Research on Plant Landscape Design in the Reconstruction of Urban Green Land——A Case Study of Green Land Reconstruction of Yangliu River in Wenjiang City of China

In modern green land planning, it should highlight the application of native plants and the construction of urban three-dimensional greening. By taking green land reconstruction of Yangliu River of Wenjiang City as an example, the site condition and design concept have been analyzeds; and furthermore, reconstruction schemes have been explained in detail based on five themes. It has emphasized composing landscape based on sections, enriching plant levels, improve forest canopy line and enrich tour space. Plants on green lands can be moved, adjusted, transformed, added and supplemented.

Embodiment of "Ecological,Cultural,Landscape,Vigorous" Campus—A Case Study of the Planning of Environmental greening in New Campus of Laiwu Vocational and Technical College

The general situation of new campus of Laiwu Vocational and Technical College was introduced.The guiding ideology was that with the purpose of serving faculties and students as the purpose,the designing will be fully combined with excellent natural environment and campus technology and culture,and with ecological landscape as the major and sustainable development as the aim,striving to highlight the theme and landscape,a comfortable,vigorous,innovative and beautiful outdoor spatial environment would be created.In accordance with the planning principle of "people-orientation,ecology,sustainable development,embodying the characteristics of landscapes,overall planning and varied practices",based on the planning thought of "procession of whole and part,of technology and art,of buildings and environment and of landscaping methods",the overall planning and regional division of constructing "ecological,cultural,landscape,vigorous" campus was proposed,that is,the campus environment would be divided into six functional zones(the entrance door zone,footsteps zone,teaching activities zone,life services zone,athletic activities zone and ecological recreation zone) and ten scenic areas(gate landscape area,scientific and technological culture corridor,ecological recreation area,culture exhibition area,Xiushui Lake scenic area,knowledge park,living landscape area,art exhibition area,mountainous scenic area and sports activities area),and meanwhile landscaping plants were planned.

Assessment of the Effect of Neyshabur Green Spatial Configuration on the Temperature of Land Surface and Heat Islands

Urban heat island is a global issue and a consequence of rapid urbanization that leads to higher land surface temperature in urban areas. The range is 0.6°C - 1.3°C compared to rural and suburban areas. LST (Land surface temperature) is an important parameter in determining the heat island. Understanding the relationship between green space configuration and LST is essential to the effective design of the mechanisms, which reduce the effect of urbanization on UHI (urban heat island). This study examines the correlation between LST and spatial configuration of green space in the urban landscape of Neyshabur city, Iran. Satellite images are obtained from Landsat ETM+ satellite sensor with a spatial resolution of 60 meters in August 2010 and used for the estimation of LST. In order to identify the configuration of green space, five configuration metrics LSI (landscape Shape Index), MPFD (Mean Patch Fractal Dimension), ED (Edge Density), MPS (Mean Patch Size) and MSI (Mean Shape Index) are used. In addition, configuration of the green space and temperature is compared by Pearson’s correlation-coefficient. Negative values represent a suppressive/negative effect on each other;the fact that other indicators of spatial configuration are inversely related to temperature means that they weaken the effect of UHI. Results of the study showed that the spatial configuration of the green space notably affects increased LST and UHI. On the other hand, the configuration indicator with the greatest impact on LST was ED, because with increase in margin density further decreases LST.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

基于Landsat数据的蓝绿空间改善城市热环境分析——以天津市为例

以天津市内六区为研究区域,利用2004年、2011年、2017年间的Landsat卫星遥感影像,综合应用地表温度反演、温度差异分区、土地利用分类解译、景观格局分析等研究方法,探讨城市热环境与蓝绿空间的联系特征。结果表明,2004~2017年城市高温范围区域随着城市建设发展的方向,跨越河流的空间限制不断拓展,而低温范围区域主要集中在蓝绿空间。蓝绿空间具有改善城市热环境的生态作用:在景观格局层面,地表温度与蓝绿空间的斑块周长指数呈显著负相关,与周长面积比指数呈显著正相关;在空间格局层面,地表温度与蓝色空间的斑块所占景观面积比在1500m×1500m尺度样本中相关程度最高,与绿色空间在300m×300m最高,且蓝色空间的热环境改善效率更佳。最终提出面向热环境改善的城市蓝绿空间优化建议,可为生态宜居城市建设提供新思路。

