Runoff Characteristics of Different Stands in Dongjiang Lake Reservoir Area

Different forest stands in the Dongjiang Lake Reservoir area of Zixing were selected as the research objects to study the characteristics of runoff generation in different forest stands.The results showed that there was no significant difference in annual runoff among M3,M1,and M5,and no significant difference between each forest stand and the control.The order was M3(22.75 mm)>M1(21.77 mm)>M5(20.14 mm).Forest vegetation generates less runoff through vegetation restoration compared to the control,indicating that forest vegetation reconstruction and restoration are beneficial for soil and water conservation.

Salt-Lake Basin Bedrock Weathered Crust Gas Reservoir in the Altun Mountains Front of the Qaidam Basin,Western China

The bedrock weathered crust in front of the Altun Mountains in the Qaidam Basin,western China,is different from others because this is a salt-lake basin,where saline water fluid infiltrates and is deposited in the overlying strata.A large amount of gypsum infills the bedrock weathered crust,and this has changed the pore structure.Using core observation,polarized light microscopy,electron probe,physical property analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy experiments,the characteristics of the weathered bedrock have been studied.There are cracks and a small number of dissolved pores in the interior of the weathered crust.Matrix micropores are widely developed,especially the various matrix cracks formed by tectonics and weathering,as well as the stress characteristics of small dissolved pores,and physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This‘dual structure’developed in the bedrock is important for guiding the exploration of the lake basin bedrock for natural gas.

Development,sand control mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation of beach-bar sandstone in a saline lake basin:A case from the Neogene of southwestern Qaidam Basin,NW China

Based on the data of field outcrops,drilling cores,casting thin sections,well logging interpretation,oil/gas shows during drilling,and oil/gas testing results,and combined with modern salt-lake sediments in the Qinghai Lake,the Neogene saline lake beach-bars in southwestern Qaidam Basin are studied from the perspective of sedimentary characteristics,development patterns,sand control factors,and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics.Beach-bar sand bodies are widely developed in the Neogene saline lake basin,and they are lithologically fine sandstone and siltstone,with wavy bedding,low-angle cross bedding,and lenticular-vein bedding.In view of spatial-temporal distribution,the beach-bar sand bodies are stacked in multiple stages vertically,migratory laterally,and extensive and continuous in NW-SE trending pattern in the plane.The stacking area of the Neogene beach-bar sandstone is predicted to be 3000 km^(2).The water salinity affects the sedimentation rate and offshore distance of beach-bar sandstone,and the debris input from the source area affects the scale and enrichment of beach-bar sandstone.The ancient landform controls the morphology and stacking style of beach-bar sandstone,and the northwest monsoon driving effect controls the long-axis extension direction of beach-bar sandstone.The beach-bars have a reservoir-forming feature of“one reservoir in one sand body”,with thick beach-bar sand bodies controlling the effective reservoir distribution and oil-source faults controlling the oil/gas migration and accumulation direction.Three favorable exploration target zones in Zhahaquan,Yingdong-eastern Wunan and Huatugou areas are proposed based on the analysis of reservoir-forming elements.

长江-鄱阳湖顶托作用评价指标研究

长江与鄱阳湖形成的江湖交汇系统存在复杂的河床演变与物质能量交换,江湖顶托关系是影响江湖水量交换的重要因素,同时对整个区域的水资源、防洪、灌溉、航运、生态有着重要影响。以长江与鄱阳湖的交汇区为研究对象,从动量基本方程出发,建立了一套评估长江与鄱阳湖顶托强度的指标体系,提出了顶托强度指标——顶托角。研究结果表明:自20世纪80年代以来,顶托角整体上没有发生趋势性变化,说明长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用在三峡水库蓄水后变化不明显。但从年内变化来看,在枯水期,由于三峡水库的补水作用,长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用明显增强;在汛期,由于三峡水库的削减洪峰以及汛末蓄水,长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用减弱。长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用变化会在4~6月使湖水滞留湖区,易发生流域性洪水;在7~10月加速湖水的入江,使鄱阳湖的低水位形势持续恶化。研究成果可为长江和鄱阳湖的治理与保护提供参考。

