Analysis of a passive ankle exoskeleton for reduction of metabolic costs during walking

Modern conflicts demand substantial physical and psychological exertion,often resulting in fatigue and diminished combat or operational readiness.Several exoskeletons have been developed recently to address these challenges,presenting various limitations that affect their operational or everyday usability.This article evaluates the performance of a dual-purpose passive ankle exoskeleton developed for the reduction of metabolic costs during walking,seeking to identify a force element that could be applied to the target population.Based on the 6-min walk test,twenty-nine subjects participated in the study using three different force elements.The results indicate that it is possible to reduce metabolic expenditure while using the developed exoskeleton.Additionally,the comfort and range of motion results verify the exoskeleton's suitability for use in uneven terrain and during extended periods.Nevertheless,the choice of the force element should be tailored to each user,and the control system should be adjustable to optimise the exoskeleton's performance.

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex, dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared. Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties' total reduction requirements range from 503—1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140—612 MtC after USA's withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21—77 BUSD with USA and from 5—36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions' share in the all mitigation strategies drops to only 0—16%.

Estimating the Macroeconomic Costs of CO_2 Emission Reduction in China Based on Multi-objective Programming

This paper estimates the macroeconornic costs of CO2 emission reduction in China employing the input-output analysis with the multi-objective programming approach. The results show that the effect of reducing CO2 emissions on China＇s economy is significant. Under the present conditions, the estimated macroeconomic costs of CO2 emission reduction in 2010 for China are approximately 3,100-4,024 RMB t-1. The stronger the abatement actions, the higher the macroeconomic costs of per unit emission reduction would be. Excavation industry, oil industry, chemical industry, and metal smelting industry have high potential to abate their CO2 emissions.

Charging Ahead with E-Buses: Benefits, Costs, and Transition Roadmap

This paper reaches a recommendation for the 10-year e-bus transition roadmap for New York City. The lifecycle model of emission reduction demonstrates the ecological and financial impacts of a complete transition from the current diesel bus fleet to an all-electric bus fleet in New York City by 2033. This study focuses on the NOx pollution, which is the highest among all major cities by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and greenhouse gases (GHG) with annual emissions of over five million tons. Our model predicts that switching to an all-electric bus fleet will cut GHG emissions by over 390,000 tons and NOx emissions by over 1300 tons annually, in addition to other pollutants such as VOCs and PM 2.5. yielding an annual economic benefit of over 75.94 million USD. This aligns with the city mayor office’s initiative of achieving total carbon neutrality. We further model an optimized transition roadmap that balances ecological and long-term benefits against the costs of the transition, emphasizing feasibility and alignment with the natural replacement cycle of existing buses, ensuring a steady budgeting pattern to minimize interruptions and resistance. Finally, we advocate for collaboration between government agencies, public transportation authorities, and private sectors, including electric buses and charging facility manufacturers, which is essential for fostering innovation and reducing the costs associated with the transition to e-buses.

Pollutant emission reduction effect through effluent tax,concentration-based effluent standard,or both

There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.

Economic Assessment of Standby Diesel Generator for Peak Reduction in Commercial and Industrial Buildings:A Case Study in Malaysia

This paper outlines the barriers and potential benefits of using standby diesel generators in mitigating the peak demands for commercial and industrial customers. The feasibility of utilizing the standby diesel generators to reduce the electricity bills for customers is carried out by using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable(HOMER)software. The size of the standby diesel generator and its operational duration are determined based on the lowest cost of electricity obtained from the evaluations. The economic assessments demonstrate that there is potential to reduce the electricity bills for commercial and industrial customers under the existing fuel price and tariffs. The commercial customers under the tariff C2 have the highest potential to save their electricity bills with the use of standby diesel generators for peak reduction. This study demonstrates the potential of the standby diesel generators in peak reduction.

Implementation of a greenhouse gas reduction roadmap for steel producing companies

This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology (BAT) processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company's business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO_2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.

