Numerical analysis of downward progressive landslides in long natural slopes with sensitive clay

Landslides occurring in sensitive clay often result in widespread destruction,posing a significant risk to human lives and property due to the substantial decrease in undrained shear strength during deformation.Assessing the consequences of these landslides is challenging and necessitates robust numerical methods to comprehensively investigate their failure mechanisms.While studies have extensively explored upward progressive landslides in sensitive clays,understanding downward progressive cases remains limited.In this study,we utilised the nodal integration-based particle finite element method(NPFEM)with a nonlinear strain-softening model to analyse downward progressive landslides in sensitive clay on elongated slopes,induced by surcharge loads near the crest.We focused on elucidating the underlying failure mechanisms and evaluating the effects of different soil parameters and strainsoftening characteristics.The simulation results revealed the typical pattern for downward landslides,which typically start with a localised failure in proximity to the surcharge loads,followed by a combination of different types of failure mechanisms,including single flow slides,translational progressive landslides,progressive flow slides,and spread failures.Additionally,inclined shear bands occur within spread failures,often adopting distinctive ploughing patterns characterised by triangular shapes.The sensitive clay thickness at the base,the clay strength gradient,the sensitivity,and the softening rate significantly influence the failure mechanisms and the extent of diffused displacement.Remarkably,some of these effects mirror those observed in upward progressive landslides,underscoring the interconnectedness of these phenomena.This study contributes valuable insights into the complex dynamics of sensitive clay landslides,shedding light on the intricate interplay of factors governing their behaviour and progression.

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world.Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,many active fault zones are present.These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China.In this paper,high-resolution topographic data,multitemporal remote sensing images,numerical calculations,seismic records,and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe.The influence of active faults on the lithology,rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied.The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass,reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes.The faults have also controlled the stress field,the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope,thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides.We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone,and more than 80%of these landslides are within 2–3 km of the fault rupture zone.Moreover,the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows.This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone,e.g.,constituting the whole landslide body,controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide,controlling the crown of the landslide,and constituting the toe of the landslide.The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.

Distribution and features of landslides in the Tianshui Basin, Northwest China

Landslides in Tianshui Basin, Gansu Province, Northwest China, severely affect the local population and the economy;therefore,understanding their evolution and kinematics is of great interest for landslide risk assessment and prevention. However, there is no unified classification standard for the types of loess landslides in Tianshui.In this study, we explored the landslide distribution and failure characteristics by means of field investigation,remotesensinginterpretation,geological mapping, drilling exploration and shearwave velocity tests, and established a database of Tianshui landslides. Our analysis shows that shear zones in mudstone usually develop in weak intercalated layers. Landslides occur mainly along the West Qinling faults on slopes with gradients of 10° to 25° and on southeast-and southwest-facing slopes.These landslides were classified into five types: loess landslides, loess–mudstone interface landslides, loess flow-slides, loess–mudstone plane landslides and loess–mudstone cutting landslides. We discussed the evolution and failure process of each landslide type and analyzed the formation mechanism and motion characteristics of large-scale landslides. The analysis results show that the landslides in the study area are characterized by a gentle slope, long runout and high risk. The relationship between the runout L and the vertical drop H of the large-scale landslides in the study area is L > 4 H. There are good correlations between the equivalent friction coefficient of largescale landslides and their maximum height, runout,area and volume. The sliding zone of large-scale landslides often develops in the bedrock contact zone or in a weak interlayer within mudstone. From microstructure analysis, undisturbed mudstone consists mainly of small aggregates with dispersed inter-aggregate pores, whereas sheared clay has a more homogeneous structure. Linear striations are well developed on shear surfaces, and the clay pores in those surfaces have a more uniform distribution than those in undisturbed clay.

Application of remote monitoring technology in landslides in the Luoshan mining area

With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the underground mine and the open-pit mine. Based on the theory that sliding force is greater than the shear resistance (resisting force) at the potential slip surface is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide as the sliding criterion, the principle and method for sliding force remote monitoring is presented, and the functional relationship between the human mechanical quantity and the natural sliding force is derived, hereby, the natural sliding force can be calculated according to the human mechanical quantity. Based on above principle and method, a new system of landslide remote monitoring is designed and 53 systems are installed on the landslide body in the Luoshan mining area, which make up the landslide remote monitoring network. According to the results of field test around 8 months, monitoring curves between sliding force and time are obtained, which can describe and forecast the develop trend of landslide. According to above analysis, the results show that this system has some following advantages: (1) real-time monitoring; (2) remote intelligent transmission; (3) landslides early warning.

