Spatial-temporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Land Development Intensity in the Western China from 2000 to 2015

The change in land development intensity is an important perspective to reflect the variation in regional social and economic development and spatial differentiation.In this paper,spatial statistical analysis,Ordinary Least Squares(OLS),and Geographically weighted regression(GWR)methods are used to systematically analyse the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving forces of land development intensity for 131 spatial units in the western China from 2000 to 2015.The findings of the study are as follows:1)The land development intensity in the western China has been increasing rapidly.From 2000 to 2015,land development intensity increased by 3.4 times on average.2)The hotspot areas have shifted from central Inner Mongolia,northern Shaanxi and the Beibu Gulf of Guangxi to the Guanzhong Plain and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration.The areas of cold spots were mainly concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Yunnan,and Xinjiang.3)Investment intensity and the natural environment have always been the main drivers of land development intensity in the western China.Investment played a powerful role in promoting land development intensity,while the natural and ecological environment distinctly constrained such development.The effect of the economic factors on land development intensity in the western China has changed,which is reflected in the driving factor of construction land development shifting from economic growth in 2000 to economic structure,especially industrial structure,in 2015.

Land development suitability analysis for transport planning evaluation and optimization in mountainous ecological region

Transportation planning is a critical component for creating an orderly,intensive,and sustainable pattern of land development.By comprehensively considering the potential and suitability of transport construction,a comprehensive method combining resources and environmental carrying capacity(RECC)and land development suitability(LDS)was developed by using techniques of GIS,analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and threedimensional magic cube.Taking Aba prefecture in Sichuan Province of Southwest China as a case study,LDS for transportation was analyzed from three aspects,including overall planning layout,different transport modes,and transportation projects.The results showed that the transport planning scales of most counties in Aba were suitable,and the order of LDS of different transport modes was railway>highway=superhighway>tourism track,which already included 42 new transportation projects.We found that two counties(Maoxian County and Jiuzhaigou County)should improve the ecological protection level of transportation,in which the railway network construction should be encouraged,and some transportation projects with low LDS should be postponed or constructed harmlessly.We suggest the combination of RECC and LDS for transportation could enhance the territorial space optimization and sustainable transport construction.

Case Study of Transportation Planning Based on Land Development Patterns in the Great Chengdu Area

Traffic is a function of land use. Based on the understanding of mutual influences between transportation investment and land development, transportation corridors of various levels in Great Chengdu Area （GCA） were investigated. Trip generation was predicted based on population expansion, and trip attraction was estimated based on land use intensity coefficient. Lane assignment of transportation corridors with case studies is expected with two-way-six-lane routes connecting county-cities, two-way-four-lane routes connecting new towns in plane area, and two-way-two-lane connecting new towns in hilly area and prime villages.

Trading Land Development Rights under a Planned Land Use System:The“Zhejiang Model”

China＇ s state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non-agricultural use and the supplement of new agricultural land, has substantially constrained the economic growth of industrial provinces in China. This article explores the innovative reforms adopted by Zhejiang Province through land development rights （LDR） transfer within a locality and LDR trading across localities. We argue that there is a ＂Zhejiang model of LDR transferring and trading,＂ which, we believe, has significant implications not only for fostering an efficiency-enhancing market for land development rights and agricultural land preservation, but also for optimal use of land and a more balanced regional development. One important policy issue relating to China＇s rural land system is that under China＇ s land requisition system, farmers are usually under compensated for urban land-taking.

State Fragmentation and Rights Contestation:Rural Land Development Rights in China

The functionalist reasoning of institutional changes builds on individual rationality and explains institutional changes from the demand side. While insightful, a comprehensive understanding also needs to take into account the supply side, The state, as the ultimate supplier of institutional changes, plays the pivotal role of agency; therefore, its willingness and ability decide how such regime change occurs and what partieular form the new regime takes. Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese economy has embarked on a path of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The contestation over rural land development rights in China offers an excellent case to illuminate the importance of state agency in institutional changes. Drawing on case studies in China＇s three major urbanizing regions, this article analyzes how villages brought their own land directly to the land market and reaped handsome profits. We argue that the three successful cases, Nanhai in Guangdong, Kunshan in Jiangsu and Zhenggezhuang in Beijing, all represent a product of active agency on the supply side. The Chinese state＇s fragmented authority provides a favorable institutional environment for such changes.