数据要素与流通企业高质量发展

作为新型生产要素,数据要素已快速融入生产、流通、消费等环节,深刻改变着经济运行过程与企业组织管理模式。基于2007—2021年我国沪深A股上市流通企业样本,尝试利用Python技术爬取年报中的数据要素关键词频并进行量化处理,由此从理论和实证两个层次探究数据要素对流通企业高质量发展的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:数据要素能够显著促进流通企业高质量发展,这种结论在稳健性检验和内生性处理后仍然成立;数据要素主要通过降本增效与提质增效两种路径促进流通企业高质量发展,前者表现为以节约流通成本为核心的降低经营成本与扩大市场规模效应,后者表现为以提高流通速度为核心的促进市场匹配与增强部门协同效应;数据要素对流通企业高质量发展的促进作用存在明显异质性,这种作用在非国有企业、非零售行业以及大数据政策提出之后更显著。

重整生成油管式反应器液相加氢工艺(FITS)的工业应用

针对某石化公司1.0 Mt/a连续催化重整装置苯产品白土预处理工艺精制深度不够、重组分产量大、白土失活快以及二甲苯加氢系统工艺流程较复杂、能耗大等问题,采用中国石化长岭分公司和湖南长岭石化科技开发有限公司共同开发的重整生成油管式反应器液相加氢工艺(简称FITS工艺)对重整生成油进行脱烯烃处理。该工艺利用氢气纳米级微孔分散技术,使氢气在油相中均匀分散,能有效脱除重整生成油中的烯烃,满足苯产品溴指数小于20 mgBr/(100 g)、混合二甲苯产品溴指数小于50 mgBr/(100 g)的控制要求。FITS工艺的成功投用,可以停用精制苯的白土罐、二甲苯的加氢单元,大幅降低了芳烃处理单元的能耗和运行成本。

基于动态电价机制的配网运营商与用户储能商双层协调多目标优化策略

为在电力市场和调度运用中发挥用户侧分布式储能的价值,充分利用电价的优化调节能力,提出考虑负荷需求响应的多目标双层动态电价模型。其中,上层以区域配网代理运营商运营成本和平均负荷波动率最小为目标,下层考虑储能商负荷需求响应,以各储能商运营成本最小为目标。此外,采用改进优劣解距离法对模型求得的Pareto最优解集进行多属性决策,以避免传统优劣解距离法中人为赋权的主观性。最后,决策出最优的内部电价、充放电计划和负荷安排。算例表明,该策略可以降低储能商的运行成本,提高区域配网运营商的收益与区域供电可靠性,同时有利于平滑负荷曲线。

碳限额约束下双渠道供应链减排成本分担演化博弈研究

碳限额背景下,考虑到碳减排技术的高成本,双渠道供应链中的制造商倾向于与零售商共担成本以减少企业风险。对制造商和零售商碳减排成本分担冲突问题进行研究,有助于供应链协同减排,促进国家实现碳减排目标。本文针对一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链系统,运用演化博弈模型研究碳限额约束下的减排成本分担及减排策略(投资碳减排技术和购买碳排放配额)选择问题,并分析价格调控机制对演化稳定策略的影响。研究发现:存在(制造商不投资,零售商不投资)、(制造商投资,零售商不投资)和(制造商不投资,零售商投资)三种演化稳定策略;进一步,当引入价格调控机制时,双渠道供应链系统在策略(制造商投资,零售商投资)上也能形成稳定。此外,通过仿真分析验证了上述理论结果,并讨论了不同情形下的产品批发价格、减排技术成本、碳交易成本、成本分担比例对制造商和零售商共同分担碳减排技术成本意愿的影响。

制造商不同研发模式下零售商信息获取策略研究

在激烈的市场竞争中,制造商需要不断进行产品研发才能保持其核心竞争力,而下游零售商在关注产品研发计划的同时也需要时刻掌握消费者偏好情况。为研究制造商不同研发模式下零售商的最佳信息获取策略,本文基于质量提升和成本削减两种研发模式,构建了不同策略组合下的博弈模型。研究发现:无论制造商是否进行研发投入,零售商都仅在信息获取成本低于相应的阈值时才会获取消费者偏好信息,但制造商的研发投入放宽了零售商获取信息的费用阈值,促进了其进行信息获取的意愿。同时,制造商研发模式的选择受到投资系数的影响,当质量投资系数较小而成本投资系数较大时,制造商选择质量提升研发模式,反之,制造商选择成本削减研发模式。最后,通过数值算例表明,零售商获取信息有益于消费者剩余和社会福利的提升。