Land Use Change and Anthropogenic Driving Forces:A Case Study in Yanhe River Basin

Human activities alter land use patterns and affect landscape sustainability. It is therefore very important to investigate the relationship between land use change and human activities. This study focuses on the detection of changing land use patterns in the Yanhe River Basin in northern Loess Plateau of China between 1995 and 2008. Landscape metrics were used to analyze the changing land use patterns and to explore the related anthropogenic driving forces. Results show that:1) Totally, 186 590 ha of croplands were converted into alternate land-use types (equivalent to 61.7% of the original cropland area). The majority of cropland areas were found to be converted into grassland and woodland areas (accounting for 55.9% and 4.9% respectively of the original cropland areas). 2) Both cropland and woodland demonstrated an increasing fragmentation tendency while grasslands showed a decreasing fragmentation tendency. 3) Multiple driving forces of land use change were thought to act together to changes in landscape metrics in the Yanhe River Basin. The anthropogenic driving forces were analyzed from four perspectives:ecological conservation policy, labor force transfer, industrial development, and rural settlement. The policy of the GfG (Grain for Green) project was the main driving factor which expedited the conversion from cropland to woodland and grassland. Industrial development was also found to affect land use change through the direct impact of economic activities such as oil exploration and agricultural production, or through indirect impacts such as the industrial structures readjustment. Labor force transfer from rural to urban areas was found to follow the industrial structure readjustment and further drove land use change from cropland to off-farm land use. Establishment of new tile-roofed houses instead of cave-type dwellings in rural settlements has helped to aggregate the original scattered land-use type of construction.

基于Landset8影像的城市绿地冷岛效应分析——以北京市为例

城市绿地由于其内部植被的降温增湿作用,可以有效地缓解城市热岛效应。本文以北京市城市建成区的城市绿地为研究对象,基于2013年7月31日landsat8遥感影像,对北京市地表温度进行反演,结合Google Earth地图,利用遥感影像反演软件、ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,计算城市绿地空间配置对周边环境的冷岛效应,探寻城市绿地的景观格局指数与冷岛效应的对应关系。研究表明:不同城市绿地的冷岛效应存在较大差异,但是都能取得较为明显的降温效果;城市绿地的面积与其冷岛效应之间具有正相关性,而且二者之间表现为线性关系或指数关系;城市绿地的周长面积比与其冷岛效应具有负相关性,而且二者之间表现为倒数关系。

城市空地更新为绿色基础设施的潜力评估

【目的】绿色基础设施(green infrastructure, GI)更新是解决收缩城市空地问题的有效手段,对城市生态系统有功能融合与结构调整的作用。【方法】从功能与结构视角,评估黑龙江省鹤岗市中心城区空地的生态系统服务供给能力和景观连通性,通过多因子叠加分析法评估城市空地更新为GI的潜力。【结果】鹤岗市中心城区生态系统服务供给能力较强的空地占比26.47%,景观连通性较强的空地占比16.26%,整体更新潜力不高,具有较高更新潜力的空地仅占22.19%,主要为面积较大的空地。【结论】通过构建城市空地更新为GI的潜力评估体系,提出了增加式、合并式、插入式与预留式空地更新模式,以及收缩城市空置用地更新的针对性规划策略,可为收缩城市空地再利用的规划实践与GI格局优化提供依据。

基于混合用地模式识别的济南市老城区典型片区绿色空间降温效应分析

城市绿色空间可以通过生态系统服务调节功能有效缓解城市热岛效应,降低高温健康胁迫风险。城市中心城区特别是老城区建成环境具有高度异质性,复杂建成环境中绿色空间的降温效应,特别是混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、阈值、形状等还需进一步明晰。在厘清城市热环境影响因素和绿色空间降温机制基础上,构建了“冷热岛分析提取-混合用地模式聚类识别-混合用地模式热效应分析-典型绿色空间降温效应分析”的研究框架。针对当前城市绿地指标失实、结构失衡、功能失调等现实问题,选择济南市老城区典型片区进行实证研究,重点分析了中层建筑混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、降温面积阈值、形状及植被覆盖度等,总结了具有高降温效能的绿色空间模式,为促进城市健康人居环境发展提供借鉴。