China to Regulate Land Development and Real Estate Market

China’s Ministry of Land and Resources on Feb. 18 has issued an urgent notification on regulating the country’s real estate market. The notification has been already released to all of the Chinese provincial land and resources bureaus, autonomous regions and municipalities, requires the strict control of land development for the building of commercial housing.

Optimization of Development Intensity Index of Regulatory Land under the Constraint of Bearing Capacity of Road Network:A Case Study of Xingtang County

In the process of urban development in China,the vast majority of urban construction is faced with the prominent contradiction between scarce land resources and vigorous construction demand.Moreover,high-density and high-intensity development is ubiquitous.However,the overall development amount of a city is restricted by the bearing capacity of road network to some extent,and there is an upper limit.Based on this,Xingtang County of Shijiazhuang City is taken as the research object,and bearing capacity of road network is selected as research emphasis.With the aid of traffi c planning software TransCAD,simulation and quantitative analysis are conducted,and traffi c demand is forecasted,to analyze impact relationship between land-use planning and traffic planning in regulatory planning.It facilitates later modifi cation and optimization of volume rate in the land development intensity index,thus providing rational basis for programme adjustment,preparation and management of regulatory planning in Xingtang County.

Land-use development in Liaocheng prefecture of China after 1949

s—This paper generalizes land use development in Liaocheng Prefecture, Shandong Province, China; describes land use changes during different period of time; and analyzes the driving forces of land use change.

Distribution of Land Increment Income from Marketing Rural Collective Land for Development Purposes : A Case Study of Changyuan City

In order to protect the property rights and interests of farmers,promote the revitalization and development of rural areas,and provide a reference basis for the reform of marketing rural collective land for development purposes,this study explores the reasonable distribution proportion of land increment income from marketing rural collective land for development purposes through analytic hierarchy process and Delphi expert scoring method.The results show that there is a positive correlation between land increment income and land grade,that is,the higher the land grade,the higher the increment income,the larger the proportion of increment income to the transaction price.According to the calculation,when marketing rural collective land for development purposes,the reasonable distribution proportion of the land increment income of the government and the village collective is 28.6%and 71.4%,respectively,and the land increment income actually obtained by farmers has been greatly improved compared with the current situation.In practice,this distribution model has universal applicability and long-term mechanism.The reform of marketing also needs to improve the standard of marketing,explore diversified channels to protect interests,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.In short,the distribution of land increment income from marketing rural collective land for development purposes should proceed from the perspective of land property rights and the factors affecting the price of collective land for development purposes,in order to build a reasonable income distribution model.

Analysis of the Price of Development Right of Agricultural Land in China

According to the viewpoints of predecessors, we define the signification of development right of agricultural land and connotation of the price of development right of agricultural land as follows: the development right of agricultural land is to change the former use nature of agricultural land, so as to become the right of construction use land; the price of development right of agricultural land refers to the price that is difference between the price of construction use land, and summation of the price of former agricultural land, the expense of developing agricultural land, the expense of management, and profit, after the agricultural land is transformed into non-agricultural construction use land. By using the principle of economics of land, this paper expounds the generation mechanism of the price of development right of agricultural land, namely the diversity of agricultural land use and the change of demand and supply of development right of agricultural land. The influencing factors of the development right of agricultural land are analyzed, and there are mainly the price of agricultural land, the price of construction use land, the contradiction of demand and supply of urban land, land use, and agricultural land.

