INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF INDEX OF EAST ASIAN LAND-SEA THERMAL DIFFERENCE AND ITS RELATION TO MONSOON CIRCULATION AND RAINFALL OVER CHINA

This paper proposes an index of land-sea thermal difference(ILSTD)that describes its zonal and meridional strength responsible for East Asian monsoon circulation to study its relation to the East Asian monsoon circulation and the summer rainfall over China on an interannual basis.Results are as follows:(1)ILSTD can be used to measure the strength of East Asian summer monsoon in such a way that the strong(weak)ILSTD years are associated with strong(weak)summer monsoon circulation.(2)The index also reflects well summer rainfall anomaly over the eastern part of China. In the strong index years,rain belt is mainly located over the northern China,and serious drought emerges in the Jianghuai valleys and mid-lower reaches of the Changjiang River,along with increase of rainfall in North and South China,but in the weak years it is contrary.(3)Besides,the index has obvious QBO and quasi 4-year oscillations,but the periods and amplitudes have significant changes on an interdecadal basis.

The Relationship of Land-Ocean Thermal Anomaly Difference with Mei-yu and South China Sea Summer Monsoon

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1948-2004 and the monthly rainfall data at 160 stations in China from 1951 to 2004, the relationships among the land-ocean temperature anomaly difference in the mid-lower troposphere in spring （April-May）, the mei-yu rainfall in the Yangtze River- Huaihe River basin, and the activities of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） are analyzed by using correlation and composite analyses. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between mei-yu rainfall and air temperature in the middle latitudes above the western Pacific, while a significant negative correlation is located to the southwest of the Baikal Lake. When the land-ocean thermal anomaly difference is stronger in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） will be weaker and retreat eastward in summer （June-July）, and the SCSSM will be stronger and advance further north, resulting in deficient moisture along the mei-yu front and below-normal precipitation in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and vice versa for the weaker difference case. The effects and relative importance of the land and ocean anomalous heating on monsoon variability is also compared. It is found that the land and ocean thermal anomalies are both closely related to the summer circulation and mei-yu rainfall and SCSSM intensity, whereas the land heating anomaly is more important than ocean heating in changing the land-ocean thermal contrast and hence the summer monsoon intensity.

Using finite difference method to simulate casting thermal stress

Thermal stress simulation can provide a scientific reference to eliminate defects such as crack,residual stress centralization and deformation etc.,caused by thermal stress during casting solidification.To study the thermal stress distribution during casting process,a unilateral thermal-stress coupling model was employed to simulate 3D casting stress using Finite Difference Method(FDM),namely all the traditional thermal-elastic-plastic equations are numerically and differentially discrete.A FDM/FDM numerical simulation system was developed to analyze temperature and stress fields during casting solidification process.Two practical verifications were carried out,and the results from simulation basically coincided with practical cases.The results indicated that the FDM/FDM stress simulation system can be used to simulate the formation of residual stress,and to predict the occurrence of hot tearing.Because heat transfer and stress analysis are all based on FDM,they can use the same FD model,which can avoid the matching process between different models,and hence reduce temperature-load transferring errors.This approach makes the simulation of fluid flow,heat transfer and stress analysis unify into one single model.

Numerical Study by Imposing the Finite Difference Method for Unsteady Casson Fluid Flow with Heat Flux

This article presents an investigation into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impermeable stretching sheet subjected to Magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid. The study considers the influence of slip velocity, thermal radiation conditions, and heat flux. The investigation is conducted employing a robust numerical method that accounts for the impact of thermal radiation. This category of fluid is apt for characterizing the movement of blood within an industrial artery, where the flow can be regulated by a material designed to manage it. The resolution of the ensuing system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), representing the described problem, is accomplished through the application of the finite difference method. The examination of flow and heat transfer characteristics, including aspects such as unsteadiness, radiation parameter, slip velocity, Casson parameter, and Prandtl number, is explored and visually presented through tables and graphs to illustrate their impact. On the stretching sheet, calculations, and descriptions of the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are conducted. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proposed method serves as a straightforward and efficient tool for exploring the solutions of fluid models of this kind.