土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果评价方法研究

随着工业化城市的发展,土壤污染问题凸显,威胁环境和人体健康。乡土景观绿化修复是有效的土壤污染治理方法,逐渐受到关注。因此,文章研究考虑土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果评价方法。首先,介绍区域概况、评价指标的建立及计算方法以及样品数据的采集与监测;然后,对比参照系统,展开研究区域的土壤质量监测、植物数据监测与记录,并获取乡土景观绿化修复效果评价结果;最后,根据评价结果总结考虑土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果。

国土空间规划背景下城乡绿地系统规划课程改革研究

新发展背景下,国土空间规划拓展了城乡绿地系统规划的工作内容和价值内核。城乡绿地系统规划课程作为风景园林专业的核心骨干课程,在教学内容、教学方法、课程思政等方面存在较大的提升空间。为弥补当前课程在教学设置与培养模式上的不足,文章围绕国土空间规划体系,提出构建多元化课程体系、打造创新型课堂模式、加强新时代价值培育的改革措施,积极探索课程改革路径,为风景园林专业教学效果的优化提升提供参考借鉴。

上海市中心城区绿地生态网络演化多情景模拟及景观连接度评价

【目的】通过对上海市中心城区未来用地进行多情景模拟,测度不同情景下绿地生态网络景观连接度变化,为未来城市生态空间优化提供依据。【方法】基于斑块生成土地利用变化模拟(patchgenerating land use simulation,PLUS)模型,对上海市中心城区绿地生态网络演化进行多情景模拟,并通过形态学空间格局分析(morphological spatial pattern analysis,MSPA)与景观连接度分析,探究未来不同情景下城市绿地生态网络结构性连接和功能性连接的差异。【结果】1)未来上海市中心城区不同情景下绿地面积均有不同幅度的减少,但在生态保护发展情景下,绿地面积的衰减速度得到有效控制;2)就结构性连接而言,生态保护发展情景下的绿地生态网络具有较好的廊道连通性,能够有效促进物种扩散和能量流动;3)就功能性连接而言,绿地生态网络重要斑块在多情景模拟中的空间分布基本一致,且斑块重要性指数(delta probability of connectivity,dPC)分布可为未来重要潜在源地斑块的统筹规划提供指导。【结论】生态保护发展情景可较好维持生态网络的连接度以及景观结构的稳定性,在未来的城市建设中,可通过政策调控及规划促进城市生态空间、城市绿地生态网络健康发展。

武钢厂区绿地景观类型空间结构及滞尘效应

应用景观生态学原理和对比分析方法分别对武钢厂区绿地景观类型的空间结构及滞尘效应进行了研究。结果表明 ,武钢厂区绿地斑块数目多、破碎化指数高 ,体现了工业区见缝插绿的绿化特点 ,以道路绿带为骨架、成片防护林和观赏绿地为中心 ,将各分厂绿地连接成四大绿化区域的武钢厂区绿地系统已初步形成。其滞尘效应主要表现为对交通污染物及二次飞扬的阻滞作用。以乔木为主的防护林斑块平均面积大、滞尘效果好 ,滞尘率达 38.9%～ 4 6 .1% ,但优势度不高。专类园和观赏草坪斑块植物种类丰富、景观效果好 ,但滞尘效果较差。道路绿带优势度和破碎化指数最高 ,构成了厂区绿色廊道网络 ,并在阻滞交通污染中起着重要作用 ,其中多行复层绿带的滞尘率 ( 46 .2 %～ 6 0 .8% )比单行乔木绿带的滞尘率 ( 14 .8%～ 39.2 % )高。但道路绿带仍不完整 ,多行复层绿带的比例不高。