On the Development of China's Land Oil Industry

Mr. Wang Tao, President of the China National Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, briefed this reporter on his thoughts on the development of China’s land oil industry. From the present to the turn of the century, said Wang Tao, is a critical period in the reform and development of the land oil industry in China. Our basic thoughts on the development of China’s land oil industry from now on are: to blaze a new trail of better commercial efficiency and rapid development by making economic efficiency upgrading the aim, and oil and gas production and operation the

Open Space Implications in Urban Development: Reflections in Recent Urban Planning Practices in Nepal

Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.

The theory and method research on the double evaluation of land and space:A survey

By reviewing the theories and methods of resource and environmental carrying capacity evaluation and suitability evaluation of land and space development,it provides theoretical and technical support for rational layout and optimization of land and space development pattern.From the aspects of resource carrying capacity,environmental carrying capacity,the importance of ecological protection,the suitability of agricultural production,and the suitability of urban construction,we sort out domestic and foreign documents.The evaluation of resource carrying capacity has changed from single-factor evaluation to multi-factor comprehensive evaluation.At present,the optimization of land use pattern based on the“three-generation”space is still under exploration,it is not enough to systematize and summarize the thought of optimizing the spatial pattern of the national territory.The theoretical framework,model,method and index of“dual evaluation”of territorial space need to be improved continuously,it also needs the scientific analysis and cognition from the natural direction to the human location direction and the spatial equilibrium state as the new driving force.

Landscape Ecological Security Assessment of Low-Slope Hilly Region in Lu County,China

Low-slope hilly land( LSHL) refers to regions with relatively lower altitude,smaller topographic changes and gentler slopes. Exploitation and utilization of such areas is acting as an efficient approach to release the intensity in land utilization for mountainous areas in China, and needs further study. By summarizing related domestic concepts regarding LSHL,and taking Lu County of Sichuan province as the sample,this paper defined the scope of LSHL and extracted a total coverage of 331. 71 km2 LSHL.Then based on the landscape ecological security patterns theory,we have established the landscape ecological security pattern of Lu County by the minimum cumulative resistance model,targeting to achieve ecological land protection. Moreover,LSHL of different landscape security levels is further classified through overlay analysis on the current utilization status of the LSHL. The LSHL is classified into four categories, including prioritized development type,moderate development type, limited development type and prohibited development type. Their scopes of areas are 108. 72,97. 03,68. 36 and 57. 60 km2 respectively. In addition,respective land utilization and exploitation plan for LSHL are proposed according to the analysis of characteristics of each type. The result has provided scientific references for the definition,establishment of landscape ecological security pattern as well as the appropriate exploitation and utilization of the LSHL.

Influence of land use change on the waterbird community of Sihwa Lake,Republic of Korea

Background:Land use and development alter mudflat and wetland habitat availability,although mudflats and wetlands provide important stopover habitats for shorebirds during the spring and autumn migrations and support communities of ducks and geese during the winter months in the Republic of Korea.This study investigated land use changes around Sihwa Lake(Republic of Korea)and evaluated the effect of these changes on waterbird community characteristics.Methods:We conducted a land-use-change analysis at the medium-resolution level using land cover maps for 2001,2007,2009,and 2014.Also,a tidal stream survey was conducted in Sihwa Lake and the surrounding reclaimed mudflats every season for 10 years(2003-2012)to identify the seasonal and interannual variations in waterbird species composition.To determine the total annual waterbird species and population counts,species diversity index,and interspecies variations,a TRIM(trends and indices for monitoring data)analysis was used.Results:Wetland area decreased more than 10%while agricultural land,barren land,and grassland area increased more than 10%due to continuous reclamation activities around Sihwa Lake.Barren land later turned into agricultural land or other land use.Sixty-three species and 566,623 individuals were recorded.The number of species,population size,and species diversity index by year and by species showed decreasing trends that were more marked in spring and summer.Furthermore,seasonal and annual variations in waterbird species composition showed decreasing trends in dabbling ducks,herons,grebes,and shorebirds but diving ducks displayed increasing trends.In particular,shorebirds were reduced to a greater extent than other waterbird species because of the reduction and simplification of the intertidal zone,and shallow waters caused by reclamation and road construction.Conclusions:Increased development and construction around Sihwa Lake has altered migratory shorebird populations with a general decline in species diversity and population size.The greatest decline was observed in wading birds,while diving duck populations showed increasing trends.