基于碳排放总量约束的我国产业部门碳配额分配研究

制定合理的碳配额分配方案是实现我国“碳达峰”目标的重要内容。从产业部门视角出发,基于2025年投入产出数据,综合运用ZSG-DEA模型、熵值法等设计了基于公平、效率和综合原则的碳配额分配方案。在此基础上,在碳市场规制下,通过构建减排压力指数和减排成本模型对比分析了其减排效应。研究发现:与公平、效率原则相比,综合原则下的分配方案减排压力水平适中,平均边际减排成本较低,产生额外收益的产业部门最多,产业部门间减排差异较小,并且完善的市场机制产生了正向影响。在当前我国现实情况下,基于综合原则的分配方案充分平衡了能源消耗、碳排放水平差异,并且能够兼顾环境效率和经济效益,更容易为产业部门所接受,要优于其他两种方案。研究结论为我国相关部门在碳配额分配原则和方法选择、碳市场行业覆盖范围设定等方面提供了重要的政策参考。

中国社会物流成本占GDP比重下降成因实证研究——基于因素分析法

为探究2004—2022年中国社会物流成本占GDP比重趋于下降的成因,在物流成本分类基础上对社会物流成本占GDP比重作了指标分解,并采用差额分析法测算物流需求系数、货物单位价值、平均运输距离、物流费率的变动对社会物流成本占GDP比重变化的影响。研究发现,2022年中国社会物流成本占GDP比重相比2004年有所降低,主要源于运输成本占GDP比重的下降和货物单位价值的提高,而物流需求系数、平均运输距离、物流费率的变动均使社会物流成本占GDP比重上升;在运输费率、保管费率、管理费率中,只有运输费率的变动起到了降低社会物流成本占GDP比重的作用;物流需求系数以2013年为拐点先升后降,其影响社会物流成本占GDP比重变化的方向发生了阶段性转折。降低社会物流成本占GDP比重绝不能通过去工业化或过度追求经济服务化的方式实现,而必须在保持制造业比重基本稳定的前提下稳步推进。同时,还须妥善处理好物流服务质量与成本的关系,从两者最佳组合上谋求物流效益的提高,防止物流降成本以牺牲服务质量为代价。展望未来,中国社会物流成本占GDP比重仍有继续下降的空间与潜力,可从结构优化、制度改革、科技赋能、资源整合、供应链协同等方面入手,采取合理有效措施进一步降低社会物流成本占GDP比重。

精细化临床路径管理降低按疾病诊断相关组模式下妇科手术NC1-子宫手术病组费用的效果

目的探讨精细化临床路径管理在降低按疾病诊断相关组(DRG)模式下妇科手术NC1-子宫(除子宫腔内病变以外)手术病组费用的应用效果。方法选取2023年徐州市妇幼保健院因子宫病损行子宫切除术而纳入NC1-子宫手术病组的164例患者进行回顾性分析,其中2023年1月至4月未实施精细化临床路径管理的91例患者作为对照组,2023年7月至10月实施精细化临床路径管理的73例患者作为研究组。比较两组患者的住院费用、住院时间、治愈好转率等。结果两组患者治愈好转率和严重并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者平均住院日和术前平均住院日比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者次均综合医疗服务类费用和次均治疗类费用比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组次均住院费用、次均药费、次均耗材费均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过精细化临床路径管理,在保障医疗安全的前提下,不以缩短住院时间、减少治疗费用为手段,而是通过合理使用药品耗材,能有效降低DRG模式下妇科手术NC1-子宫手术病组患者的住院费用,为患者提供高效优质的医疗服务。