多特征多层次Sentinel-2影像辽宁省湖库水体提取

以辽宁省为研究区,本文基于GEE遥感云平台,使用Sentinel-2遥感影像,提出了一种多特征多层次的湖库水体提取算法。该算法选择自动水体指数(AWEI sh)和改进的归一化水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体,并利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)、归一化差异红边指数(NDREI)、Sentinel-2的B8和B9波段及DEM数据多层次地消除暗地物和高亮地物噪声,对提取结果中被云雾遮挡而部分缺失的水体进行修复,最后将河流及细小像素剔除。利用此算法提取了辽宁省2017—2021年每年4、7、10月的湖库水体,并对比了不同水体提取算法及不同的水体数据产品。试验结果表明,本文算法在大尺度条件下提取水体具有良好的效果,总体精度达96%以上,可以较好地去除植被、阴影等暗像元表面,并且保证了水体信息的完整性,在大尺度水体提取方面具有一定的适用性和稳定性。

Influences of environmental factors on the modern 14C reservoir effects in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lakes

The establishment of reliable age in the lake sediment profile mainly depends on the AMS 14C dating technique.However,the presence of the 14C lake reservoir effects(LREs)restricted for using radiocarbon dating in lake sediment,especially in dry and cold areas with a scarce plant cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Hence,the discussion of influence factors of LREs is crucial.This paper selected 15 lakes(17 sediment and 3 plant samples)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to examine the distribution characteristics of the modern LREs and their main influencing factors.In our study area,14 lakes were all affected by the LREs.The minimum 14C year is 5900 a BP towards the deep water area,whereas the maximum 14C year is up to 7185 a BP in the margins of Lake Heihai.The maximum 14C year is up to 7750 a BP,and the minimum 14C year is present-day carbon in the 15 lakes.One further study indicated that the LRE differences in individual lake are mostly owing to the contribution of exogenous carbonate.The results displayed that the LREs tended to increase with the increase of the salinity,moreover,the LREs of saltwater lakes or salt lakes were significantly larger than freshwater lakes due to the possible supply of old total dissolved inorganic carbon with a long residence time in the lakes.Moreover,the contribution of calcite played a significant role on the LREs.Additionally,the LREs differences are affected by the source of organic matter.The lake with groundwater supply shows large LRE due to likely being influenced by crustal and ancient CO_(2) uprising.

基于PLUS-InVEST模型的“两湖一库”流域水质净化时空演变

探讨土地利用变化所引发的水质净化演变,对于保护和改善水质,实现可持续发展具有重要意义。以“两湖一库”流域为例,运用PLUS(patch-level land use simulation)模型和InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs)模型生态系统服务水质净化模块,基于2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,模拟流域在未来自然发展情景和生态保护情景下的用地类型时空格局变化以及水质净化特征。定量揭示土地利用变化与水质净化功能的响应关系。结果表明:“两湖一库”流域土地类型以耕地为主,2030年在自然发展情景下耕地、林地、草地面积呈下降趋势,建设用地呈上升趋势,生态保护情景可有效保护流域耕地、林地等空间分布和面积;“两湖一库”流域TN、TP输出量以低强度输出为主,2000—2020年TN输出量先增加后减少,TP输出量逐年增加,水质净化能力呈稳中变好的趋势;2030年自然发展情境下TN输出量持续减少,TP输出量呈向上浮动,生态保护情景下TN、TP输出量较自然发展情景下减少,生态保护情景可以增加水质净化能力。生态用地类型可以有效截留N、P进入水体,生态保护情景下有效降低生态用地类型的变化速度,减少TN、TP的输出量,“两湖一库”流域未来规划中应增加生态用地的占比,增加土地类型对TN、TP的截留能力。

A New Understanding of Channel Patterns and Facies Models of the Shallow Lake Delta Facies of Fuyu Oil Reservoir in Songliao Basin,China

In the Fuyu Reservoir of Songliao Basin, there occur a series of well-developed peculiar shallow lake delta facies, which can be divided to such three ones as the upper delta plain subfacies, the lower delta plain subfacies, and the delta front subfacies. Among them the upper delta plain subfacies mainly grows proximal distributary channels; the lower delta plain subfacies mainly grows distal ones. The entire Fuyu Reservoir has mainly developed 7 kinds of distributary channel patterns： proximal/ distal meandering type distributary channels, proximal/distal low-sinuosity type distributary channels, proximal/distal straight type distributary channels, and subaqueous distributary channels. Among these patterns, the proximal and distal meandering type distributary channels have bigger thickness of point bar and better sorting and low content of mud; moreover, they are the major reservoirs and occur in the bottom of Quan-4th member. The sandbars of the subaqueous distributary channels have higher mud content, and serve as the poorer reservoirs, and mainly occur in the top of Quan-4th member.

