Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

Distribution of Value-added Income of Collective Construction Land Entering the Market Based on the Subject Input Contribution and TOPSIS

In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective operating construction land.Under the existing land value-added income distribution model,the land value-added income obtained by the government is much greater than that of village collectives,and it is difficult for village collectives and farmers to enjoy greater benefits.This distribution model is not conducive to protecting the property rights of farmers.The results show that there was a positive correlation between land value-added income and land level,that is,the higher the land level was,the higher the value-added income and its ratio to the market transaction price were.According to calculation,the reasonable distribution ratio of the value-added income of collective operating construction land entering the market among the government,village collectives and farmers was 28.6%,51.1%,and 20.3%respectively.The actual land value-added income obtained by farmers was greatly improved compared with the current situation.In actual operation,this distribution mode has universal applicability.The reform of entering the market in the future also needs to raise the standards for entering the market,explore diversified interest protection channels,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.

Study on Deepening Rural Land Reform and Farmers’ Income

The rural land system reform is an essential part of China s rural economic system reform.In recent years,China s rural land system becomes gradually diversified,and is developing towards market and benefiting people,which is favorable for improving the rural economy.Through more than 40 years of reform and opening up,China s rural land system reform has been continuously deepened and sectionalized,which has also affected the income of farmers.Rural land reform provides great opportunities for farmers to increase their income and contribute to the realization of land asset income and interests.However,the rural land system reform also has some drawbacks,which limit the increase of farmers income.This paper attempts to analyze the internal logic of land system reform and farmers land interests,and accordingly comes up with recommendations for deepening the rural land reform.

Analysis of the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on Farmers' Income:A Case Study of Farmers in Zaozhuang City

Based on the survey of household data in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province,this paper empirically demonstrates the effect of the rural land transfer system on the income and income structure of farmers. The studies have shown that the rural land transfer system reform has positive influence on income structure,wage income and property income of farmers. However,from the field survey,it is concluded that the organization effect and mortgage effect of the rural land transfer system reform are not significant.

Land Circulation and Increase of Farmers' Income: A Case Study of Dazhou City

With adjustment of rural industrial structure,development of rural secondary and tertiary industries,and transfer of rural labor,rural land circulation is accelerating. However,due to ideas,household contract responsibility system,and lack of well-established market mechanism and effective management organizations,land circulation in Dazhou is still very slow and its contribution to increase of farmers' income is to be improved. Through survey on increase of farmers' income after land circulation in Dazhou,it analyzed plight of land circulation,in the hope of seeking feasible paths for increasing farmers' income.

Distribution of Land Increment Income from Marketing Rural Collective Land for Development Purposes : A Case Study of Changyuan City

In order to protect the property rights and interests of farmers,promote the revitalization and development of rural areas,and provide a reference basis for the reform of marketing rural collective land for development purposes,this study explores the reasonable distribution proportion of land increment income from marketing rural collective land for development purposes through analytic hierarchy process and Delphi expert scoring method.The results show that there is a positive correlation between land increment income and land grade,that is,the higher the land grade,the higher the increment income,the larger the proportion of increment income to the transaction price.According to the calculation,when marketing rural collective land for development purposes,the reasonable distribution proportion of the land increment income of the government and the village collective is 28.6%and 71.4%,respectively,and the land increment income actually obtained by farmers has been greatly improved compared with the current situation.In practice,this distribution model has universal applicability and long-term mechanism.The reform of marketing also needs to improve the standard of marketing,explore diversified channels to protect interests,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.In short,the distribution of land increment income from marketing rural collective land for development purposes should proceed from the perspective of land property rights and the factors affecting the price of collective land for development purposes,in order to build a reasonable income distribution model.

Research on Farmers' Property Income in Jiangsu Province

Relying on the statistics,the property income status of Jiangsu Province is expounded.In the first place,farmers' property income takes a low proportion to the total income for its small cardinal number;in the second place,although farmers' property income has increased continuously,the growth fluctuates;in the third place,the growth tempo of farmers' property income is faster than the growth tempo of net income;in the fourth place,per capita property income of farmers is obviously lower than that of urban residents.The reasons that affect the property income of farmers in Jiangsu Province are analyzed,which cover low income level of rural residents,imperfect land system,imperfect rural financial system,imperfect rural housing system and imperfect rural social security system.On the basis of the above analysis,the targeted measures on improving the property income of farmers in Jiangsu Province are put forward.Firstly,the government should improve farmers' income and lay solid foundation for property income;secondly,the government should clarify land property rights and explore the land transfer situation;thirdly,the government should accelerate rural financial system reform and perfect rural financial system;fourthly,the government should vigorously implement the transfer of houses in rural collective residents and perfect rural housing rent market;fifthly,the government should promote the reform of rural social security system and solve farmers' worries.

