Maintenance and Management Model for the Urban Stereo Landscape Forest in Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology

Based on landscaping practices in the stereo landscape demonstration project of Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology (CAST),current management and maintenance of the stereo landscapes were introduced by analyzing maintenance and management of the plants in the stereo landscape forest.The maintenance and management models were summarized according to the management styles,concrete measures and new technologies were studied,laws and key points for the maintenance and management in different seasons were given,and finally deficiencies and solutions were proposed to improve the future maintenance and management.

Cartographic-Environmental Analysis of the Landscape in Natural Protected Parks for His Management Using GIS.Application to the Natural Parks of the“Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia”and“Quilamas”(Central System,Spain)

In this work we report a methodological procedure with an integrated physical-perceptual approach that allows units of landscape in protected natural areas to be differentiated. First, indirect methods were applied by means of a mapping procedure, which identified the physical components of major relevance. We then generated maps of natural units, anlyzing the “printed” landscape of a territory. Secondly, we developed direct methods to identify and describe the reresentative elements of the landscape, analyzing the “perceived” landscape. The identification and delimitation of these landscape units with geographical information systems provide detailed maps facilitate the tasks of planning and management. The procedure was validated by means of its application in two protected natural spaces. The treatment used here considers landscape not only as an aesthetic element but also as something “live” elaborating maps that should be of use in land planning and management of natural areas.

Enhanced Heritage Tourism Management through a Themed Landscape Approach: The Case of Brussels’ Art Nouveau

Besides being known as the birthplace of fries and waffles,Brussels is also referred to as a superlative Art Nouveau Capital.However,it appears that many of its visitors are unfamiliar with this city’s architectural style which is spread throughout the Capital Region.Due to both the specific opportunities and barriers of the Brussels context,an improved valorisation was explored through a themed landscape approach.This innovative tourism approach can enhance both the management and experience of the Art Nouveau patrimony as an entity.Applying a survey and interviews,this research examined the views of two relevant stakeholder groups:policymakers and tourism managers,and visitors.Two main research questions were addressed:whether these groups could identify the Brussels Art Nouveau as a themed landscape;and,in which way a themed landscape approach can overcome fragmented management and weak experience.Confronting both groups revealed interesting discrepancies as hidden hurdles for tourism destination management.

Botanical Education: Management of Greening and Maintenance of Modern Landscape

In the management of greening and maintenance of modern garden landscape,the prevention of natural disasters should be emphasized.Adequate fertilizer and water are provided to the plants to meet their growing needs.Pests and diseases are effectively prevented and controlled.

Study on the Brownfield Landscape Restoration of Urban Iron and Steel Industry Based on the Rainwater Management

After the steel industry moved out of the cities, it left a large number of the seriously polluted wasteland. Under the stimulation of the urban economy, all sectors of the society pay more and more attention to the utilization and redevelopment of the urban steel industry brown-land, hoping to improve the living environment of the surrounding residents and promote the surrounding economy through the restoration of the brown-land environment. The rainwater management, as an important means to improve the water environment in the brown-land transformation of the iron and steel industry, is bound to reshape the environment of the brown-land of the iron and steel industry and create a good ecological environment of the brown-land. Based on the analysis and comparison of the methods and techniques of the rainwater management, combined with the surface water transmission paths and the technical facilities in the iron and steel industry, this paper puts forward the landscape planning measures of the rainwater management from three aspects of the rainwater and architecture, the rainwater and roads, and the rainwater and iron and steel elements, and displays the application process of the rainwater management in the form of the landscape, so as to achieve the unity of the technology and arts.

Payment for Water-Related Ecosystem Services as a Strategic Watershed Management Approach

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.

Construction Management and Cost Control of Landscaping Projects

Uniqueness of landscaping projects was analyzed,and cost was regarded as an important index evaluating performance of landscaping construction enterprises. Based on reviewing limitation of cost control on landscaping construction enterprises,enhancing construction management,controlling cost reasonably,and reducing project cost were proposed as the foundation and core content of enterprise cost management,and also the key to successful project management.By combining with design practices,suggestions for enhancing construction management of landscaping project,controlling cost and improving profits were given.