Characteristics of loess landslides triggered by different factors in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Loess landslides are one of the most serious geological disasters in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Research has revealed that earthquake,rainfall,and human activities are common triggers for loess landslides.In order to study the relationship and characteristics of these landslides triggered by different factors,the paper uses historic landslide data to expound the basic motion indices of landslides triggered by different factors.More than half of loess landslides occurred on concave surface slopes,while nearly 40%of the loess landslides occurred on convex surface slopes.Human activities have a great effect on the occurrence of landslides,and the distribution density of landslides on residential land was almost five times that of bare land.Additionally,earthquakeinduced loess landslides had the largest sliding volume,whereas the excavation-induced loess landslide had the smallest sliding volume.The sliding volume of irrigation-induced and rainfall-induced loess landslides were between earthquake-induced loess landslides and excavation-induced loess landslide.Many of loess landslides were induced by a combination of these factors,such as rainfall and excavation,irrigation and excavation.Then a model that described the impact of these factors on the loess landslides was proposed.

Numerical simulations of kinetic formation mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide

Tangjiashan landslide is a typical high-speed landslide hosted on consequent bedding rock. The landslide was induced by Wenchuan earthquake at a medium-steep hill slope. The occurrence of Tangjiashan landslide was basically controlled by the tectonic structure, topography, stratum lithology, slope structure, seismic waves, and strike of river. Among various factors, the seismic loading with great intensity and long duration was dominant. The landslide initiation exhibited the local amplification effect of seismic waves at the rear of the slope, the dislocation effect on the fault, and the shear failure differentiating effect on the regions between the soft and the hard layers. Based on field investigations and with the employment of the distinct element numerical simulation program UDEC （universal distinct element code）, the whole kinetic sliding process of Tan iashan landslide was represented and the formation mechanism of the consequent rock landslide under seismic loading was studied. The results are helpful for understanding seismic dynamic responses of consequent bedding rock slopes, where the slope stability could be governed by earthquakes.

Large-scale Rock Landslide Slip Surface Location Analysis and Strength Parameters Evaluation

Large-scale rock landslides have huge impacts on various large-scale rock engineering and project operations. They are also important aspects evaluating geological disasters. In the initial evaluations on the stability of large-scale rock landslides, in most cases, it is difficult to conduct evaluation or to have accurate evaluations because most of large-scale rock landslides are huge in size, high in slopes, and located in the canyon of mountains, which makes the exploration very difficult and thus hard to get credible data on slip surface form, location, depth and strength. This paper describes the Badi landslide happened along the Lancang River, and systematically introduces methods to analyze and verify large-scale slip surface form using terrain conditions surrounding the large-scale landslide, shape of the slide walls, and development patterns of streams and gully. This paper also introduces ways to obtain strength parameters of slip surface with the soil in the slide zone by using the principles of stress state, principles of gravity compaction, structure regeneration and strength regeneration. It is confirmed that analyzed results to the slip surface are basically consistent with the exploration results. The methods introduced here have been successfully applied to evaluate the stability of Badi large-scale rock landslide and have been applied in engineering practices.

Effects of Heat Softening on Initiation of Landslides

Effects of heat softening on the initiation of slide surface(shear banding) in clayey slopes during fast deformation were discussed.Controlling equations considering heat,pore pressure and mechanical movement were presented.By perturbation method,the instability condition of localized zone(i.e.criterion for initiation of shear banding) for thermal related soils,such as clayey slope,was obtained.It is shown that slide surface initiates once the thermal-softening effects overcome the strain-hardening effects whether it is adiabatic or not.Without strain hardening effects,strain rate hardening obviously plays a role in initiation of shear band.During initiating process,heat is trapped inside the shear band,which leads rapidly to a pore pressure increase and fast loss of strength.The localized shear strain is concentrated in a narrow zone with a width of several centimeters at most and increases fast.This zone forms the sliding surface.Temperature can increase more than 2?C,pore pressure can increase 160% in about 0.1s inside this zone.These changes cause the fast decrease in friction-coefficient by about 36% over the initial value.That is how shear band initiated and developed in clayey slopes.