长三角地区减污降碳协同效应评估

长三角地区正在推动减污降碳协同增效,但其减污降碳协同潜力如何?目前鲜有文献展开量化评估。该研究借助数据包络分析方法,从全要素角度测算了长三角地区PM2.5和CO_(2)的边际减排成本,通过比较单独减排与协同减排下的成本变动,估算长三角整体、省际层面和城市层面的减污降碳协同潜力,模拟不同发展情形下协同效应变化。结果发现:(1)2011—2021年,相比单独减排,协同减排视角下长三角地区边际减污成本与边际降碳成本均有显著降低,其中边际减污成本缩减了35.28%,边际降碳成本缩减了32.41%。(2)省际层面看,长三角三省一市边际减排成本之间异质性明显。其中,安徽省边际减污和边际降碳成本最低,上海市边际减污和边际降碳成本偏高。(3)与单独减排相比,协同减排下安徽省边际减排成本的缩减比例最为突出,其减污降碳协同潜力也最为突出。(4)城市层面看,低碳发展优先是减污成本最小化的治理方案,清洁空气优先是降碳成本最小化的治理策略,而若以减污降碳协同效应最大化为目标,不同城市需根据自身经济发展阶段、能源资源禀赋和环境水平等探索与之相匹配的减污降碳协同策略。该研究通过估算长三角地区边际减污成本和边际降碳成本,揭示了该地区减污降碳协同潜力的时间变化规律和空间分布特征,研究结果对长三角地区科学推动减污降碳协同增效有参考价值。

绿色低碳型印染企业生产成本有效控制探讨

进入低碳时代,印染行业更需要进行成本控制,文中从节能减排、劳动力成本、染料与助剂成本、化验室成本、管理成本这5个方面逐一进行分析。指出改进印染设备运行及对中水进行回用,可达到节能减排的目的;印染生产全过程推行全自动化控制可减少劳动力成本;针对面料的不同以及客户要求的差别化,合理选择染料与助剂,可降低染化料成本;化验室技术人员精心控制工艺配方的成本,不断对工艺流程进行改革创新,并应用计算机信息技术提高综合业务水平,可有效降低生产成本;生产管理者采用精益管理方式,可降低管理成本。

医疗机构能源费用托管创新模式探索

介绍了中国医科大学附属盛京医院概况及能源管理需求;从能源费用托管模式的特点、托管内容两方面介绍了能源费用托管的设计方案;从能源费用托管审计、节能技术改造、提升后勤服务及安全水平等方面阐述了托管模式实施的具体举措;分析了能源费用托管所产生的效果及价值。

展厅效应下双渠道供应链的减排投资与协调策略研究

低碳经济的发展改变了双渠道供应链的决策环境,同时也改变了一些消费者的低碳偏好。在考虑展厅效应和消费者低碳偏好的基础上,构建碳交易机制下双渠道供应链的减排和服务运营决策模型,利用主从博弈分别求解集中决策和分散决策情形下的最优运营策略,分析制造商的最优减排率、零售商的最佳服务水平及渠道价格之间的作用机制。进一步设计服务成本分担契约解决碳交易政策下分散式双渠道供应链的双重边际效应问题,探究展厅效应、低碳偏好及成本分摊对供应链的影响。研究表明,单位碳交易价格会影响展厅效应与减排率的作用关系,通过调节渠道价格比可以提高减排率和零售商销售价格,服务成本分担契约能够使双渠道供应链实现帕累托改进。

汽车涂装生产线耗水量的研究分析及节水优化

对某汽车涂装生产线的用水情况进行研究分析,结果表明,耗水量最高的是冷却塔补水,其耗水量占整个车间的用水比例高达45%,其次是制备DI水和RO水所需的工业水,其占比分别为23%和20%,其余的主要用水区域是滑撬清洗、造渣池补水等。通过采取送风空调冷凝水回收再利用、优化前处理和电泳系统工艺用水、提高RO水系统产水率、利用能源管理系统(EMS)进行监控及分析、“跑冒滴漏”精益管理等一系列节水优化措施,有效地降低水处理的综合成本及单车制造成本。