Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

Analysis of the Relationship between Landuse and Non-point Source Pollution in Ashi River Basin

Landuse is one of the most influential factors of non-point source pollution. Based on the three-year landuse data( 2000,2005 and 2008),Arc GIS and Fragstat were used to analyze the landuse type and the change of landscape pattern. The relationships between landuse and non-point source-total nitrogen( NPS-TN) and nonpoint source-total phosphorus( NPS-TP) were discussed with the methods of spatially statistical analysis,landscape pattern analysis and principal component analysis. The study results conveyed that agricultural land and forestland,which accounted for over 92% of the study area,were the major landuse type of Ashi River Basin.Meanwhile,the NPS pollution had close connections with landuse type and landscape pattern. When it comes to landuse type,the export risks of NPS-TN and NPS-TP were agricultural land > urban land > grassland > forestland. As for landscape pattern,NPS-TN and NPS-TP were positively related to SHDI and SHEI, while negatively connected with LPI,AI and COHESION. Therefore,the study could reach the conclusion that the more fragmented and complicated the landscape patterns were,the more serious the NPS pollution was.

Application of SWAT Model to Non-point Source Pollution in Xincai River Basin

[Objective]The study aimed to simulate the production and transportation process of surface runoff,sediment and non-point source pollution in Xincai River basin based on SWAT model.[Method]On the basis of analyzing the principles of SWAT model,the correlative parameters of runoff,sediment and water quality were calibrated,then the spatial and temporal distribution of runoff,sediment and non-point source pollutants in Xincai River basin were studied by using SWAT model.[Result]The results of calibration and validation showed that SWAT model was reasonable and available,and it can be used to simulate the non-point source pollution of Xincai River basin.The simulation results revealed that the load of sediment and various pollutants was the highest in the rainy year,followed by the normal year,while it was the minimum in the dry year,indicating that the production of sediment and non-point source pollutants was closely related to annual runoff.[Conclusion]The research could provide scientific references for the prevention of non-point source pollution in a basin.

Fractal Analysis on the Spatial Structure of Land Use Patterns in a Non-Point Source Polluted Area in Southern China

Based on the TM remote sensing interpretation of land use data of a non-point source polluted area in southern China in 2015, supported by ArcGIS and the fractal theory, this paper established the perimeter-area fractal equation of the spatial structure of land use types, quantitatively calculated the fractal dimension and stability index of various land use types in this non-point source polluted area in 2015, and analyzed the spatial structure characteristics of land use types. The results showed that the fractal dimension values of the different land use types in the research area ranged 1.141–1.657, and the whole fractal dimension of the research area was 1.206. To be specific, the fractal dimension values of unused land, grass land and rural residential land were high, and the fractal dimension values of dry land, paddy filed and waters were low, and the fractal dimension values of urban land, industrial traffic construction land and forest land were moderate. The area of the land use types whose stability index values were 0.2–0.4 accounted for 89.5% of total area, suggesting that the stability of the spatial structure of land use types of Beibei District in 2015 was not high generally. The rural residential land and urban land of the research area should be planned and managed more properly from now on.

Evaluation of the Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Chongqing Based on PSR Model

Through a series of exploration based on PSR framework model,for the purpose of building a suitable Chongqing agricultural nonpoint source pollution evaluation index system model framework,combined with the presence of Chongqing specific agro-environmental issues,we build a agricultural non-point source pollution assessment index system,and then study the agricultural system pressure,agro-environmental status and human response in total 3 major categories,develope an agricultural non-point source pollution evaluation index consisting of 3 criteria indicators and 19 indicators. As can be seen from the analysis,pressures and responses tend to increase and decrease linearly,state and complex have large fluctuations,and their fluctuations are similar mainly due to the elimination of pressures and impact,increasing the impact for agricultural non-point source pollution.

Distributed Simulation of Non-Point Source Pollution in Ashi River Basin

In order to get a thorough understanding of non-point source pollution,it is essential to examine its temporal and spatial distribution. A physically-based distributed model,Soil and Water Assessment Tool( SWAT),was used in this research,to quantitatively estimate the NPS load and analyze the temporal and spatial distributions of NPS pollution in Ashi River Basin. The results indicated that SWAT was suitable to simulate stream-flow and water quality in Ashi River Basin. Total Nitrogen which was contributed by NPS( NPS-TN) accounted for 32. 47%-62. 61%,and Total Phosphorus which was contributed by NPS( NPS-TP)accounted for 22. 30%- 57. 85% of the total load respectively. In inter-annual timescale,both NPS-TN and NPS-TP were influenced by stream-flow and fertilizer. However,when compared with fertilizer,NPS pollution was more directly affected by stream-flow. In annual timescale,NPS-TN and NPS-TP mainly occurred in flood season( from May to September). In the aspect of space,spatial differences of NPS-TN and NPS-TP were extremely significant. The spatial variations of NPS pollution were mainly influenced by land use,precipitation,soil and slope.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xixi Watershed of Jinjiang Basin