Insight into the Permeability and Microstructure Evolution Mechanism of the Sliding Zone Soil: A Case Study from the Huangtupo Landslide, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

A large number of laboratory investigations related to the permeability have been conducted on the sliding zones.Yet little attention has been paid to the particular sliding zones of the slideprone Badong Formation.Here,we experimentally investigate the permeability nature and the mechanism of seepage in the viscous sliding zone of the Huangtupo Landslide.Saturated seepage tests have been performed first with consideration of six dry densities and thirteen hydraulic gradients,in conjunction with the mercury intrusion porosimetry test and scanning electron microscopy test for the microstructure analysis after seepage.The results show that seepage in the sliding zone soil does not follow Darcy’s Law,since there is a threshold hydraulic gradient(i0)below which no flow is observed and a critical hydraulic gradient(icr)over which the hydraulic conductivity(K)tends to be stable.The percentage of bound water could be responsible for the occurrence of i0 and icr.Furthermore,pore size distributions(PSD)less than 0.6µm and between 10 and 90µm exhibit positive and negative correlations with the i0,respectively,indicating that the i0 is related to the PSD.The mechanism accounting for this result is that pore water pressure forces fine clay particles into the surrounding large pores and converts arranged particles to discretely distributed ones,thereby weakening the connectivity of pores.The seepages in the sliding zones behave differently from that in the sliding mass and sliding bed in response to the permeability.

A Study of the Relationship between Landslide and Active Tectonic Zones: A Case Study in Karaj Watershed Management

This research shows a noticeable comparison between slide zones produced with the results using the Nilsen method with active tectonic hazard zonation map. A determination landform of geometry or morphometry factors is one of the best methods for study and evaluation active tectonics. The first image provided is a Dem maps from GIS software showing topography, geology and tectonic maps participant with field activities. The second image provided shows an active tectonic map also generated by the same above mentioned factors into three classes A, B, C, D and a landslide hazard zonation map which shows five classes: Stable zone, generally stable zone, stable moderately stable zone, moderately stable zone and talented to liquefaction zone. The study and comparison and conformity landslide hazard zonation map with hazard zonations into active tectonic hazard zonation map showed about 79 percent (56,880 hectare) moderately unstable zone and talented for liquefaction zone settled in A zone (very high tectonic activity) and B zone (high tectonic activity) active tectonic map and 21 percent (15,130 hectare) remain unsettled sequential 12 percent (8640 hectare) and 9 percent (6480 hectare) in C (moderate tectonic activity), D (lowest tectonic activity) zone of active tectonic hazard zonation produced from above mentioned factors. This research showed a relationship between slide zones produced in landslide hazard zonations using the Nilsen method to measure active tectonic hazard zonation in the study region.

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway,through the detailed analysis of its geological condition.Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide,take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide.The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock,so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.

考虑强度速率衰减效应的地震滑坡SPH-FEM模拟

基于SPH和FEM耦合的数值计算方法,引入滑动面摩擦强度的速率衰减模型,提出了一种能够模拟地震诱发滑坡破坏过程的数值模拟方法。基于所提数值方法模拟了唐家山地震滑坡,模拟结果与现场勘查结果及室内试验现象较为一致。基于模拟的滑动面上摩擦系数的演化过程,将唐家山滑坡的发生分为4个阶段:启动阶段、摩擦衰减阶段、低摩擦滑移阶段和逐步稳定阶段。模拟结果表明速度增加和摩擦强度衰减的相互促进,是触发滑体的高速运动的根本原因。提出采用滑体上作用的动摩擦力fd和动下滑力Td的比值R作为判别指标用于判断大型滑坡的启动,当首次出现R小于1时认为滑动面发生整体贯通并出现失稳启动。基于滑动面不同位置摩擦系数的演化,揭示了滑坡启动中滑动面摩擦强度衰减和滑动面的渐进贯通过程,解释了地震作用与滑动面摩擦参数速率衰减效应共同作用触发大型滑坡发生破坏的内在机理。

金沙江上游白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学行为研究

金沙江构造结合带是典型的板块碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩带,不仅地质结构复杂,而且发育了工程特性极差的特殊岩土体。本文在金沙江上游白格滑坡成因机理调查与分析过程中,新发现了巨型滑坡体后缘滑壁发育厚度较大、分布较连续的黏土化蚀变岩,是构成滑动带的重要组分。基于相关样品的原位测试和室内系统的物质组成、耐崩解、环形剪切、动三轴等物理力学试验研究,揭示了黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学特性及其在白格滑坡形成演化中的作用。主要结论如下:1)白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩是金沙江构造结合带中蛇绿岩蚀变的产物,蚀变程度高,蚀变系数介于0.64~0.86之间,黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主、伊/蒙混层矿物次之,遇水极易崩解,崩解指数达50%以上;2)黏土化蚀变岩中工程性质最差的是蚀变黏土,水和振动荷载作用下剪切强度弱化显著,含水率由10%增至20%后剪切强度降幅达34%,动强度远小于其静强度,并随着振动次数的增加不断降低,蚀变黏土是促进斜坡岩体结构面贯通、破坏的重要因素;3)白格滑坡滑动面的形成受节理结构面与黏土化蚀变岩联合控制,整体上可分为2种模式:黏土化蚀变岩厚层软弱夹层型和充填节理裂隙贯通型;4)金沙江上游发育的不少巨型高位滑坡与黏土化蚀变岩不良工程特性具有密切的关系,岩体结构与特殊岩性的组合是值得关注的区域性易滑地质结构。以上结论对于青藏高原东缘大江大河岸坡稳定性分析和防灾减灾具有较好的启示意义。