The Evolving Roles of Landscaping in Campus Space Management: Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria in Focus

The aesthetic quality of most of the universities’ campus environment in Nigeria deserves attention considering the inadequate, misused and mismanagement of the campuses’ open spaces. This has exerted a major strain on the welfare and productivity of people (staff and students) in the universities. This study identifies the evolving positive roles of landscape in campus space management with a particular reference to the Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Random sampling method was adopted to collect data and information from the students, staff and heads of Planning and Horticulture Units of the institution. The results show that, challenges facing landscape planning in the university include inadequate finance, inadequate facilities, management problem and attitudinal problem of landscape users. The study recommends proper use and management of open space, landscape elements, outdoor rooms with various spatial qualities, and provision of enough funds to Planning and Horticulture units for landscape planning and environmental improvements.

LMS及其在我国森林经营中的应用

LMS具有单木、林分、场景3个尺度的建模与可视化,具有经营管理、景观规划、辅助设计等功能,该系统能够满足林业科学研究人员和林业经营管理者等用户需求,但该系统要在我国进行应用,还有很多方面需要改进和完善。本文在简要介绍LMS主要功能模块(FVS、SVS和EnVi-sion)基础上,从林分生长模型、植物个体形态参数设计、软件汉化等方面讨论了该软件在我国应用的改进,最后介绍了LMS在林分空间格局可视化以及经营效果模拟方面应用的一个实例。

基于LMS AMESim的车用燃料电池-锂离子动力电池混合动力系统能量管理仿真

基于20kW燃料电池电堆及燃料电池测试系统,获得燃料电池极化曲线及氢气消耗量曲线;基于锂离子动力电池充放电系统,获得锂离子动力电池输出电压曲线.将试验所得数据导入到LMS AMESim软件中,分别构建燃料电池及锂离子动力电池模块,同时,构建仿真平台其他所需模块并搭建DC/DC变换器模型,建立燃料电池-锂离子动力电池混合的动力系统仿真平台.依据不同动力源的各自特点,引入能量控制策略,对该混合动力系统进行模拟仿真.在所选定新欧洲驾驶循环(new European driving cycle,NEDC)工况下仿真结果表明,该混合动力系统可以满足车辆在所选定工况下的动力需求.DC/DC变换器可提升并稳定燃料电池输出电压跟随母线电压,并通过对电流的分配进行功率在不同动力源之间的分配;燃料电池输出功率在合理范围之内,并取消燃料电池在低功率下的工况,从而保护燃料电池,延长其使用寿命;锂离子动力电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)始终保持在合理范围内,未出现过充或过放情况.研究结果可为搭建混合动力试验平台及整车搭载匹配提供理论依据及参考.

Landscape pattern and its effect on ecosystem functions in Seoul Metropolitan area:Urban ecology on distribution of the naturalized plant species

During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.

Do Forest Landscape Pattern Planning and Optimization Play a Role in Enhancing Soil Conservation Services in Mountain Areas of Western China?

The relationship between landscape patterns and soil conservation,as well as the need for nature-based soil erosion control and landscape pattern optimization,have increasingly gained attention in the scientific and political community in the past decade.With the implementation of a series of afforestation/reforestation projects in the western China,the optimization and management of forest landscape patterns will become more important for soil conservation.In this study,the Bailongjiang Watershed(BLJW),in the western China,was used as a case study to explore the relationship between the forest landscape pattern and soil conservation services using mathematical and spatial statistics methods.A spatially-explicit model called the sediment delivery ratio(SDR)model of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)was used to assess the soil conservation service in each sub-basin of BLJW in 1990,2002,and 2014,and landscape indices were used to describe changes in forest landscape patterns in each sub-basin.Nine forest landscape indices,including the percentage of landscape(PLAND),largest patch index(LPI),edge density(ED),landscape shape index(LSI),mean patch shape(SHAPEMN),patch cohesion index(COHESION),landscape division index(DIVISION),splitting index(SPLIT)and aggregation index(AI),were significantly correlated to the soil conservation service.PLAND,AI,LSI and SPLIT of forestland were determined to be the more important landscape indicators.The results also indicated that soil conservation was substantially scale-dependent.The results demonstrated that landscape type diversity greatly affected watershed soil conservation and can be used for forest landscape restoration and management.Furthermore,spatial statistics analysis indicated that the Spatial Lag Model(SLM)was superior to the Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)for soil conservation regressions in 1990 and 2014,while OLS was more appropriate for the regression in 2002.These findings will be useful for enhancing soil conservation and for optimizing mountainous forest landscape patterns for afforestation/reforestation and regional development.Future planning and implementation of ecological restoration should focus more on strategic spatial planning and integrated landscape management with full consideration of future climate,water availability/consumption,hydrological regime,topography,and watershed features,especially on afforestation and revegetation projects in western mountainous China,where the socio-ecological system is fragile and poor.