The SWAT model was applied to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution patterns of non-point source pollution loads and the difference of pollution loads of different land use types in Xixi Watershed of Jinjiang Basin. The results showed that both yearly nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads were evenly distributed during 1973 to 1979,the annual TN pollution from non-point source was 1530 t,or 6. 3 kg / ha,and the annual TP pollution from non-point source was 270 t,or 1. 1 kg / ha during 1973 to 1979 in the watershed. Considerable differences were identified on both monthly nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads. The TN and TP pollution loads during the flood season( from April to September) accounted for 76. 2% and 75. 8% of the annual load respectively. There were great differences in both TN and TP pollution loads of different land use types in the study area,and the pollution load of both farmland and orchard was higher than that of the other land use types. TN and TP pollution loads of farmland accounted for 66% and 83% of total watershed. There was a great spatial difference in the nonpoint source pollution load of the study area. The critical source areas of non-point source pollution are mainly located at Guanqiao Town,Longmen Town,Changkeng Town,Shangqing Town and Dapu Town,where the efforts of controlling pollution should be made.

Impact of social capital on farmers' response to different policies for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution

Chinese society in rural areas is typically a geographically and genetically related society.Scattered farmers can be connected to form small groups through their social capital,which can affect farmers' agricultural activities in the process of controlling agricultural Non-point Source pollution.An ordered Logit model can be built to analyze the effects of social capital to farmers' responsive willingness to different measurements of controlling agricultural NPS pollution by using survey data in Shaanxi Province.This paper characterizes farmers' social capital in three dimensions:social trust,social participation and social network.The results indicated that farmers' social capital significantly affects farmers' response to different policies.When governments construct and implement policies to control agricultural NPS pollution,the effects of social capital need to be considered at same time with the effects of governmental supervision,market and education measurements.

GT-GRA-TOPSIS在雨水调蓄池选址及数量优化中的应用

【目的】为有效减轻极端暴雨天气造成的城市洪涝问题,开展了对城市雨水排水系统(USDS)中雨水调蓄池(SST)的选址及数量优化的研究。【方法】采用博弈论(GT)思想将层次分析法(AHP)获得的主观权重与改进熵值法(IEVM)获得的客观权重组合赋权,并与灰色关联分析(GRA)和逼近理想解排序(TOPSIS)相结合,建立了城市内涝与面源污染风险的定量评估框架。根据各节点的相对接近度确定风险等级,风险较高的节点设置SST,根据积水削减率和总悬浮物(TSS)削减率优化SST的数量。以山西省长治市为例,探讨了该方法在不同降雨重现期时城市内涝和面源污染的控制效果。【结果】GRA-TOPSIS法在5 a和10 a降雨重现期时的综合变异系数分别为0.355和0.361,极值均为0.496,均高于单独GRA或TOPSIS.【结论】GT赋权并耦合GRA-TOPSIS的优化方法采用较少的经济投资可较好地消除城市内涝和面源污染风险,为SST的选址和数量优化提供了新思路。

洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水的净化效应

为探讨洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水氮、磷去除效应及其应用前景,在流域原位构建生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田尾水进行了拦截净化,在分析流域雨季、旱季及全年3个时间段内系统进出水水质中化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(Total phosphorus,TP)及铵态氮(Ammoniumnitrogen,NH_(4)^(+)-N)浓度变化特征基础上,引入改进灰色模式识别模型和综合平均污染指数对系统水质净化效果进行综合评价。结果表明,生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水中TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TP和COD起到有效净化作用,全年对TN和COD去除率分别为15.20%~69.59%和4.46%~61.90%,出水最低浓度均可达地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;系统出水NH_(4)^(+)-N和TP全年平均分别达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类标准。系统在雨季和旱季2个时间段平均出水分别为地表水环境质量Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类标准,全年平均出水可达地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,系统对农田排水中TN和COD的去除是影响出水水质变化的重要因数。该研究表明,生态沟搭配库塘湿地能明显提高对流域农田排水中氮、磷及COD去除效率,系统全年平均出水可达地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,同时具有运行稳定和环境经济效益的特点。

