women's time spent on childcare.Based on relevant survey,this paper successively analyzes the time of mother,father and grandparents invested in childcare and explores how women are supported by their family in this duty.Infant and childcare can be as time-consuming as a full-time job.Mothers have always played a primary role in infant and childcare,while grandparents,offering a helping hand to effectively alleviate the mother's workload,can play an alternative role,which is of great significance.This is particularly true in early childhood,when more than 40% of Chinese children are under the care of grandparents,with relatively limited participation of their fathers.Childcare gap between mothers and fathers is even larger in rural China.It is quite common for a family to turn to nursery services when their child are three years old to significantly alleviate the mother's childcare burden.When it comes to the design of relevant public policies and projects,consideration should be given to the role of each family member in taking care of infants and children in different growth stages to explore more options for childcare.More specifically,in addition to motherhood,grandparents' support should be valued,and fatherhood should be enhanced.

Monetary Policy and Unemployment:The Case of Romania

The paper aims to analyze the monetary transmission model between the monetary policy and the labor market variable of unemployment.The results of the data show that,the external shocks have an important impact especially on the Romanian interest rates but also on the domestic production;however,the impact is not significant on unemployment,which proves the resilience of the domestic labor market.The central bank policy rate has a stabilizing effect on the unemployment rate in case of an increase in the euro area policy rate.

An End to Forced Labor

China is working on an improved drug rehabilitation regulation that drops work as a form of treatment China is going to release a new regulation soon to give detail to the rules for forced-and-isolated rehab treatment,a new measure replac- ing forced drug treatment through labor, according to an official with the China Narcotics Control Foundation(CNCF). Chen Xingyou,Secretary General of

China's Labor Transition and the Future of China's Rural Wages and Employment

This paper contributes to the assessment of China＇s rural labor markets. According to our data, the increase in off-farm employment that China experienced during the 1980s and 1990s continued during the 2000s. Our analysis shows that migration has become the most prevalent off-farm activity, although the destination of migrants is shifting from outside of one＇s province to destinations closer to home. The present paperfinds that large shares of male and female individuals, especially those under 40 years, are working off the farm. These findings represent an important contribution to the labor economics field. First, the results of the present paper reveal that the labor transition from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector for key segments of China＇s rural labor force is nearly complete. Second, although a large share of China ＂s rural labor force work in agriculture, most of these workers are older men and women （and likely would not be willing to take low-wage, labor-intensive jobs）. Third, the rising unskilled wage rate in China is partially a result of the tightening of the labor force in the young age cohorts. Finally, due to factors associated with the one child policy and other demographic transition forces, successive age cohorts will continue to fall in absolute number in the coming decade. Assuming China＇s growth continues, we expect to see further wage increases since it will take higher wages to coax more workers to work off the farm.