Balancing development and conservation needs of stakeholders in the Tusheti Protected Landscape

Public governance and civil society play an important role in the preservation of the environmental and cultural values of the specific region of Tusheti. This area is an interesting study object also due to its unique governing model and different management issues including the historical background of the region and the current growth of tourism. In the region, where there is a significant number of initiatives supported by donors, a management plan for the protected landscape was prepared and put into practice and selected measures were implemented. Our evaluation of the activities was focused on relevance, efficiency, effectiveness,impacts and sustainability of outcomes. On the basis of the formulated conclusions, a few recommendations related to process and system nature, implementation and replicability of approaches are suggested. The results show an increase in tourism in the region,which leads to an improvement in the quality of life of the local population. On the other hand, it represents a threat to natural and cultural values, historical identity and uniqueness. The Management Plan is an excellent platform for stakeholder cooperation and implementation of specific measures to protect this exceptional territory.

Historical Land Use/Cover Changes and the Hemeroby Levels of a Bio-Cultural Landscape: Past, Present and Future

The urbanization of a campus landscape has required much space for this expansion, reinforcing the status of geographical space as a limited resource. We analyzed the effects of land cover change assessed over temporal dataset on composition and configuration dynamics of UFSCar (Federal University of São Carlos) campus landscape, based on a descriptive view of the hemeroby levels, over a 54-year period (1962-2016), in order to understand the impacts of past anthropogenic induced landscape change and inform decision making with regard to biodiversity management. The classification of land use/cover dynamics, over time, was obtained based on screen digitizing of aerial photos and LandSat imagery. An ordinal scale ranging from ahemerob to metahemerob was applied to assess the hemerobiotic state of each land use type. Currently, The UFSCar landscape campus configures a biocultural mosaic in different stages of hemeroby. Thus a campus landscape dynamics model, which can be denoted as “forestry-conservation-urban model”, anthropogenic landscape is replaced by natural one, later by land cover reflecting the spatial anthropization process. Through time, two hemerobiotic trajectories were identified, in which 1) an euhemerob landscape matrix is substituted by an ahemerob one, resulting in increased naturalness of the campus landscape, and then 2) metahemerob patch types will later on increasing as a consequence of ongoing urbanization. Expressive amount of ahemerob patches in campus landscape fulfills one of the conditions for maintenance of the capacity for self-regulation and sustainability of a biocultural landscape. This framework provides an essential tool supporting with essential information about current and historical landscape sustainability for campus landscape management and support decision making process. The main institutional challenge for campus landscape sustainable management lies in the balance between the competitors of the campus landscape matrix: conservation x urbanization.

Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

Monitoring Forest Cover Change and Fragmentation Using Remote Sensing and Landscape Metrics in Nyungwe-Kibira Park

The objective of this study was to evaluate forest cover change and forest degradation in Nyungwe-Kibira Park, a natural reserve straddling Rwanda and Burundi from 1986 to 2015. Landsat TM, ETM+ and 8OLI images of 30 m spatial resolution were used as primary datasets. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used for forest cover mapping and landscape metrics were calculated by using FRAGSTATS software. Classification and change analysis of forest cover type and landscape patterns analysis were carried out. In addition, to analyze the correlated external disturbances, the buffer zone of 5 Km was delineated outside the boundary of Nyungwe-Kibira Park. The results revealed that in among 5 land cover classes considered within the Park, the dominant one was dense forest class covering over 70% of the entire Park area while in the buffer zone cultivated and open land dominated at over 90% between the years 1986 and 2015. Change detection highlighted that within Nyungwe-Kibira forest, approximately 0.27% (4.97 Km2) of forest cover was cleared while 0.07% (1.22 Km2) was regenerated annually. In the buffer zone, the annual cleared forest cover was about 0.76% (13.02 Km2). The five landscape indices chosen at class level indicated a considerable fragmentation of forest inside the Park and the highest fragmentation in the buffer zone. Indeed, these results shed a bleak image over the future of the Nyungwe-Kibira forest that should be helpful for the policy-makers and managers of these natural parks to establish adequate policies to mitigate the forest loss and degradation by implementing quick and effective solutions.

Have some landscapes in the eastern Canadian boreal forest moved beyond their natural range of variability?