On the horizontal distribution of algal-bloom in Chaohu Lake and its formation process

Based on the remote sensing images of algae, the present work analyzes the horizontal distribution characteristics of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake, China, which also reveals the frequency of algal blooms under different wind directions. Further, an unstructured-grid, three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） is applied to investigate the wind-induced currents and the transport pro- cess to explain the reason why algal blooms occur at the detected places. We first deduce the primary distribution of biomass from overlaid satellite images, and explain the formation mechanism by analyzing the pollution sources, and simulating the flow field and transportation process under prevailing wind over Chaohu Lake. And then, we consider the adjustment action of the wind on the corresponding day and develop a two-time scale approach to describe the whole formation process of algae horizontal distribution in Chaohu Lake. That is, on the longer time scale, i.e., during bloom season, prevailing wind determines the primary distribution of biomass by inducing the characteristic flow field; on the shorter time scale, i.e., on the day when bloom occurs, the wind force adjusts the primary distribution of biomass to form the final distribution of algal bloom.

Fracture prediction in the tight-oil reservoirs of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,northern China

It is important to predict the fracture distribution in the tight reservoirs of the Ordos Basin because fracturing is very crucial for the reconstruction of the low-permeability reservoirs. Three-dimensional finite element models are used to predict the fracture orientation and distribution of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area, southern Ordos Basin. The numerical modeling is based on the distribution of sand bodies in the Chang 7a and 72 members, and the different forces that have been exerted along each boundary of the basin in the Late Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. The calculated results demonstrate that the fracture orientations in the Late Mesozoic and the Ceno- zoic are NW-EW and NNE-ENE, respectively. In this paper, the two-factor method is applied to analyze the distribution of fracture density. The distribution maps of predicted fracture density in the Chang 71 and 72 members are obtained, indicating that the tectonic movement in the Late Mesozoic has a greater influence on the fracture development than that in the Cenozoic. The average fracture densities in the Chang 71 and 72 members are similar, but there are differences in their distributions. Compared with other geological elements, the lithology and the layer thickness are the primary factors that control the stress distribution in the study area, which further determine the fracture distribution in the stable Ordos Basin. The predicted fracture density and the two-factor method can be utilized to guide future exploration in the tight-sand reservoirs.

Depth distribution and ecological preferences of periphytic algae in Kenyir Lake,the largest tropical reservoir of Malaysia

We studied the depth distribution of periphyton,growing on inundated dead trees in Kenyir Lake,Malaysia in June 1995.The algal floral composition and structure manifested changes down the depth gradient in terms of species richness,abundance,diversity and cell density.In regression analysis,all these algal attributes were negatively correlated with the depth gradients at P<0.05.In terms of species richness,the bacillariophytes showed dominance over the cyanophytes and chlorophytes;whereas with respect to standing crop,the cyanophytes showed dominance over the bacillariophytes and chlorophytes.The chlorophyll a was higher at the mid and bottom-depths than the surface-depth in both the downstream and upstream sites,which showed that vertical productivity or biomass accumulation was greater in low light irradiance.The product-moment correlation analysis showed that conductivity,turbidity,dissolved oxygen,reactive phosphate and ammonium-nitrogen were highly correlated with the algal assemblage data.However,photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) showed poor correlation with the community data.These observations have cast some light on the autoecological characteristics,habitat preferences and environmental responses of tropical periphytic communities.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Sentinel-3测高数据在湖库区域的波形重跟踪方法——以东平湖和峡山水库为例