基于平面和深部位移联合监测的滑坡精准勘察

基于某高速公路高边坡滑坡工程,在地质调查、钻探、原位测试等基础上,引入基于平面和深部位移联合监测模式进行精准勘察。通过平面位移监测确定滑坡周界和滑动方向;通过深部测斜确定滑面位置;通过6孔钻探补充查明空间结构特征。根据深部监测指导钻孔取样获取滑带土指标,检算天然和饱和工况下的稳定性系数分别为1.01、0.98;分析监测数据,滑坡滑动规律为连续降雨期间滑动速率增大,停止施工后滑动速率下降,变形速率从后部向前部逐渐减小,属推移式滑坡;提出清方+重力式罩面的综合整治方案。

大型顺层岩石滑坡中多排组合桩加固的数值模拟

为探究大型顺层岩石滑坡的合理支挡防护体系,确保顺层岩石边坡的稳定性,依托安徽某顺层滑坡,基于数值模拟方法,分析“单排桩(或锚拉桩)+h型抗滑桩”联合支护体系在顺层岩石滑坡中的受力特性及支挡防护效果.研究表明:滑坡下部临空面支护与中上部h型桩相关联,且下部单排桩增设锚索后,h型桩桩顶和滑面处位移明显降低,最大弯矩和剪力也有下降趋势;h型桩连梁与后排桩的连接方式对抗滑桩的支护效果有一定影响,固接效果强于铰接,连梁固/铰接方式对h型桩支护结构的弯矩和剪力的影响远小于单排桩有无锚索对h型桩支护结构的弯矩和剪力的影响;“单排桩(或锚拉桩)+h型抗滑桩”联合支护体系可以有效地控制坡体变形,确保顺层滑坡支挡后处于稳定状态.研究成果可为此类岩石边(滑)坡的支护治理提供一定的理论借鉴.

一种滑动检测算法下的滑坡位移时序分解方法

针对“阶跃式”滑坡位移时序分解模型力学解释性不强的缺陷,根据西原蠕变本构模型与自适应改进遗传算法模型,提出滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测方法与改进加权移动平均修正阶跃项位移方法,并将该方法应用于白水河滑坡位移时序分解。将滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测结果与MK检验结果、滑动t检验结果以及Bayes检测结果作对比。结果表明,滑动R_(nl)阶跃点检测结果更加准确与适用;同时将新型滑坡位移时序分解结果与二次移动平均时序分解结果、三次指数平滑时序分解结果以及VMD时序分解结果作对比。结果表明,新型滑坡位移时序分解方法解决了滑坡趋势项位移无规律、无力学解释性的问题,且在时序分解加法模式中单独引入滑坡位移预测中最重要的阶跃项位移,分析预测更具有针对性。因此,新型时序分解模型有一定的工程价值与时序预测借鉴价值。

水库近坝高位滑坡滑带抗剪强度参数综合确定研究

滑坡滑带的抗剪强度参数是进行滑坡稳定性评价和滑坡涌浪等灾害链研究必需的数据基础,科学合理确定滑带物理力学参数至关重要.本研究以澜沧江GS水电站MLS滑坡为依托,采用现场调查、大型原位剪切试验、室内重塑样剪切试验、室内原状样剪切试验、工程地质类比法及参数反分析法,综合确定滑带抗剪强度参数.采用数值模拟软件运用所得参数对滑坡进行变形破坏分析.数值计算结果与现场滑坡监测变形数据相吻合,验证了采用多方法综合选取滑带抗剪强度参数的准确性和合理性.研究成果可为MLS滑坡稳定评估和防治工程设计等提供技术支撑和参考借鉴依据.

