Flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array for high spatiotemporal resolution foci diagnostic localization of refractory epilepsy

High spatiotemporal resolution brain electrical signals are critical for basic neuroscience research and high-precision focus diagnostic localization,as the spatial scale of some pathologic signals is at the submillimeter or micrometer level.This entails connecting hundreds or thousands of electrode wires on a limited surface.This study reported a class of flexible,ultrathin,highdensity electrocorticogram(ECoG)electrode arrays.The challenge of a large number of wiring arrangements was overcome by a laminated structure design and processing technology improvement.The flexible,ultrathin,high-density ECoG electrode array was conformably attached to the cortex for reliable,high spatial resolution electrophysiologic recordings.The minimum spacing between electrodes was 15μm,comparable to the diameter of a single neuron.Eight hundred electrodes were prepared with an electrode density of 4444 mm^(-2).In focal epilepsy surgery,the flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array with 36 electrodes was applied to collect epileptic spike waves inrabbits,improving the positioning accuracy of epilepsy lesions from the centimeter to the submillimeter level.The flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array has potential clinical applications in intractable epilepsy and other neurologic diseases requiring high-precision electroencephalogram acquisition.

Analysis of nonlinear vibration for symmetric angle-ply laminated viscoelastic plates with damage

The behavior of nonlinear vibration for symmetric angle-ply laminated plates including the material viscoelasticity and damage evolution is investigated. By employing the von Karman＇s nonlinear theory, strain energy equivalence principle and Boltzmann superposition principle, a set of governing equations of nonlinear integro-differential type are derived. By applying the finite difference method, Newmark method and iterative procedure, the governing equations are solved. The effects of loading amplitudes, exciting frequencies and different ply orientations on the critical time to failure initiation and nonlinear vibration amplitudes of the structures are discussed. Numerical results are presented for the different parameters and compared with the available data.

Layerwise third-order shear deformation theory with transverse shear stress continuity for piezolaminated plates

Regarding laminated structures,an electromechanically coupled Finite Element(FE)model based on Layerwise Third-Order Shear Deformation(LW-TOSD)theory is proposed for sta-tic and dynamic analysis.LW-TOSD ensures the continuity of in-plane displacements and trans-verse shear stresses.The current LW-TOSD can be applied to arbitrary multi-layer laminated structures with only seven Degrees of Freedom(DOFs)for each element node and eliminates the use of the shear correction factors.Moreover,a shear penalty stiffness matrix is constructed to sat-isfy artificial constraints to optimize the structural shear strain.A dynamic finite element model is obtained based on LW-TOSD using the Hamilton's principle.First,the accuracy of the current model is validated by comparing with literature and ABAQUS results.Then,this study carries out numerical investigations of piezolaminated structures for different width-to-thickness ratios,length-to-width ratios,penalty stiffness matrix,boundary conditions,electric fields and dynamics.

Thickness dependence of viscoelastic stress relaxation of laminated microbeams due to mismatch strain

Time-dependent behaviors due to various mismatch strains are very important to the reliability of micro-/nano-devices.This paper aims at presenting an analytical model to study the viscoelastic stress relaxation of the laminated microbeam caused by mismatch strain.Firstly,Zhang’s two-variable method is used to establish a mechanical model for predicting the quasi-static stress relaxation of the laminated microbeam.Secondly,the related analytical solutions are obtained by combining the differential method and the eigenvalue method in the temporal domain.Finally,the influence of the substrateto-film thickness/modulus ratio on the relaxation responses of the laminated microbeam subject to a step load of the mismatch strain is studied.The results show that the present predictions are consistent with the previous theoretical studies.Furthermore,the thickness dependence of stress relaxation time of the laminated microbeam is jointly determined by the intrinsic structural evolution factors and tension-bending coupling state;the stress relaxation time can be controlled by adjusting the substrate-to-film thickness/modulus ratio.

Research on One-shot Drilling of CFRP/2A12 Laminated Structure

CFRP/2A12 laminated structure due to the large difference in the properties of the material,very easy to produce defects when making holes,affecting the quality of the workpiece,and thus the connection performance of the two materials.The root cause of the poor quality of CFRP/2A12 laminated structure is the difference in material removal mechanism and the complexity of tool processing conditions.Therefore,this paper analyzes the effects of different process parameters on the pore-forming quality of the laminated material through experiments,reveals the change law of cutting force of the CFRP/2A12 laminated structure,and determines the optimal process parameters.The results show:The axial force generated by the drill when it enters half of CFRP is the largest,which is much larger than the axial force generated when drilling 2A12 aluminum alloy plate,and the thickness of the laminated metal plate is great for drilling.The hole formation sequence of the laminated structure has a significant effect on the cutting force.The axial force when the laminated sequence is CFRP/2A12 is smaller than when the laminated sequence is 2A12/CFRP.