Characteristics of Thermal and Geopotential Height Differences Between Continent and Ocean and Its Role in the Strength of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The interdecadal factors affecting the summer monsoon winds over Somalia and the South China Sea were studied. Global geopotential heights and wind velocity fields of the 850-hPa and 200-hPa pressure levels, as well as sea surface temperature anomaly data and correlation coefficients were analyzed. The monsoons over Somalia and the South China Sea were found to be two different monsoon systems, operating on different mechanisms and being affected by different oceanatmosphere interactions. The intensity of the Asian subtropical summer monsoon is influenced by the intensity of the summer monsoon over Somalia in the month of June and by the intensity of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea in the months of June and July. The summer monsoon wind strength over Somalia is affected by regional factors, such as the heating of the Tibetan plateau, and by global mechanisms, such as the subtropical heat exchange with Antarctica. The summer monsoon over the South China Sea is affected by different ocean-atmosphere interactions. The Somalia and subtropical summer monsoons have wind blowing down the pressure gradient from area over ocean to that over land, like typical summer monsoons. The South China Sea summer monsoon has winds that blow down the pressure gradient from area over land to that over ocean. The South China Sea summer monsoon is affected by the Kuroshio Current off the east coast of Japan.

Techniques for improving computational speed in numerical simulation of casting thermal stress based on finite difference method

Finite difference method (FDM) was applied to simulate thermal stress recently, which normally needs a long computational time and big computer storage. This study presents two techniques for improving computational speed in numerical simulation of casting thermal stress based on FDM, one for handling of nonconstant material properties and the other for dealing with the various coefficients in discretization equations. The use of the two techniques has been discussed and an application in wave-guide casting is given. The results show that the computational speed is almost tripled and the computer storage needed is reduced nearly half compared with those of the original method without the new technologies. The stress results for the casting domain obtained by both methods that set the temperature steps to 0.1 ℃ and 10 ℃, respectively are nearly the same and in good agreement with actual casting situation. It can be concluded that both handling the material properties as an assumption of stepwise profile and eliminating the repeated calculation are reliable and effective to improve computational speed, and applicable in heat transfer and fluid flow simulation.

Finite Difference Approach for Estimating the Thermal Conductivity by 6-point Crank-Nicolson Scheme

Based on inverse heat conduction theory, a theoretical model using 6-point Crank-Nicolson finite difference scheme was used to calculate the thermal conductivity from temperature distribution, which can be measured experimentally. The method is a direct approach of second-order and the key advantage of the present method is that it is not required a priori knowledge of the functional form of the unknown thermal conductivity in the calculation and the thermal parameters are estimated only according to the known temperature distribution. Two cases were numerically calculated and the influence of experimental deviation on the precision of this method was discussed. The comparison of numerical and analytical results showed good agreement.

A Numerical Solution of Heat Equation for Several Thermal Diffusivity Using Finite Difference Scheme with Stability Conditions

The heat equation is a second-order parabolic partial differential equation, which can be solved in many ways using numerical methods. This paper provides a numerical solution that uses the finite difference method like the explicit center difference method. The forward time and centered space (FTCS) is used to a problem containing the one-dimensional heat equation and the stability condition of the scheme is reported with different thermal conductivity of different materials. In this study, results obtained for different thermal conductivity of distinct materials are compared. Also, the results reveal the well-behavior properties of the materials in good agreement.

Seasonal Differences of Psychological and Physiological Responses in Tropical Urban Climate

This research aims to use the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index ETFe to quantify effects on the thermal sense of the human body of a tropical region climate with small annual temperature differences, and to examine seasonal differences in the thermal sense. Given that the average temperature of the earth is forecasted to rise, studying the effects on the human body from outdoor thermal environments in tropical regions is important for considering how to spend time outdoors in the future. This study clarifies seasonal differences in effects on the human body by comparing the effects on the thermal sensations of the human body from outdoor thermal environments in the winter and the dry season of Bangkok, Thailand in the tropics. The mobile measurements were carried out on the campus of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. The subjects reported the thermal sensation and the thermal comfort that they experienced while exposed at the observation point. Air temperature, humidity, air velocity, short-wave solar radiation, long-wave thermal radiation, ground surface temperature, sky factor and the ratio of green and water surface solid angles were measured. We found no large seasonal difference between the winter and the dry season in skin temperature due to body temperature regulation. It is clear that in the winter season, people prefer a lower temperature than in the dry season, and in the dry season they tolerate higher temperatures than in winter. The effect of the seasonal difference appears in the amount of change to thermal sensation. We found that it is difficult for seasonal differences to greatly affect the amount of change to thermal comfort. We found that the effect of seasonal difference is that people show stronger responses to thermal comfort for thermal sensation in winter than in the dry season.