城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应——以宜昌市中心城区为例

城市绿地在改善城市环境及维护城市生态系统平衡中起着极为重要的作用 ,而当绿地覆盖率小于 4 0 %时 ,绿地整体生态效益的发挥主要取决于绿地的内部结构和空间布局 ,但迄今为止缺乏绿地景观分布格局与环境效应关系的研究报道。本研究应用景观生态学原理 ,分析了湖北省宜昌市中心城区斑优格局、斑匀格局、廊道格局和对照格局等四种景观结构及其绿地分布格局 ,选取了气温、相对湿度、环境噪声和大气 SO2 、NOx、TSP含量等环境监测指标 ,观测了不同绿地景观格局下的环境效应 ,并对比分析了绿地分布格局指标与综合环境效应间的关系 ,以便提出城市绿地系统布局合理性指标 ,为城市绿地系统的景观结构优化提供依据。研究结果表明 ,斑优格局、斑匀格局、廊道格局和对照格局等四种不同景观在斑块总面积、建筑斑块面积和无绿化道路面积等景观总体格局上较均衡 ,但由于其绿化覆盖率及绿地景观分布格局差异较大 ,致使其环境效益也表现出明显的差异。其中 ,对照格局景观的绿地斑块总面积最小 ,绿地破碎化指数最高 ,绿化覆盖率仅为 1.0 0 % ,以建筑铺装斑块和无绿化道路廊道为主要景观构成。因此 ,对照格局景观的环境气温较高、空气相对湿度低、环境噪声较大、大气 TSP含量高 ,景观环境恶劣。

城市绿地对周边热环境影响遥感研究——以北京为例

城市绿地是缓解城市热环境效应问题的主要因素之一，它不仅在宏观上影响城市区域尺度气候条件，而且在小区尺度直接影响到周边的热环境条件。本文从绿地景观格局的角度出发，利用遥感技术和地理信息技术，以北京市主城区的城市绿地作为研究对象，以绿地周边建筑物作为热环境影响承载体中介，分析了影响建筑热环境的绿地的主要景观因子，开展了城市绿地对周边热环境的影响范围、降温幅度以及绿地景观参数与降温幅度的相关关系研究。首先，从TM遥感影像上人工数字化选取了26个城市绿地斑块，同时提取了其周边建筑物像元；然后，基于定量遥感理论反演了绿地和建筑物的温度，并利用GIS工具统计了绿地和建筑的景观格局信息；最后，基于空间统计分析方法和等温线周长-温度曲线变点方法确定了城市绿地对周围建筑物热环境的影响范围，通过相关性分析探讨了城市绿地景观参数与其降温幅度之间的相关性。研究结果显示：（1）在100 m空间分辨率的尺度下，北京大部分城市绿地斑块对周边100 m范围内的建筑具有降温效应；面积在0.5 km2以上的绿地斑块，对周边100 m范围内建筑物具有明显降温效应，降温幅度在0.46~0.83℃之间，平均降温幅度为0.72℃；面积在0.5 km2以下的，具有较高植被覆盖度的绿地斑块有一定的降温效应，不具有较高植被覆盖度的绿地斑块降温效应不明显；（2）绿地斑块的周长、面积、形状指数和植被覆盖度与其周边建筑物的降温幅度没有显著的相关性。该结果表明，绿地的面积无论多大，其对周边环境的降温效应都限制在一定空间范围内；在布设城市绿地时分散型绿地比集中式大绿地对周边环境的总体降温效应更好。研究结果揭示了城市绿地对周边热环境影响的空间范围、降温幅度以及绿地景观参数与降温幅度的相关关系，可为城市规划建设及环境评价等提供科学参考。

宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系

在湖北省宜昌市中心城区 4种景观绿地分布格局分析的基础上 ,对比观测了各景观中的环境噪声和大气SO2 、NOx、TSP含量 .结果表明 ,以无绿化道路廊道和建筑铺装斑块为主要景观构成的对照景观绿地破碎化指数最高 (18 12 5 3ind·hm-2 ) ,绿化覆盖率仅为 1 0 0 % ,其景观中环境噪声较大、大气TSP含量高 (0 4 918mg·m-3 ) ;大面积绿地斑块占优势的景观绿化覆盖率高 (达 4 3 5 9% ) ,绿地破碎度指数最小(0 4 5 39ind·hm-2 ) ,与对照景观相比 ,大气噪声减弱 2 8 12 % ,TSP含量降低 86 4 2 % ;中小面积绿地斑块和绿化廊道呈均匀分布的景观绿化覆盖率 (11 34% )和绿地破碎度指数 (2 75 11ind·hm-2 )均较低 ,与对照景观相比平均滞尘率为 4 6 6 2 % ;以绿化廊道占绝对优势的景观绿化覆盖率仅为 6 13% ,绿地破碎度指数均较高 (6 870 0ind·hm-2 ) ,绿化廊道密度指数最大 (0 84 4 3hm·hm-2 ) ,其景观中环境噪声、TSP和NOx含量分别比对照景观增加 2 1 4 7%、5 0 8%和 9 0 6 % .可见 ,在城市景观中绿地斑块平均面积越大、破碎度指数越低 。

北京城区公园绿地景观格局研究

基于3S技术,运用景观生态学原理与方法,在对城区公园绿地景观进行分类的基础上,选取了景观破碎度、景观多样性、景观优势度、景观均匀度等指数对北京市城区公园绿地的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明:北京市区内共有公园绿地斑块105个,绿地面积5 565.74 hm^2,占城区总面积的4.07%。绿地面积以面积大于50 hm^2的大型斑块为主,占总绿地面积的77.66%,缺少社区公园等小型斑块绿地。公园绿地斑块密度为1.89个·km^(-2),景观多样性指数为0.78,优势度指数为0.83,均匀度指数为0.49。绿地斑块景观分布不均衡,分布不合理,景观多样性指数较低。

广州市中心城区公园绿地景观格局动态分析

以1992年Landsat TM、2005年SPOT影像为信息源,一个斑块为基本研究单位,GIS为平台,结合GPS定位调查,研究了广州市中心城区公园绿地的景观格局.分析结果表明:各区公园绿地覆盖率差异较大;公园绿地建设重点放在天河、白云和黄埔区;公园绿地景观人为干扰减少;公园绿地景观破碎化程度和平均连接水平较低;公园绿地服务盲区大量减少,服务能力大大提高,但仍不尽完善.通过景观格局指数、服务盲区的分析,探索公园绿地合理布局,为广州市公园绿地规划、城市生态建设提供参考.

城市绿地景观的节约设计探讨

现代城市绿地景观建设中的非节约现象较为严重,提倡城市绿地景观的节约设计有助于景观的可持续发展。文章首先分析了城市绿地景观节约设计的缘起,并指出现代绿地景观建设中存在的缺乏规划、贪大求洋、盲目跟风、铺张浪费、更新频繁等浪费现象。分析了节约设计的内涵和节约设计的详细方法:节约土地、节约材料、节约能源、节约水资源、节约管理、提高使用效率、延长使用寿命等。最后提出了推广景观节约设计的对策。

2000—2010年北京城市绿色空间格局动态分析

清楚认知城市绿色空间格局及其变化特征是优化城市建设空间与生态红线划定的重要前提。以2000、2005和2010年SPOT影像和园林绿地普查数据为基础,综合利用GIS技术与景观生态学方法,定量分析了北京市六环内绿色空间格局动态变化特征。结果发现2000—2010年北京城市绿色空间面积减少207 km^2,主要是大面积农田和水域被改变为城市建设用地;5—6环之间绿色空间被侵占现象明显,而4环内绿色空间变化相对稳定;绿色空间斑块数量(NP)和形状指数(SHAPE)均持续增大,空间邻近度指数(MNN)、聚集度指数(AI)和结合度指数(COHESION)相对减小,城市绿色空间破碎化趋势明显。该研究表明,2000—2010年城市化过程中北京城区绿色空间面积、组成及格局发生明显变化,城市绿色空间建设不应停留在简单的"点线面"几何学或美学的考量,而需要重点关注增加立体绿量和优化空间格局以充分发挥生态服务功能。