Research on the Distribution of Incremental Benefits from the Entry of Collective Construction Land into the Market

In this paper,based on the process data of evaluating the benchmark land prices of collective construction land and agricultural land,the score of influencing factors is calculated,and a regression model between value-added benefits and influencing factors is established.According to the contribution of the government and collectives to value-added benefits,the distribution proportions of different purposes and levels are calculated.The research results show that there are significant differences in the distribution proportion of value-added income among different levels.The government distribution proportion decreases with the decrease of level,while the collective distribution proportion increases with the decrease of level.For each level of decrease in commercial service industry land and industrial and mining warehousing industry land,the government distribution proportion decreases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,while the collective distribution proportion increases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,respectively.The average distribution proportion of the government in the value-added income of commercial service industry land is 31.58%,which is much higher than the average income of 23.68%in the value-added income of industrial and mining warehousing industry land.

喀斯特地区土地流转如何促进农户增收?——基于8省3678户的经验证据

充分发挥喀斯特地区土地流转的农户增收效应是推进山地农业高质量发展的有效渠道。基于中国喀斯特地区8个省区市3 678户农户微观调研数据,采用有序Logit模型、倾向得分匹配法、KHB方法等,考察土地流转对农户收入的影响和作用机制。结果表明:(1)土地流转显著提升了喀斯特地区农户家庭总收入水平,土地流转户收入水平较未参与流转户约高出12.86%;(2)相比于土地转入户,土地转出对农户收入增长的影响更为显著;(3)外出务工和家庭创业在土地转出影响农户收入关系中起中介作用,解释比例分别为17.18%和4.63%;农业机械化在耕地较为平整的转入户对收入的影响中起中介作用,解释比例为16.93%;(4)土地流转对种植经济作物、耕地较为平整、灌溉条件较好的农户家庭总收入影响显著为正。为此,建议进一步健全喀斯特地区土地流转机制,促进非农产业发展,加强丘陵山区农业机械化和农田水利设施建设,发展喀斯特地区特色高效农业,鼓励更多农户积极参与土地流转。

土地流转、数字普惠金融和城乡收入差距

在土地大规模流转和城乡收入差距居高不下的双重背景下,农村土地流转能否缩小城乡收入差距,以及数字普惠金融在农村土地流转对城乡收入差距的影响中发挥的作用都是亟待深入研究的问题,但是现有研究较少涉及。基于我国2011—2021年30个省级行政区的面板数据,采用门槛回归模型,分析土地流转对城乡收入差距的非线性影响,以及数字普惠金融在其中的作用机理。结果表明:在数字普惠金融的门槛作用下土地流转能够有效缩小城乡收入差距。在以数字普惠金融为门槛的不同门槛区间,随着土地流转程度的提高城乡收入差距均显著缩小,与数字普惠金融指数低于门槛值时相比,当数字普惠金融指数高于门槛值时土地流转对城乡收入差距的减小作用有所加强。基于此,在促进土地流转、拓宽农民增收致富渠道的同时,建议加强数字普惠金融的城乡发展、提高普通农户的农业生产效率,让数字普惠金融的普惠性落实到农村的建设和发展,为助力土地流转和缩小城乡差距发挥作用。

城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策与城乡收入差距

在空间均衡视角下,建立理论模型分析城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策对城乡收入差距的影响,并通过实证分析进行政策评估的结果表明:增减挂钩政策能够提高城乡居民人均收入,但是对城市居民人均收入提高幅度更多,从而加大城乡收入差距。如果配套实施农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策,在提高城乡居民人均收入的同时,这种综合性改革能够促使农村人均收入提高幅度更大,进而缩小城乡收入差距。随后,基于2000—2016年省级面板数据,采用逐期双重差分法与合成控制法分别评估城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策与配套实施农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策对城乡收入差距影响的实证结果发现:自2006年实施增减挂钩政策后,增减挂钩试点省份的城乡收入差距均值提升0.125,达到2.820;自2008年实施配套农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策后,重庆市的城乡收入差距均值下降0.261,达到3.043。基于此,在城乡融合背景下,我们应建立健全城乡统一建设用地市场制度。