Interaction of Land Demand and Supply Effects in Intensive Land Use: a Simulation Study for Chengdu,China

Intensive land use( ILU) policies affect the demand and supply of land. These policies promote efficient land use, and demands for land must therefore be evaluated in terms of the level of land-use intensity. If the demand is considered excessive, ILU policies act like a "valve"to restrict the land supply. Drawing on data from Chengdu,China,where developable land is scarce,we construct a model using system dynamics( SD) to simulate two scenarios: ILU development and non-ILU development. The results show that when ILU leads to positive land-use efficiency,land supply will exceed demand,resulting in an appropriate level of real demand for the current population level and GDP. Thus,artificial demand( inflated by investors) is reduced. By contrast,when non-ILU leads to negative land-use efficiency,land demand will exceed supply. In this scenario,artificial demand is higher than real demand.

China Develops Land Oil Industry——Interview with Wang Tao, President of China National Oil and Gas Corporation

What new measures will China undertake this year following the achievements in oil exploration last year? With this question in mind, President Wang Tao of the China National Oil and Gas Corporation was interviewed.

Evaluation, simulation, and optimization of land use spatial patterns for high-quality development: A case study of Zhengzhou city, China

High-intensity land use and resource overloaded-induced regional land use spatial pattern(LUSP)are essential and challenging for high-quality development.The empirical studies have shown that a scientific land uses spatial layout,and the supporting system should be based on a historical perspective and require better considering the double influence between the current characteristics and future dynamics.This study proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates the resource environment carrying capacity(RECC)and land use change(LUC)to investigate strategies for optimizing the spatial pattern of land use for high-quality development.China’s Zhengzhou city was the subject of a case study whose datasets include remote sensing,spatial monitoring,statistics,and open sources.Three significant results emerged from the analysis:(1)The RECC has significant spatial differentiation but does not follow a specific spatial law,and regions with relatively perfect ecosystems may not necessarily have better RECC.(2)From 2020 to 2030,the construction land and farmland will fluctuate wildly,with the former increasing by 346.21 km^(2) and the latter decreasing by 295.98 km^(2).(3)The study area is divided into five zones,including resource conservation,ecological carrying,living core,suitable construction,and grain supply zones,and each one has its LUSP optimization orientation.This uneven distribution of RECC reflects functional defects in the development and utilization of LUSP.In addition,the increase in construction land and the sharp decline of farmland pose potential threats to the sustainable development of the study area.Hence,these two elements cannot be ignored in the future high-quality development process.The findings indicate that the LUSP optimization based on dual dimensions of RECC and LUC is more realistic than a single-dimension solution,exhibiting the LUSP optimization’s effectiveness and applicability.

Interregional compensation for farmland protection:From the perspective of farmland allocation optimization

Interregional compensation for farmland protection(IRCFP)is a policy instrument for encouraging farmland protection through interregional fiscal transfer payments.Previous practices and studies on IRCFP have generally determined the payers and recipients of compensation based on the present distribution of farmland,and the compensation standards did not combine farmland development right value with farmland deficit and surplus,resulting in insignificant effects on farmland protection and even policy failure.Therefore,in this study,we proposed an interregional compensation mechanism for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization by considering 31 provincial-level regions in China.The results showed that(1)the determination of farmland surplus or deficit areas based on farmland allocation optimization met the regional construction land demand from the perspective of achieving food security.(2)The combination of the compensation value standard and cropland deficit and surplus had a positive effect on farmland protection.(3)Interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization can coordinate economic development,farmland protection,and ecological conservation.Finally,we discussed the rationality of interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization and designed the operation mechanism of IRCFP.