Crystallization microstructure of Mg_(65)Cu_(25)Y_(10) bulk amorphous alloy

Mg65Cu25Y10 bulk amorphous alloy specimens prepared by conventional copper mould method were heated at 200 °C for different time and the phase contents as well as microstructure were studied.The XRD results show that the crystallization of Mg65Cu25Y10 bulk amorphous alloy specimen becomes complete as the treating time increases and Mg2Cu,Mg24Y5 and HCP-Mg crystalline phases are found.Snowflake-like morphology is found in different specimens through SEM observation.The EDS patterns show that the composition of the snowflake-like structure is close to that of the as-cast alloy.Laminated structures are observed from the TEM images of the snowflake-like structure.From the electron diffraction patterns,it is seen that the snowflake-like structure is the combination of Mg24Y5 and amorphous matrix.The FCC-Mg phase in the matrix transforms into HCP-Mg during the heat-treating process.

Magnetite-Fluorite Rock:A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation

The new type hot water sedimentary rock -- magnetite-fluorite rock occurs as quasi-layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite＋magnetite＋cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123℃-160℃, averaging at 142℃. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high-content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low （∑REE between 35.34×10^-6-38.35×10^-6）, showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis： driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub-horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well-known traditional hydrothermai sedimentary rocks.

Fracture Toughness Properties of Three Different Biomaterials Measured by Nanoindentation

The fracture toughness of hard biomaterials, such as nacre, bovine hoof wall and beetle cuticle, is associated with fibrous or lamellar structures that deflect or stop growing cracks. Their hardness and reduced modulus were measured by using a nanoindenter in this paper. Micro/nanoscale cracks were generated by nanoindentation using a Berkovich tip. Nanoindentation of nacre and bovine hoof wall resulted in pile-up around the indent. It was found that the fracture toughness （Kc） of bovine hoof wall is the maximum, the second is nacre, and the elytra cuticle of dung beetle is the least one.

Extraction and Crystal Structure of β-Sitosterol

The title compound β-sitosterol（C29H50O）, an active phytosterol in many medicinal and edible plants, was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and extensive nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR） data. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21 with C29H50O·1/2H2O, a = 9.4226（7）, b = 7.4824（9）, c = 36.889（3） , V = 2597.0（4） 3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.084 g/cm3, Mr = 423.70, F（000） = 948, and μ = 0.064 mm-1. The final R = 0.0886 and wR = 0.2234 for 10157 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））. The molecular crystal structure of β-sitosterol shows relative stereochemistry of 24R-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol. The molecule is composed of one steroid nucleus（3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring） and one sidechain of 10 carbons. There are two C29H50O molecules and one H2O molecule in a symmetrical unit, and the title compound is stacked into a special laminated structure through hydrogen bonds and van der Waal forces. The special laminated structure was first reported.

Research on Fixture's Effect on Properties of Single-Shear Bolt Jointed Composite Laminates Structure

The testing on the bearing strength of single-shear bolt jointed composite laminates structure is done.And the effect of the fixture on the testing results is analyzed. Then a macro-micro multi-scale analytical model combined with the improved"Generalized Method of Cells( GMC) "is developed,which is used to predict the macro bearing strength and to characterize the micro constitute material failure of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. Both the contact conditions at the bolt/hole boundary and the contact conditions at the specimen/fixture boundary,progressive damage,and the material properties degradation are all taken account into the analytical model. Thus,the numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental results.Finally,the effect of the fixture on the testing results is characterized. The results show that the incomplete contaction between the fixture and the specimen or the lack of the lateral constraint on the specimen will affect the limited bearing strength and the offset bearing strength of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. In addition,the lower support rigid of the fixture will affect the rigid of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure.

Assessment of Self-healing Efficacy of Thermoplastic Ionomer Films Interleaving Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Laminates

In recent years there has been a strong interest in thermoplastic polymers with self-healing behaviour, which after suffering mechanically-induced damage self-repair via energy-activated macromolecular rearrangements. The use of film-shaped self-regenerating polymers in alternating layers with high-performance continuous fibre-reinforced thermosetting polymer matrix laminates is considered particularly attractive in the mitigation of impact damage in high-demanding components and structures, insofar as the self-healing films may at the same time toughen the base fibrous thermosetting matrix laminate composite while providing immediate or subsequent self-repairing according to the above mentioned mechanisms. In this work, mechanical flexural testing along with infrared thermography inspection is proposed for characterizing low temperature （typical of the altitudes in which modem civil and military aircrafts travel） transverse low-energy ballistic impact damage （commonly occurring under the above cited conditions） in thermoplastic ionomer films interleaving carbon-fibre reinforced epoxy matrix laminates, as well as to assess the degree of success of thermally-activated self-healing process of ionomeric phase by external heating sources. Preliminary mechanical results supported the self-healing hypothesis of impact damaged hybrid laminates, and exploratory thermography imaging of both the as-damaged and as-rejuvenated test coupons suggested that this nondestructive evaluation technique is sensitive enough to detect healing effects.