THERMAL INFLUENCES OF LAND-SEA CONTRAST AND TOPOGRAPHY ON SUMMER MONSOON IN 1998

In this work, the SCSMEX data are used to diagnose and compare the local land-sea thermal conditions, with the focus of discussion on possible influences of thermal forcing of the western Pacific and the Tibetan Plateau on the onset and development of summer monsoon in 1998. Results show a close relationship between the distribution of the heat sources and the land-sea contrast. Due to the blocking effect of terrain, main maximum zones of the heat sources in areas with more evident north-south land-sea contrast are more obviously southward located than those exclusively with oceans. The surface heating is characterized with apparent seasonal variation and difference between land and sea. The relationship between the western Pacific and the onset of summer monsoon is reflected in the variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and the latent heat. The influence mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon is different: it is dominated by sensible heating during the South China Sea monsoon and by condensed latent heating during the Indian monsoon.

A Methodology to Reduce Thermal Gradients Due to the Exothermic Reactions in Resin Transfer Molding Applications

Resin transfer molding(RTM)is among the most used manufacturing processes for composite parts.Initially,the resin cure is initiated by heat supply to the mold.The supplementary heat generated during the reaction can cause thermal gradients in the composite,potentially leading to undesired residual stresses which can cause shrinkage and warpage.In the present numerical study of these processes,a one-dimensional finite difference method is used to predict the temperature evolution and the degree of cure in the course of the resin polymerization;the effect of some parameters on the thermal gradient is then analyzed,namely:the fiber nature,the use of multiple layers of reinforcement with different thermal properties and also the temperature cycle variation.The validity of this numerical model is tested by comparison with experimental and numerical results in the existing literature.

Different Thermal Stabilities of Cation Point Defects in LaAlO_3 Bulk and Films

Using the first-principles method, we investigate the thermal stability of cation point defects in LaAlO3 bulk and films. The calculated densities of states indicate that cation vacancies and antisites act as acceptors. The formation energies show that cation vacancies are energetically favorable in bulk LaAIO3 under O-rich conditions, while the AILa antisites are stable in reducing atmosphere. However, the same behavior does not appear in the case of LaAlO3 films. For LaO-terminated LaAlOa fihns, La or AI vacancies remain energetically favorable under O-rich and O-deficient conditions. For an AlO2-terminated surface, under O-rich condition the La interstitial atom is repelled from the outmost layer after optimization, which releases more stress leading to the decrease of total energy of the system. An AI interstitial atom has a smaller radius so that it can stay in distorted films and becomes more stable under O-deficient conditions, and the Al interstitial atoms can be another possible carrier source contribution to the conductivity of n-type interface under an ultrahigh vacuum. La and Al antisites have similar formation energy regardless of oxygen pressure. The results would be helpful to understand the defect structures of LaAlOa-related materials.

Influence of thermal insulation layer schemes on the frost heaving force in tunnels

In extreme cold regions,a thermal insulation layer(TIL)is commonly employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of frost heaving forces in tunnels.Optimizing the laying scheme of TIL,specifically minimizing frost heaving forces,holds considerable importance in the prevention of frost damage.This research developed a two-dimensional unsteady temperature field of circular tunnels by using the difference method(taking the off-wall laying method as an example)based on the law of conservation of energy.Then,the frozen circle and water migration coefficient were introduced to establish the relationship between the temperature field and frost heaving forces,and a reliable methodology for calculating these forces under the specific conditions of TIL installation was developed.Then(i)the influence of the air layer thickness of the off-wall laying method,(ii)different laying methods of TIL,(iii)the TIL thickness,(iv)the thermal conductivity of the TIL,and(v)the freeze-thaw cycles on the frost heaving force were investigated.The results showed that the frost heaving force served as a reliable and effective metric for evaluating the insulation effect in tunnels.In order to avoid frost damage in compliance with the design requirements,the insulation effects from various laying methods were established,in descending efficacy order as follows:off-wall laying,double layer laying,surface laying,and sandwich laying.Our findings revealed that the optimal thickness for the air layer in the offwall laying method was 0.10 m.The insulation effect of materials with a thermal conductivity below 0.047 W/(m·℃)was furthermore found to be good.Under freeze-thaw cycle conditions,it is concluded that to prevent frost damage,the TIL thickness should be the sum of the thickness r1 of the first freeze-thaw cycle without frost heaving forces and an additional reserve value 0.06r1 of the TIL thickness.