卫星测高技术是监测内陆水体水位变化的一项重要手段,而利用该技术提取的水位与实测水位相比仍有一定差距.波形重跟踪是提高卫星测高精度的一项关键技术.现有重跟踪算法中,改进阈值重跟踪算法(Improved Threshold Retracker, ITR)因其计算简便、精度高得到了广泛应用.但该算法需要外部信息作为参考,因此具有一定的局限性.基于此,本文对ITR进行了优化,根据湖库水面近似水平的特点,不依赖外部信息可以自动从多个子波对应的水位中确定正确的水位.选择东平湖和峡山水库为试验区,基于Sentinel-3A/B合成孔径雷达高度计观测数据,对比了优化后的ITR、多回波波峰一致重跟踪算法(Multiple Waveform Persistent Peak retracker, MWaPP)和重心偏移重跟踪算法(Offset Centre of Gravity retracker, OCOG)提取水位的精度.结果表明,优化后的ITR精度最高,平均均方根误差为6.5 cm,与MWaPP和OCOG相比,精度分别提高了2.7 cm和24.2 cm.同时,该算法进行重跟踪时成功率较高,性能稳定,受悬挂效应影响最小,且提取结果基本不含异常值.优化后的ITR能够精确、可靠地提取湖库水位,这为湖库水位精准监测提供了一定的科学依据.

近百余年(1900-2020年)洞庭湖湿地演化驱动因素分析

自20世纪以来,在自然以及人类活动共同作用下,洞庭湖湿地面积与格局发生显著变化。本文在综合大量历史资料、相关文献以及数据的基础上,采用分段线性回归方法将近百余年(1900—2020年)洞庭湖湿地面积与格局变化划分为4个阶段,并重点分析了各阶段影响湿地演化的驱动因子及相互作用关系。1900年以来,洞庭湖湿地面积变化可分为1900—1949年的明显下降期、1950—1978年的快速萎缩期、1979—1998年的稳定期以及1999年至今的略微回升期,湿地景观格局变化经历了新中国成立前的相对稳定阶段、1950s—1990s的水域向洲滩转化阶段以及21世纪以来的洲滩向水域转化阶段。不同时期,由于社会经济与生产力水平的差异,湿地演变的驱动因素存在差异,导致湿地演变的速率与方向有所不同。围湖垦殖与退田还湖是导致湿地面积发生改变的主要因素,气象波动、水库建设、湖区采砂以及河道整治等则通过改变入湖水文泥沙情势影响湿地格局变化,并影响围湖垦殖与退田还湖等活动。为满足经济发展要求,政府在湿地演变中的参与度逐渐增加,对围湖垦殖的态度发生了“鼓励—参与—禁止—还湖”的转变,为近百余年洞庭湖湿地演化的核心驱动要素。近百余年洞庭湖湿地的演化过程是区域社会经济发展过程的综合呈现,是人力与自然力的角力过程,也是人地关系矛盾协调演化并趋向缓和的过程。

Formation conditions and exploration direction of large natural gas reservoirs in the oil-prone Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a typical oil-prone basin, in which natural gas geological reserves have a small proportion. In this basin, the gas source rock is largely medium-deep lake mudstone with oil-prone type Ⅱ2-Ⅱ1 kerogens, and natural gas preservation conditions are poor due to active late tectonic movements. The formation conditions of large natural gas fields in the Bohai Bay Basin have been elusive. Based on the exploration results of Bohai Bay Basin and comparison with large gas fields in China and abroad, the formation conditions of conventional large-scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin were examined from accumulation dynamics, structure and sedimentation. The results show that the formation conditions of conventional large natural gas reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin mainly include one core element and two key elements. The core factor is the strong sealing of Paleogene "quilt-like" overpressure mudstone. The two key factors include the rapid maturation and high-intensity gas generation of source rock in the late stage and large scale reservoir. On this basis, large-scale nature gas accumulation models in the Bohai Bay Basin have been worked out, including regional overpressure mudstone enriching model, local overpressure mudstone depleting model, sand-rich sedimentary subsag depleting model and late strongly-developed fault depleting model. It is found that Bozhong sag, northern Liaozhong sag and Banqiao sag have favorable conditions for the formation of large-scale natural gas reservoirs, and are worth exploring. The study results have important guidance for exploration of large scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin.