Laminated Fe-34.5 Mn-0.04C composite with high strength and ductility

To obtain a good combination of strength and ductility, a laminated composite structure composed of recovered hard lamellae and soft recrystallized lamellae has been produced in a single phase austenitic Fe-34.5 Mn-0.04C steel by cold rolling and partial recrystallization. Enhanced mechanical properties in both strength and ductility have been obtained in the composite structure compared to a fully recrystallized coarse grain structure. A further increase in strength with only minor loss in total elongation has been achieved by a slight cold rolling of the composite structure, which also removes the small yield drop and Luders elongation observed in the composite structure.

Fabrication of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a controlled laminated architecture and enhanced mechanical properties

The(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a laminated structure composing of alternating TiB/Ti composite layers,α_(2)-Ti_(3)Al interfacial reaction layers of andγ-TiAl layers were successfully pre pared by spark plasma sintering of alternately stacked Tib_(2)/Ti powder layers and TiAl powder layers.And the influence of thickness ratio of Tib_(2)/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the re sulting(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were investigated systemically.The results showed that the thickening ofα_(2)-Ti_(3)Al layers which originated from the reaction of Ti and TiAl was significantly hindered by introducing Tib_(2)particles into starting Ti powders.As the thickness ratio of Tib_(2)/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers increased,the bending fracture strength and fracture toughness at room temperature of the final(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were remarkably improved,especially for the(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites prepared by Tib_(2)/Ti powder layers with thickness of 800μm and TiAl powder layers with thickness of 400μm,whose fracture toughness and bending strength were up to 51.2 MPa·m^(1/2)and 1456 MPa,respectively,293%and 108%higher than that of the monolithic TiAl alloys in the present work.This was attributed to the addition of high-performance network TiB/Ti composite layers.Moreover,it was noteworthy that the ultimate tensile strength at 700℃of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites fabricated by 400μm thick Tib_(2)/Ti powder layers and 400μm thick TiAl powder layers was as high as that at 550℃of network TiB/Ti composites.This means the service temperature of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was likely raised by 150℃,meanwhile a good combination of high strength and high toughness at ambient tempe rature could be maintained.Finally,the fracture mechanism of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was proposed.

A graphene-laminated electrode with high glucose oxidase loading for highly-sensitive glucose detection

Graphene oxide(GO) has received considerable attention for glucose detection because of high surface area, abundant functional groups, and good biocompatibility. Defects and functional groups of the GO are beneficial to immobilization of glucose oxidase(GOD), but sacrificing electron-transfer capability for highly-sensitive detection. In order to obtain high GOD loading and highly-sensitive detection of biosensors, we first designed and fabricated a graphene-laminated electrode by combining GO and edgefunctionalized graphene(FG) layers together onto glassy-carbon electrode. The graphene-laminated electrodes exhibited faster electron transfer rate, higher GOD loading of 3.80 × 10^(-9) mol·cm^(-2), and higher detection sensitivity of 46.71 μA·mM^(-1)·cm^(-2) than other graphene-based biosensors reported in literature. Such high performance is mainly attributed to the abundant functional groups of GO, high electrical conductivity of FG, and strong interactions between components in the graphene-laminated electrodes.By virtue of their high enzyme loading and highly-sensitive detection, the graphene-laminated electrodes show great potential to be widely used as high-performance biosensors in the field of medical diagnosis.

Microstructure evolution and improved properties of laminated titanium matrix composites with gradient equiaxed grains

With the purpose of improving both the strength and ductility,gradient equiaxed grains were successfully achieved in the matrix of the laminated TiB/Ti-TiB/Ti-6.58Al-1.76Zr-1.04V-0.89Mo composite via water quenching(WQ) and thermal compressing deformation. Gradient equiaxed grains varied from approximately 1.0 μm in TiB/Ti-6.58Al-1.76Zr-1.04V-0.89Mo layer to 5.5 μm in TiB/Ti layer. The formation of the gradient structure was related to the alloying elements diffusion during the initial sintering process,and the equiaxed shape was constructed by dynamic recrystallization during thermal compressing. WQ treatment before thermal compressing was adopted to obtain fine lamellar structure,which promoted the segmentation of αlamellae,and accelerated the dynamic recrystallization process. Raising the quenching temperature can increase the proportion of equiaxed grains in the composite,which improved both the bending strength and ductility. Compared with the as-sintered specimen,the specimen with gradient equiaxed grains exhibited nearly 30% enhancement in flexural strength(from 1719 to 2218 MPa),and the ultimate bending fracture strain was increased from 7.0% to 17.2%. This significant improvement should be attributed to the coordination deformation by interface gradient grains,the grain refinement strengthening and the good balance between strength and ductility of the recrystallized equiaxed grains.