2023年积石山M_(S)6.2地震诱发中川乡滑坡-泥流滑动过程与成因机理研究

北京时间2023年12月18日23时59分,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生M_(S)6.2地震。该地震在青海省民和回族土族自治县中川乡引发了一次严重的滑坡-泥流灾害事件。通过详细的地质调查、低空摄影测量、现场工程地质测绘,以及含水率实验等综合手段,对该滑坡的基本特征、动态发展过程及成灾原因进行调查分析。研究结果显示,此次滑坡事件经历了分级和分块启动,呈现出渐退式的滑移特征。滑坡产生的原因如下:村民长期灌溉活动导致地下形成了饱水黄土层,在地震作用下这些饱水黄土层的孔隙水压力急剧增加,导致黄土液化,随后液化的饱水黄土层携带着上覆的非饱和土层迅速向沟道滑移;此外,滑坡体与地下冒水及干渠补给水混合,进一步促进了滑坡-泥流灾害的形成。研究区域附近多分布类似的灌溉区,因此未来地震发生时,对这类滑坡事件的预防与治理将成为重要的研究方向。

不同滑带角度滑坡作用下隧道衬砌与抗滑桩结构非线性受力特征研究

随着隧道滑坡体系支护研究的深入,隧道滑坡与抗滑桩支护之间的受力研究尤为重要。为研究在0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°共6种滑带角度影响下隧道衬砌结构与抗滑桩的受力特征,以大准铁路南坪隧道为原型,采取室内缩尺试验以及数值模拟的方法,对三者间受力变形规律进行研究。得到以下结论:随着滑带角度的增大,桩身与隧道衬砌结构变形逐渐减小,作用在隧道以及桩身的土压力、弯矩值逐渐减小;同时,滑带角度为0°、10°、20°、30°时滑坡水平推力对隧道衬砌结构受力影响较大,40°、50°时滑坡水平推力影响显著衰减,拱脚竖向荷载占比逐渐增大。当滑带角度小于30°时,应当主要考虑滑坡水平推力对隧道结构的影响,大于30°时主要考虑由滑坡体所产生的竖向荷载对隧道衬砌结构的影响,此时应当对隧道仰拱及靠近坡体处拱脚位置重点加固。所得试验、模拟结果为隧道与抗滑桩体支护施工提供一定参考。

白龙江上游黑多间歇性慢速滑坡的特征、过程与驱动机理研究

慢速堆积体滑坡是白龙江中上游流域常见的一种地质灾害,具有滑移速度慢、持续时间长的特点,因瞬时灾难小而未受重视。慢速滑坡长期持续的滑动为我们研究其过程与机制提供了难得的机会。本文以白龙江上游、迭部县黑多村慢速滑坡为研究对象,通过现场调查与访问、多期高清遥感影像解译、降雨数据分析和室内岩土力学实验,描述了黑多慢速滑坡形成的地质环境条件、变形破坏特征,研究了慢速滑坡的运动演化过程,探讨了慢速滑坡的形成机理、驱动因素,以及未来发展趋势。研究表明:(1)黑多慢速滑坡属狭长沟道型浅层堆积体滑坡,体积约30.5×10^(4)m^(3),启动前已经具有滑坡体、滑带土、滑床3层结构,滑带土细颗粒含量高、富含黏土矿物、塑性强;(2)黑多慢速滑坡近期至少历经3次显著滑动,分别为20世纪90年代和2020年7~8月间由持续性降雨诱发的滑动,以及2008~2010年间由2008年汶川大地震叠加降雨诱发的持续性滑动;(3)上部平缓沟道内的滑体受降雨渗流驱动发生牵引式滑动,下部平缓沟道内的滑体受中上部滑体加载及降雨驱动而发生推移式滑动;(4)黑多慢速滑坡表现出启动-运动-停滞循环的间歇性滑动特征,富含页岩、板岩风化物的软弱岩土体和滑动带是慢速滑坡发育的内在基础,持续性降雨软化滑动带、地震与降雨叠加降低滑体刚度以及崩滑体加载是慢速滑坡加速启动的主要外部驱动力,低重心、缓滑面、前缘阻塞等地貌特点是滑坡维持慢速并暂时停滞稳定的可能机制;(5)未来沟道内滑坡体仍然会再次发生类似的慢速滑动,但是左侧体积约10.5×10^(4)m^(3)的滑坡和18.5×10^(4)m^(3)的变形体可能会进一步失稳而堵塞主沟,引发大规模、高速堵溃型泥石流,威胁下游村庄和省道安全。本研究对认识白龙江流域同类滑坡灾害的演化过程、机制及灾害防治工作具有重要的参考意义。