基于双螺旋式加热器的柔性MEMS流量传感器

针对传统流量传感器的量程限制,提出了一种基于双螺旋结构加热器的柔性基底微机电系统(MEMS)热式流量传感器。在基底上打出均匀通孔阵列以降低热传导损耗,两对测温电阻对称分布在加热器两侧,以获得较宽量程,在微小流量与大流量下均表现出较高灵敏度。采用基于惠斯通电桥的检测电路实现输出电压的测量,同时保持加热器与环境温度恒定温差200 K,对电阻自热进行补偿。传感器工作温度-100~400℃,量程为0~60 m/s;低流速下灵敏度约为12.75 V/(m·s^(-1)),分辨率可达0.001 mm/s,高流速下灵敏度约为1.4 mV/(m·s^(-1)),功耗低至1.3 mW。

基于水传热和红外热成像的煤矸识别方法

基于可见光图像的煤矸识别方法准确率不高、识别速度慢;基于高能射线透射的煤矸识别方法具有很大辐射导致较少应用。红外热成像具有穿透性强、不受光线影响等优点,但煤和矸石的表面温度在室温下相对接近,导致煤和矸石在红外热图像中没有明显差异,难以获得较好的识别效果。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于水传热和红外热成像的煤矸识别方法。在不同水温(18,21,24,27,30℃)条件下进行煤和矸石红外热成像实验,通过煤和矸石红外热图像和温度变化之间的差异来区分煤和矸石。实验结果表明:不同水温下煤和矸石红外热图像不同,当水温低于环境温度时,煤和矸石红外热图像之间的差异较大;在相同水温条件下,煤和矸石红外热图像之间的差异随着时间增加逐渐增大;煤和矸石表面温度变化均随水温升高和时间增加呈增大趋势,但矸石表面温度变化大于煤表面温度变化;当水温为18℃、时间为180 s时,煤和矸石红外热图像之间差异和温差均达到最大。这说明低温的水可作为一种传热介质,更有利于使煤和矸石之间产生较大的温差,从而实现煤和矸石红外热图像准确、快速识别。

电机散热中毛细芯热管等效导热系数演变规律实验研究

为推动毛细芯热管在电机中的应用并提供理论参考和数据支撑,本文通过实验研究了加热功率、运行角度以及风速对毛细芯热管等效导热系数的影响。结果表明,热管正常运行过程中,加热功率对热管等效导热系数影响不大。不同运行角度下的热管等效导热系数也存在一定的差异,在10 W加热功率下,等效导热系数的差异最高可达25%。当风速增大时,热管的等效导热系数呈现出减小的趋势,这种现象对高加热功率下的热管运行尤为明显。

热位差对隧道掌子面热空气蔓延特性影响研究

为解决深埋高铁隧道内热空气对作业人员造成的热害问题,根据能量守恒定律推导热空气在隧道内蔓延时其前锋温度随距离变化的理论模型,运用CFD软件模拟某深埋高铁隧道不同工况下沿程空气温度变化情况。研究结果表明:不通风时,热空气蔓延前锋的温度变化呈现2个明显阶段,即T>297 K时的下降极快阶段和T<297 K时的逐渐平稳阶段;及时通风能够快速降低隧道温度,推荐大小里程侧风管出口距掌子面均为45 m,通风风速分别取20,15 m/s。研究结果可为进一步优化高铁隧道通风降温方式提供参考。

玻璃纤维增强柔性冷水管截面设计及强度分析

海洋温差能因具有能源稳定、环保可持续等特点,而具有较高的开发利用价值.冷海水管设计是温差能电站建造的重要环节,为降低成本,提出一种分段设计方法.首先,利用ABAQUS软件对直径为1 m的大口径玻璃纤维增强柔性冷水管进行截面设计,并运用ORCAFLEX软件分析缓波形布置冷水管的整体受力情况;其次,根据整体受力分析结果将冷水管按深度分段,再通过ABAQUS软件建立局部分析模型,计算得到不同分段冷水管满足内压、外压、拉伸载荷及弯矩组合载荷强度要求的增强层最少纤维缠绕层数;最后,提出分段设计截面的方法.研究结果表明,采用分段设计截面的方法,可大幅减少冷水管纤维增强层材料的用量,降低冷水管的制作成本,为大口径玻璃纤维增强冷水管的设计提供参考.

井下保温油管的实验及数值模拟研究

实验室测试了3种保温材料的密度、硬度、抗压强度、导热系数及疏水耐蚀性能,优选出CHGB/MPE复合保温材料,利用有限差分法建立保温油管传热模型,并对其热性能进行评估。结果表明,保温油管保温性能与内保温层厚度正相关。

测试条件对水流量平板法测试的热导率的影响

利用水流量平板法测试的热导率的公式确定了影响测试结果的试验参数,通过试验验证了中心量热器单位时间水流量和试样冷热面温差对热导率的影响。试验表明:在测试温度下试样的热导率随中心量热器单位时间水流量的增加而增大,但当中心量热器单位时间水流量超过一定值后,热导率增大趋势变缓;确定水流量平板法测试的热导率与试样冷热面温差有关,可通过热导率与Δt/ΔT的拟合曲线计算曲线范围内或曲线外推温度下的热导率。