基于“源-汇”理论的深圳河湾流域非点源污染风险评价

非点源污染影响因素复杂,实时监测与模拟具有难度,而景观生态风险评价从景观格局与生态过程的角度为区域污染风险评价与识别提供了新的思路。以深圳河湾流域为案例,基于“源-汇”理论,通过源汇景观识别、景观空间负荷对比指数评价污染风险,且与实地监测污染物数据进行数值与空间相关性分析,验证其结果准确性与科学性。研究结果表明:1)污染物监测数据表明流域内雨季总氮、总磷平均浓度超标率为12.99%、11.89%,非雨季超标率为8.61%、9.44%,雨季风险高于非雨季,5、7、9、10、12、13号子流域水环境质量相对较差,下游污染风险高于上游,沿海污染风险高于非沿海。2)非点源污染风险指数法评价结果表明7、9、10、12、13号子流域处于污染高风险区,集中在布吉河流域与福田河下游,占流域总面积的16.93%。3)两种风险结果具有一致性,数值上具有高度显著性,空间上具有聚集性。基于“源-汇”理论的非点源污染风险指数法适用于区域非点源污染风险评价。

GIS and L-THIA Based Analysis on Variations of Non-point Pollution in Nansi Lake Basin,China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution is the main threat to regional water quality, and the estimation of NPS pollution load has become an important task for NPS pollution control in China. Combined with geographical information system （GIS）, the long. term hydrologic impact assessment （L-THIA） model was used to evaluate the temporal.spatial changes of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in Nansi Lake basin from 2000 to 2010. The results show： 1 ） the estimated COD, TN and TP loads in 2010 are 260017.5, 111607. 7 and 6372.0 t with the relative errors of 2.1%, 2. 0 % and - 8.8 % respectively, and more than 90% concentrated in the raining period from June to September; 2） cultivated land and construction land take up more than 80% of the whole Nansi Lake basin, and the proportions of the three kinds of NPS pollution loads coming from cultivated land and construction land are more than 98%; 3 ） during 2000- 2010, the COD, TN and TP loads increase by 8801. 6, 180.3 and 71.9 t respectively, and become the main impact factors on the water quality of Nansi Lake.

基于SWMM-MIKE21耦合模型的圩区海绵城市建设效果评估研究

该研究基于SWMM模型和MIKE21模型的耦合使用,针对江苏省连云港市徐圩新区的海绵城市建设进行了水文和水质的综合评估。通过SWMM模型模拟陆地雨洪管理和MIKE21模型模拟湖泊水动力及水质,实现了两模型在水动力水质模块中的耦合,主要分析了雨洪控制、径流减量、污染负荷减少以及水质的改善。研究结果显示,模型拟合精度高(MSE为0.787,MAPE为6.72%),表明模型能够准确反映出海绵城市建设的效果。实施海绵设施后,徐圩新区的年径流总量控制率达到76.92%,面源污染负荷由80%降至40%,湖泊的最高水位降低了0.02 m,水质得到显著改善。这一耦合模型的应用有效评估了海绵城市建设的综合效益,为类似区域提供了科学的技术参考和实践指导,对促进区域水安全和水环境持续改善具有重要的实际意义。

Evaluation of non-point source pollution reduction by applying Best Management Practices using a SWAT model and QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery

This study evaluated the reduction effect of non-point source pollution by applying best management practices （BMPs） to a 1.21 km^2 small agricultural watershed using a SWAT （Soil and Water Assessment Tool） model. Two meter QuickBird land use data were prepared for the watershed. The SWAT was calibrated and validated using dally streamflow and monthly water quality （total phosphorus （TP）, total nitrogen （TN）, and suspended solids （SS）） records from 1999 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2002. The average Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.63 for the streamflow and the coefficients of determination were 0.88, 0.72, and 0.68 for SS, TN, and TP, respectively. Four BMP scenarios viz. the application of vegetation filter strip and riparian buffer system, the regulation of Universal Soil Loss Equation P factor, and the fertilizing control amount for crops were applied and analyzed.