Migration and accumulation mechanisms and main controlling factors of tight oil enrichment in a continental lake basin

Based on the typical dissection of various onshore tight oil fields in China,the tight oil migration and accumulation mechanism and enrichment-controlling factors in continental lake basins are analyzed through nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)displacement physical simulation and Lattice Boltzmann numerical simulation by using the samples of source rock,reservoir rock and crude oil.In continental lake basins,the dynamic forces driving hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of high-quality source rocks are the foundational power that determines the charging efficiency and accumulation effect of tight oil,the oil migration resistance is a key element that influences the charging efficiency and accumulation effect of tight oil,and the coupling of charging force with pore-throat resistance in tight reservoir controls the tight oil accumulation and sweet spot enrichment.The degree of tight oil enrichment in continental lake basins is controlled by four factors:source rock,reservoir pore-throat size,anisotropy of reservoir structure,and fractures.The high-quality source rocks control the near-source distribution of tight oil,reservoir physical properties and pore-throat size are positively correlated with the degree of tight oil enrichment,the anisotropy of reservoir structure reveals that the parallel migration rate is the highest,and intralayer fractures can improve the migration and accumulation efficiency and the oil saturation.

Study on Ecological Restoration Model of the Fluctuating Belt of Reservoir at the Xueye Lake in Laiwu City, Shandong Province

Fluctuating belt of reservoir is a dry-wet alternating area with special ecological conditions, quality of its ecological environment directly infl uences the reservoir ecosystem. This paper, on the basis of analyzing ecological functions and problems of the reservoir fl uctuating belt, elaborated the ecological restoration of the fl uctuating belt of the Xueye Lake in Shandong Province. According to the coastal planning types and water resource conservation needs, 4 ecological restoration models were given, i.e., pond wetland model, terraced fi eld model, conservation model, and consolidated embankment model(or Baokan model), and also 7 vegetation restoration models. Landscape planning and design of the reservoir fl uctuating belt was reviewed from the perspective of ecological restoration, to establish the eco-friendly fl uctuating belt, and this study has high promotional value.

Combined approach of poroelastic and earthquake nucleation applied to the reservoir-induced seismic activity in the Val d’Agri area,Italy

In this work,an approach is developed to study the seismicity associated with the impoundment and level changes of a water reservoir(reservoir induced seismicity e RIS).The proposed methodology features a combination of a semi-analytical poroelastic model with an earthquake nucleation approach based on rate-and-state frictional law.The combined approach was applied to the case of the Pertusillo Lake,located in the Val d’Agri area(Italy),whose large seasonal water level changes are believed to induce protracted micro-seismicity(local magnitude ML<3).Results show that the lake impoundment in 1962 could have produced up to 0.5 bar(1 bar=100 kPa)changes in Coulomb failure stress(DCFS),while the seasonal water level variation is responsible for variation up to 0.05 bar.Modeling results of the seismicity rates in 20012014 show that the observed earthquakes are well correlated with the modeled DCFS.Finally,the reason that the seismicity is only observed at southwest of the Pertusillo Lake is provided,which is likely attributed to different rock lithologies and depletion caused by significant hydrocarbon exploitation in the northeastern sector of the lake.

Reservoir quality of fluvial sandstone reservoirs in salt-walled mini- basins： an example from the Seagull field, Central Graben, North Sea, UK

The Triassic fluvial sandstones of the Skagerrak Formation were deposited in a series of salt-walled mini-basins and act as important hydrocarbon reservoirs for several high-pressure, high-temperature（HPHT） fields in the Central Graben, North Sea. The HPHT reservoirs exhibit excellent reservoir quality considering their depth of burial and hence have been of high interest for hydrocarbon exploration. This research uses a multidisciplinary approach to assess the Skagerrak Formation fluvial reservoir quality from the Seagull field incorporating core analysis, petrography, electron microscopy, XRD analysis, fluid inclusion appraisal and burial history modelling. Halokinesis and salt withdrawal at the margin of the saltwalled mini-basin induced early disaggregation bands and fractures at shallow burial and led to increased influx of meteoric water and clay mineral infiltration from overlying sedimentation. The density of disaggregation bands correlates with the occurrence and magnitude of pore-filling authigenic clay minerals, concentrated along the margin of the saltwalled mini-basin. The fluvial channel sandstones of the Skagerrak Formation are subject to strong intra-basinal spatial reservoir quality variations despite diagenesis and low vertical effective stress having played a favourable role in arresting porosity loss.