Fabrication of laminated TiB2-B4C/Cu-Ni composites by electroplating and spark plasma sintering

We proposed a new method, electroplating followed by spark plasma sintering（SPS）, to fabricate laminated TiB2-B4 C/Cu-Ni composites with high strength and high toughness. It is found that a thin intermediate Cu layer can effectively enhance the strength of the interface between the ceramics and the metals, resulting in a high flexural strength and toughness of the laminated TiB2-B4 C composites simultaneously. A flexural strength and fracture toughness of 651 MPa and 11.6 MPam^（1/2） respectively,are achieved, an approximately 90% improvement over TiB2-B4 C bulk.

Wave propagation of laminated composite plates via GPU-based wavelet finite element method

This paper presents a novel parallel implementation technology for wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) in laminated composite plates. The wavelet-based B-spline wavelet on he interval (BSWI) element is constructed according to Hamilton’s principle, and the element by element algorithm is parallelly executed on graphics processing unit (GPU) using compute unified device architecture (CUDA) to get the responses in full wave field accurately. By means of the Fourier spectral analysis method,the Mindlin plate theory is selected for wave modeling of laminated composite plates while the Kirchhoff plate theory predicts unreasonably phase and group velocities. Numerical examples involving wave propagation in laminated composite plates without and with crack are performed and discussed in detail. The parallel implementation on GPU is accelerated 146 times comparing with the same wave motion problem executed on central processing unit (CPU). The validity and accuracy of the proposed parallel implementation are also demonstrated by comparing with conventional finite element method (FEM) and the computation time has been reduced from hours to minutes. The damage size and location have been successfully determined according to wave propagation results based on delay-and-sum (DAS). The results show that the proposed parallel implementation of wavelet finite element method (WFEM) is very appropriate and efficient for wave-based SHM in laminated composite plates.

Strengthening and ductilization of laminate dual-phase steels with high martensite content

The steels with excellent strength and ductility are expected to be achieved by tailoring the microstructural features.In this work,laminate dual-phase(DP)steels with high martensite content(laminate HMDP steels)were produced by a combination of warm rolling and intercritical annealing.Influence of rolling strain and annealing temperature on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laminate HMDP steels were systematically studied.The strength of HMDP steels was significantly improved to~1.6 GPa associated with a high uniform elongation of 7%,as long as the laminate structure is maintained.The strengthening and ductilizing mechanisms of laminate HMDP steels are discussed based on the influence of laminate structure and the high martensite content,which promote the development of internal stresses and can be correlated to the Bauschinger effect as measured by the cyclic loadingunloading-reloading experiments.Detailed transmission electron microscopy(TEM)observation was applied to characterize the dislocation structure in the deformed ferrite.

Simultaneously improving strength and ductility through laminate structure design in Mg–8.0Gd–3.0Y-0.5Zr alloys

The laminate structure was applied to improve the mechanical properties of Mg-8.0 Gd-3.0 Y-0.5 Zr alloys.Two types of laminate structures only with different distribution positions of fine grains were produced by friction-stir processing.Results show that the trilayer structure sample exhibits an excellent strengthductility synergy compared to the homogenous structure and bilayer structure.The enhanced mechanical properties are resulted from the hetero-deformation induced(HDI)stress strengthening and strain hardening which would be enhanced by increasing the quantity of interface.These observations suggest a crucial role of the number of interfaces in designing the laminate structure.

Heat Shielding Effects in the Earth＇s Crust

Knowledge of heat flow and associated variations of temperature with depth is crucial for understanding how the Earth functions. Here, we demonstrate possible heat shielding effects that result from the occurrence of mafic intrusions/layers（granulitic rocks） within a dominantly granitic middle crust and/or ultramafic intrusions/layers（peridotitic rocks） within a dominantly granulitic lower crust; heat shielding is a familiar phenomenon in heat engineering and thermal metamaterials. Simple one-dimensional calculations suggest that heat shielding due to the intercalation of granitic, granulitic and peridotitic rocks will increase Moho temperatures substantially. This study may lead to a rethinking of numerous proposed lower crustal processes.