汇/分流截-排水方式对降低三峡库区坡地磷流失量的影响

优化坡面截-排水方式能有效调控坡面养分流失,对防控农业面源污染和保障下游水环境安全具有重要意义。该研究旨在探明坡面截-排水方式的阻磷效应,通过采集3种土地利用类型(坡耕地、荒草地、有林地)典型坡面土样,在106 mm/h雨强下展开室内暴雨模拟试验,分析3种截-排水方式(汇流排水T1、分流排水T2、无措施CK)对坡面磷流失的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用类型下,与CK相比,T1和T2平均径流率分别减小40.33%~44.33%、42.57%~54.52%,平均产沙率分别减少68.14%~71.15%、60.55%~72.57%。各截-排水方式下,有林地的平均产沙率显著低于荒草地和坡耕地。各土地利用类型下,全磷(total phosphorus,TP)、可溶性磷(dissolved phosphorus,DP)及颗粒态磷(particulate phosphorus,PP)的变化范围和平均浓度均表现为T1<T2<CK。与CK相比,T1、T2能显著减小TP、DP、PP的流失量(P<0.05)。坡耕地下,TP、DP、PP流失量平均降低幅度为T2(70.34%)>T1(66.47%),而荒草地和有林地条件下,TP、DP、PP流失量平均降低幅度为T1(65.19%)>T2(59.16%)。研究表明,汇流和分流2种截-排水方式均能有效降低坡面磷素流失量,其中汇流方式可能更适用于荒草地和林地水系,而分流方式更适用于坡耕地水系。

Seasonal variation of nitrogen-concentration in the surface water and its relationship with land use in a catchment of northern China

Surface waters can be contaminated by human activities in two ways: (1) by point sources, such as sewage treatment discharge and storm-water runoff; and (2) by non-point sources, such as runoff from urban and agricultural areas. With point-source pollution effectively controlled, non-point source pollution has become the most important environmental concern in the world. The formation of non-point source pollution is related to both the sources such as soil nutrient, the amount of fertilizer and pesticide applied, the amount of refuse, and the spatial complex combination of land uses within a heterogeneous landscape. Land-use change, dominated by human activities, has a significant impact on water resources and quality. In this study, fifteen surface water monitoring points in the Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, Zunhua, Hebei Province, northern China, were chosen to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water. Water samples were collected in low-flow period(June), high-flow period(July) and mean-flow period(October) from 1999 to 2000. The results indicated that the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water among the fifteen monitoring points in the rainfall-rich year is more complex than that in the rainfall-deficit year. It was found that the land use, the characteristics of the surface river system, rainfall, and human activities play an important role in the seasonal variation of N-concentration in surface water.

Monitoring of non-point source pollutants load from a mixed forest land use

The aim of this study was to determine the unit load of NPS （non-point source） pollutants including organic variables such as BOD （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand） and DOC （dissolved organic carbon）, nitrogen and phosphorus constituents, and suspended solids （SS） and their event mean concentration （EMC） of runoff flows from a water-shed of mixed forest land use by intensive field experiments. Field monitoring for continuous measurements of rainfall, flow, and water quality was conducted over 12 storm events during 2008-2009 using automated and manual sampling methods. The EMCs of individual runoff event were estimated for each water quality constituent based on the flow rate and concentration data of runoff discharge. The average EMCs of BOD, COD, DOC, SS, TN （total nitrogen）, NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, TP （total phosphorus）, PO4^3-P from the mixed forest land were 1.794, 3.498, 1.462, 10.269, 0.862, 0.044, 0.634, 0.034, and 0.005 mg/L, respectively. The annual unit loads of BOD, COD, DOC, SS, TN, NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, TP and PO4^3--P were estimated as 66.9, 133.2, 55.5, 429.8, 36.5, 1.6, 26.9, 1.3 and 0.1 kg/（ha·yr）, respectively. In addition, affecting parameters on the EMCs were investigated by statistic analysis of the field data. As a result, significant correlations with precipitation, rainfall intensity, and total runoff flows were found in most constituents.

Linking monitoring and modelling for river basin management:Danish experience with combating nutrient loadings to the aquatic environment from point and non-point sources

Nationwide monitoring of the aquatic environment was initiated in 1988 in Denmark as a means to follow the outcome of the Action Plans for nutrient pollution of the aquatic environment. Five Action Plans have been adopted by the Danish Parliament since 1985 and the nationwide monitoring programme can be used to quantify the outcome as shown by reductions in nutrient discharges from both point and non-point sources. Moreover, the empirical experience gathered from nearly 20 years of monitoring is assisting the development and calibration of models for simulation of nitrogen leaching, nitrogen removal in groundwater and surface waters and the establishment of a P-index all covering the entire land area of Denmark.

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.