土地出让收入支持乡村振兴动力来源及机理分析

为更好支持乡村振兴战略实施,从马克思地租理论出发阐释土地出让收入的双重属性和本质内涵,描述激励约束机制下土地出让收入用于农业农村发展的情况。结合《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022)》和《关于调整完善土地出让收入使用范围优先支持乡村振兴的意见》说明土地出让收入支持乡村振兴的应然领域。采用规范分析法,选取2010—2019年国有土地出让面积、土地出让收入和用于农业农村的支出的相关数据,分析土地出让收入对乡村发展的影响。土地出让收入用于农业农村发展的支出在总额上逐年增加,但相较于城市支出比例偏低,且存在收益分配不均的问题。通过对土地出让收入的制度属性的分析,发现分税财政体制、政绩考核制度和低土地财政依赖度三方面是土地出让收入支持乡村振兴的外生动力,为可持续内生动力的产生创造外部环境;土地出让收入的合理分配格局、精准投入、政策引导人才流向乡村三方面是内生动力。厘清土地出让收入支持乡村振兴内在和外生动力来源及其机理,有助于形成土地出让收入合理分配格局,减少对土地财政的依赖度,缩小城乡发展差异。

城乡建设用地增减挂钩节余指标跨省域调剂的扶贫效应

允许城乡建设用地增减挂钩节余指标跨省域调剂的政策突破了土地资源在空间上的限制,提升了土地资源在全国范围内的配置效率。本文着眼于探究该政策的扶贫效应及其机制,以农民收入作为扶贫效应的代表,运用双重差分(DID)方法,研究了该政策对“三区三州”原贫困县农村人均可支配收入的影响。实证研究结果表明,实施该政策的原贫困县农村人均可支配收入显著提高。进一步研究表明,该政策通过推动城镇化和促进产业结构升级两个方面,增强了地区的“造血”能力,取得了实质性的扶贫效果。这一发现强调了政策对地方经济的积极影响,为深入理解土地资源配置与扶贫关系提供了重要的实证支持。

信息通信技术、土地流转与农户增收

在数字经济时代,充分发挥现代网络通信技术在农业发展过程中的效用对优化农村地区土地资源配置及促农增收有着重要意义。基于广东、海南和云南三省香蕉种植户的微观调查数据实证分析信息通信技术影响农户农业收入的作用机制。结果表明,仅使用信息通信技术对农业收入没有影响,使用信息通信技术获取农业信息对农户的农业收入有显著促进作用。进一步探讨发现,使用信息通信技术获取农业信息对农业收入的影响有19.6%是通过土地转入来实现。鉴于此,政府要加强完善农村地区网络基础设施建设;引导农户正确使用信息通信技术,培训农户信息利用能力;对信息通信技术提供的信息进行分类管理,对不同的农业公益类服务信息应给予差异化支持;政府要进一步完善土地流转线上交易平台、市场信息,并对不同需求的群体采取切实的帮扶措施。

山东省耕地利用净碳汇变化与耕地利用效益关系研究

本文以粮食主产区山东省为例,运用净碳汇核算模型和库兹涅茨曲线等方法,测算2001―2020年山东省16个地级市耕地利用净碳汇,阐明耕地利用净碳汇时空变化与耕地经济效益及其社会效益的关系。结果表明:①2001―2020年山东省耕地发挥巨大碳汇作用,净碳汇总量呈波动上升态势。2020年,山东省耕地利用净碳汇量增幅达33.052%,已超过全国总量的1/9。②山东省耕地利用净碳汇具有明显的空间非均衡性特征,呈现西南高–东北低的空间格局。仅2020年,净碳汇高值区是低值区的13.743倍。③山东省16个地级市耕地利用净碳汇与单位面积耕地产值之间存在上升–下降–再上升的“N”型库兹涅茨曲线关系。④山东省各地级市耕地利用净碳汇与农村居民人均可支配收入之间呈现显著的倒“U”型库兹涅茨曲线关系。耕地利用净碳汇的时空变化与耕地利用经济效益、耕地利用社会效益之间有显著的响应关系。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

