农村土地经营权抵押贷款对农民能力性收入的影响研究——来自甘肃省农地试点的证据

金融和农村存在壁垒加大了中国城乡收入差距,阻碍着共同富裕的实现。2016年中国开始农村土地经营权抵押试点建设,试点的配套政策对农民增收产生重要影响。本研究以甘肃省农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点为例,选取2012—2020年甘肃省84个区县的面板数据,借助倾向匹配双重差分模型分析农村土地经营权抵押贷款对所在区县农民能力性收入的影响。结果显示:第一,农地试点建设会显著提高农民的工资性收入,且该正向效应是长期持续的;第二,该政策通过影响农民及涉农企业减少教育文化娱乐支出,将更多资金用于农业科技水平提升,以实现农民的工资性收入增长;第三,行政区划不同并不会引起该政策对农民的工资性收入影响的明显差异。基于此,各地应持续推进农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点及后续工作稳步进行,鼓励和扶持农民进行第二、第三产业经营。

Land Use Change and Its Effect on Environment Based on Farmers’Behaviors: A Case Study in Agricultural Areas of Tibet, China

In the case study in Agricultural Area of Tibet, the process and characteristics of farmers' land use were surveyed by semi-structural interview questionnaire. By comparing the change of land covers and farmers' land decision in two periods, the spatial connection of them was obtained. And the relations among farmers' land decision, land use change and environment were examined by calculating emergy and value flow. The results show that: hunting the maximal profits is the primary aim of farmers' land decision; farmers' land decision is incompatible with sustainable land use presently; farmers' land decision and land cover can be embodied spatially by each other; the change of farmers' land decision can be monitored by observing the change of land cover, and the sustainability of farmers' land decision can be appraised by calculating emergy and value flow.

Factors Influencing Willingness and Ability of Farmers to Adopt New Technologies:A Case Study of Guanzhong Area

Based on data of 248 rural households in Pucheng County and Huxian County,we established the Two-Level Logit Model to analyze the willingness of farmers to adopt new technologies,its influence factors,and probability of successful adoption of new technologies.Results show that the willingness has positive correlation with whether the farmer is head of household,the educational level,occupation,agricultural loan,the number of family labor,and information dissemination channel,while it has negative correlation with non-agricultural employment proportion and whether the farmer is village cadre.In the model of the probability of farmers'successfully adopting new technologies,occupation,agricultural loan,planting area,gender and educational level are positively correlated,while age and non-agricultural employment proportion are negatively correlated.Largescale flow of rural labor plays a negative role in popularization of technologies in rural areas through influencing factors,including number of family labor,non-agricultural employment proportion,educational level,gender,and whether the farmer is village cadre.Finally,on the basis of results of empirical study,we put forward countermeasures and suggestions for strengthening ability of farmers to adopt new technologies.

Farmers' decision to adopt watershed management practices in Gibe basin, southwest Ethiopia

Watershed management practices have been implemented to avert land degradation and to enhance people's livelihoods in the highlands of Ethiopia for several years.However,the successes of these practices have been quite limited and the main factors affecting these practices have not been examined in detail.This study intended to investigate rates and intensities of adoption of watershed management practices and to determine the main factors affecting farmers' adoption decisions in the upper Gibe basin.Data were collected from 304 household heads in six sub catchments across different topographic settings using household interview.Focus groups discussions,key informant interviews and transect walk observations were also used.Descriptive statistics and econometric models such as,multivariate and ordered probit were used to analyze the data.The results revealed that the majority of households (82.6 percent) used at least one of the six practices considered in this study.Soil bund,grass strip cultivation with soil bund and compost were the major watershed management practices adopted by farmers.Adoption rate and intensity of adoption were better for program participants and in upper and middle topographic settings.The results of the multivariate and ordered probit analysis indicated that household size,extension services,credit services,training services and perception of soil erosion had positive significant relationship with both rate and intensity of adoption of most practices.Hence,policy makers and planners need to consider labor,knowledge and awareness,and capital intensive nature of the practices for the up scaling planning and implementations of watershed intervention technologies.

A Catastrophe Model to Assess Soil Restoration Under Ecological Restoration in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to evaluate soil restoration under ecological restoration are not sufficiently rigorous.Soil restoration under ecological restoration measures was evaluated in the red soil hilly region of China by applying the catastrophe model.Among 89 soil sites selected,26(29.21%) were in the middle lobe,10(11.24%) in the upper lobe,and 53(70.79%)in the lower lobe of the process surface in the Cusp catastrophe model.The catastrophic direction of the 26 unstable soil sites was to the upper lobe of the process surface according to vegetation cover change and fieldwork.There was a significant negative correlation of the variation in bifurcation set(? value) with vegetation cover increase,and a higher vegetation cover increase was related to higher unstable probability.The four ecological restoration measures were listed in the order:low-quality forest improvement(LQFI)>arbor-bush-herb mixed plantation(ABHMP)>orchard improvement(OI)>closing measures(CM) according to the proportions of unstable soil sites,which were all higher than no restoration measure,while they were in the order:LQFI<ABHMP<OI<CM according to their ? values,which were all lower than those of no restoration measure.Farmers' assessment of soil restoration under the four ecological restoration measures was in accordance with the proportions of unstable soil sites and inversely proportional to the? value.Therefore,farmers' assessment can prove the evaluation of soil restoration under ecological restoration measures based on catastrophe model.