Background: In the contxt of ecosystem management, the present study aims to compare the natural and the present-day forested landscapes of a large territory in Quebec(Canada). Using contemporary and long-term fire cycles, each natural forst landscape is defined according to the variability of its structure and composition, and compared to the present-day landscape. This analysis was conducted to address the question of whether human activities have moved these ecosystems outside the range of natural landscape variability.Methods: The study encompassed a forested area of 175 000 km2 divided into 14 landscapes. Using a framework that integrates fire cycles, age structure and forest dynamics, we characterized the forest composition and age structures that resulted from three historical fire cycles(110,140, and 180 years) representative of the boreal forest of eastern Canada. The modeled natural landscapes were compared with present-day landscapes in regard to the proportion of old-growth forests(landscape level) and the proportion of late-successional forest stands(landscape level and potential vegetation type).Results: Four landscapes(39%) remain within their natural range of variability. In contrast, nine landscapes(54%)show a large gap between natural and present-day landscapes. These nine are located in the southern portion of the study area, and are mainly associated with Abies-Betula vegetation where human activities have contributed to a strong increase in the proportion of Populus tremuloides stands(early-successional stages) and a decrease of oldgrowth forest stands(more than 100 years old). A single landscape(7%), substantially changed from its potential natural state, is a candidate for adaptive-based management.Conclusion: Comparison of corresponding natural(reference conditions) and present-day landscapes showed that ten landscapes reflecting an important shift in forest composition and age structure could be considered beyond the range of their natural variability. The description of a landscape's natural variability at the scale of several millennia can be considered a moving benchmark that can be re-evaluated in the context of climate change.Focusing on regional landscape characteristics and long-term natural variability of vegetation and forest age structure represents a step forward in methodology for defining reference conditions and following shifts in landscape over time.

Integrated landscape approaches to building resilience and multifunctionality in the Kailash Sacred Landscape,China

Climate warming-induced rangeland degradation in arid and semiarid steppe imposes substantial threats to the livelihoods of people.But this dilemma can be solved by combining all sectors of agriculture,animal husbandry and tourism through their complementarity,i.e.by adopting integrated landscape ecosystem-based approaches.A number of experiences and lessons have been achieved in a specific sector for its successful development,but not in the multiple social,economic,and ecological systems.In this study,we use the perspective of integrated ecosystem management to strengthen crop-livestock integration and innovative livelihoods,and propose a multifunctional Kailash Landscape to activate the inter-linkage among agriculture,animal husbandry,and heritage pilgrimage/tourism in order to achieve multiple functions of the socio-ecological system.A case study of Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in China was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by land use and land cover change and their consequences on multiple ecosystem services.Integrated landscape management was found to be effective in building resilience of socio-ecosystems by reducing the vulnerability of traditional agriculture in terms of improving crop production and animal husbandry.A multifunctional landscape is expected to be integrated and build a resilient sector complementarity including farming,pastorism,environmental and socioeconomic function.The analyses show that integrated landscape approaches provide an effective perspective for sustainable socio-economic development in this sacred landscape.The findings highlight the importance of landscape-scale ecosystem-based adaptation to environment change.

A Preliminary Study on the Inducements of Urban Public Landscape Fragmentation and Its Countermeasures

This study focused on the urban public landscape fragmentation in the process of rapid urbanization in China. By sorting out the management and control indicators and methods of urban planning management departments for residential land and comparing the actual practices and internal design principles of the mainstream developers in land development and construction based on this method, it is believed that the phenomenon of landscape space fragmentation from the city itself in the residential quarter in the city is caused by the mismatch between the design strategy of the developer and the overall demand of the urban space. Lack of government departments’ planning for the integration of urban public resources is the inducement. In view of these problems, several solutions were put forward.

Bush, bugs, and birds;interdependency in a farming landscape

Changes in farming practices over the second half of the twentieth century greatly reduced the extent of natural areas remaining within agricultural landscapes. Field margins and hedgerows have recently been recognized as important habitat in maintaining wildlife diversity and proper ecosystem functioning. Ecotones, defined as the transitionary area of vegetation between woody plant species and the arable crop, are an especially important landscape element for birds and arthropods. In this manuscript, we aimed to evaluate which hedgerow attribute was best at predicting avian densities in a conventional and organic farming landscape. Furthermore, we wished to investigate if these same hedgerow attributes could explain arthropod family density, richness and diversity, and how these were correlated to avian densities. An information theory-based multimodel inference method was used to identify which factors influenced variability in avian densities. Although not always significant, avian densities increased with arthropod richness at our study sites. Ecotone width is the best predictor of avian densities and arthropod richness while percent gap is the most important factor if a manager wishes to increase avian diversity (H’) in hedgerow habitats. Increasing ecotone width benefits both avian densities and arthropod richness that in turn further increases bird numbers in our farming landscape.