基于用途与级别的集体建设用地入市增值收益分配研究

将影响集体建设用地入市增值收益的因素分为外部因素和内在因素,其中外部影响因素分为政府影响因素和集体影响因素,政府影响因素反映政府对增值收益的贡献,集体影响因素和内在因素共同反映集体对增值收益的贡献。以集体建设用地、农用地基准地价评估的过程数据为基础,计算影响因素分值,建立增值收益与影响因素的回归模型,依据政府、集体对增值收益的贡献,测算分用途、分级别的分配比例。结果表明,不同级别增值收益分配比例有较大差异,政府分配比例随级别的降低而减少,集体分配比例则随级别的降低而增加,每降低一个级别商业服务业用地、工矿仓储业用地,政府分配比例平均分别减少2.66%、2.34%,集体分配比例则平均分别增加2.66%、2.34%;政府在商业服务业用地增值收益中的平均分配比例为31.58%,远高于在工矿仓储业用地增值收益中23.68%的平均分配比例。

土地流转与劳动力转移的要素互动对城乡收入差距的影响

要素流动对于破解城乡融合发展难题,建立均衡增长和良性循环的城乡关系具有重要影响。基于2005—2020年31个省级宏观面板数据,考察土地制度综合配套改革下土地流转与劳动力转移的互动关系及对城乡收入差距的影响与作用机制。研究发现:土地流转与劳动力转移之间具有显著的正向互动效应。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动有助于缩小城乡收入差距。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动,通过促进城市化水平、提高产业高级化程度,间接缩小城乡收入差距。此外,土地流转与劳动力转移的互动对城乡收入差距的影响具有异质性,对工资性收入差距存在显著的负向影响。为进一步缩小城乡收入差距,需要推动土地和户籍制度联动改革,扩大人地要素的权利开放程度,强化城乡土地、劳动力要素的流动性,完善土地流转和劳动力市场,引导农村转移劳动力参与土地流转。

土地流转与农村家庭收入差距:家庭发展视角下的经验探讨

土地是农村家庭重要的生产生活资料,土地流转是农村家庭在城镇化进程中生计转型的重要标识,直接影响其收入。基于产权调整逻辑与家庭发展理论,利用课题组2018年全国农村调查数据,以及中国城市统计年鉴数据,采用倾向值得分匹配、多元线性回归模型检验了土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响。结果表明,整体而言土地流转的制度设计对缩小农村家庭收入差距具有积极作用,土地转出显著缩小了农村家庭收入差距。同时,土地流转对家庭收入差距的作用受到家庭发展特征的影响。家庭发展目标、代际联系与家庭生命周期从不同的路径影响了土地流转缩小收入差距的积极作用。探讨土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响,需要结合自上而下的产权路径与自下而上的家庭发展路径进行综合考量。

公共基础设施如何影响农地转入增收效应?——基于生产决策与市场接入视角的实证分析

基于陕川渝三省(市)的1436份农户调查数据,对公共基础设施与农户生产决策和市场接入的内在联系进行探讨,进一步厘清在不同公共基础设施水平下农地转入对农户农业收入的影响。结果表明,农地转入促进了家庭农业收入的增长,且生产性公共基础设施和交易效率公共基础设施均能增强农地转入的增收效应。机制分析发现,生产性基础设施通过影响要素投入和种植行为两方面的生产决策提高增收效应,具体包括种子、化肥和农业机械投入的提升,以及减少玉米、增加水稻种植的结构调整。交易效率基础设施尽管对农户的要素投入决策无影响,但能够优化其种植行为决策,表现为既提高种植类型调整频率和经济作物种植概率,又能提升农户的市场接入水平,主要是增强对粮价的关切及拓宽农业销售渠道。异质性分析表明,生产性基础设施强化青年农户与高学历农户的农地转入增收效应更为显著,而交易效率基础设施增强了传统小农和市场型农地转入的增收效应。因此,应进一步完善农村生产性与交易效率等公共基础设施的建设,以充分释放其在农地增收效应中发挥的重要促进作用。