A Survey on Chinese Sign Language Recognition:From Traditional Methods to Artificial Intelligence

Research on Chinese Sign Language(CSL)provides convenience and support for individuals with hearing impairments to communicate and integrate into society.This article reviews the relevant literature on Chinese Sign Language Recognition(CSLR)in the past 20 years.Hidden Markov Models(HMM),Support Vector Machines(SVM),and Dynamic Time Warping(DTW)were found to be the most commonly employed technologies among traditional identificationmethods.Benefiting from the rapid development of computer vision and artificial intelligence technology,Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),3D-CNN,YOLO,Capsule Network(CapsNet)and various deep neural networks have sprung up.Deep Neural Networks(DNNs)and their derived models are integral tomodern artificial intelligence recognitionmethods.In addition,technologies thatwerewidely used in the early days have also been integrated and applied to specific hybrid models and customized identification methods.Sign language data collection includes acquiring data from data gloves,data sensors(such as Kinect,LeapMotion,etc.),and high-definition photography.Meanwhile,facial expression recognition,complex background processing,and 3D sign language recognition have also attracted research interests among scholars.Due to the uniqueness and complexity of Chinese sign language,accuracy,robustness,real-time performance,and user independence are significant challenges for future sign language recognition research.Additionally,suitable datasets and evaluation criteria are also worth pursuing.

Smaller & Smarter: Score-Driven Network Chaining of Smaller Language Models

With the continuous evolution and expanding applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a noticeable surge in the size of the emerging models. It is not solely the growth in model size, primarily measured by the number of parameters, but also the subsequent escalation in computational demands, hardware and software prerequisites for training, all culminating in a substantial financial investment as well. In this paper, we present novel techniques like supervision, parallelization, and scoring functions to get better results out of chains of smaller language models, rather than relying solely on scaling up model size. Firstly, we propose an approach to quantify the performance of a Smaller Language Models (SLM) by introducing a corresponding supervisor model that incrementally corrects the encountered errors. Secondly, we propose an approach to utilize two smaller language models (in a network) performing the same task and retrieving the best relevant output from the two, ensuring peak performance for a specific task. Experimental evaluations establish the quantitative accuracy improvements on financial reasoning and arithmetic calculation tasks from utilizing techniques like supervisor models (in a network of model scenario), threshold scoring and parallel processing over a baseline study.

Characteristics and Practice of Decorative Language in Contemporary Chinese Oil Painting Art

This paper deeply discusses the characteristics of decorative language in China’s contemporary oil painting art,analyzes its performance in form,color,and composition,and expounds on the application of decorative language in contemporary oil painting practice with specific artists’works.Through the study of this unique artistic language,this paper reveals the innovation and development of China’s contemporary oil painting in integrating traditional and modern,Eastern and Western artistic elements,and provides theoretical reference and practical enlightenment for the further development of China’s contemporary oil painting art.

Reflections on Conducting Kindergarten Language Education Activities Based on Children’s Literature

In early childhood education,language education is a crucial component,yet in kindergarten teaching,there often exists issues such as“emphasis on knowledge and neglect of practice.”To address this problem,teachers need to incorporate children’s literature in a reasonable manner to create a conducive environment for language education for young children.This article analyzes and discusses the significance of integrating children’s literature into kindergarten language education activities,and proposes strategies for addressing the current issues in kindergarten language education activities and conducting them based on children’s literature.

Harnessing artificial intelligence for identifying conflicts of interest in research

This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recognition,and natural language processing techniques,AI offers innovative solutions for enhancing transparency and integrity in research.This editorial discusses how AI can automatically detect COIs,integrate data from various sources,and streamline reporting processes,thereby maintaining the credibility of scientific findings.

Assessing the possibility of using large language models in ocular surface diseases

AIM:To assess the possibility of using different large language models(LLMs)in ocular surface diseases by selecting five different LLMS to test their accuracy in answering specialized questions related to ocular surface diseases:ChatGPT-4,ChatGPT-3.5,Claude 2,PaLM2,and SenseNova.METHODS:A group of experienced ophthalmology professors were asked to develop a 100-question singlechoice question on ocular surface diseases designed to assess the performance of LLMs and human participants in answering ophthalmology specialty exam questions.The exam includes questions on the following topics:keratitis disease(20 questions),keratoconus,keratomalaciac,corneal dystrophy,corneal degeneration,erosive corneal ulcers,and corneal lesions associated with systemic diseases(20 questions),conjunctivitis disease(20 questions),trachoma,pterygoid and conjunctival tumor diseases(20 questions),and dry eye disease(20 questions).Then the total score of each LLMs and compared their mean score,mean correlation,variance,and confidence were calculated.RESULTS:GPT-4 exhibited the highest performance in terms of LLMs.Comparing the average scores of the LLMs group with the four human groups,chief physician,attending physician,regular trainee,and graduate student,it was found that except for ChatGPT-4,the total score of the rest of the LLMs is lower than that of the graduate student group,which had the lowest score in the human group.Both ChatGPT-4 and PaLM2 were more likely to give exact and correct answers,giving very little chance of an incorrect answer.ChatGPT-4 showed higher credibility when answering questions,with a success rate of 59%,but gave the wrong answer to the question 28% of the time.CONCLUSION:GPT-4 model exhibits excellent performance in both answer relevance and confidence.PaLM2 shows a positive correlation(up to 0.8)in terms of answer accuracy during the exam.In terms of answer confidence,PaLM2 is second only to GPT4 and surpasses Claude 2,SenseNova,and GPT-3.5.Despite the fact that ocular surface disease is a highly specialized discipline,GPT-4 still exhibits superior performance,suggesting that its potential and ability to be applied in this field is enormous,perhaps with the potential to be a valuable resource for medical students and clinicians in the future.

Evaluating large language models as patient education tools for inflammatory bowel disease:A comparative study

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a global health burden that affects millions of individuals worldwide,necessitating extensive patient education.Large language models(LLMs)hold promise for addressing patient information needs.However,LLM use to deliver accurate and comprehensible IBD-related medical information has yet to be thoroughly investigated.AIM To assess the utility of three LLMs(ChatGPT-4.0,Claude-3-Opus,and Gemini-1.5-Pro)as a reference point for patients with IBD.METHODS In this comparative study,two gastroenterology experts generated 15 IBD-related questions that reflected common patient concerns.These questions were used to evaluate the performance of the three LLMs.The answers provided by each model were independently assessed by three IBD-related medical experts using a Likert scale focusing on accuracy,comprehensibility,and correlation.Simultaneously,three patients were invited to evaluate the comprehensibility of their answers.Finally,a readability assessment was performed.RESULTS Overall,each of the LLMs achieved satisfactory levels of accuracy,comprehensibility,and completeness when answering IBD-related questions,although their performance varies.All of the investigated models demonstrated strengths in providing basic disease information such as IBD definition as well as its common symptoms and diagnostic methods.Nevertheless,when dealing with more complex medical advice,such as medication side effects,dietary adjustments,and complication risks,the quality of answers was inconsistent between the LLMs.Notably,Claude-3-Opus generated answers with better readability than the other two models.CONCLUSION LLMs have the potential as educational tools for patients with IBD;however,there are discrepancies between the models.Further optimization and the development of specialized models are necessary to ensure the accuracy and safety of the information provided.

Art Language of Urban Ecological Landscape

Under the background that urban ecological landscape as an important component of urban ecological construction has received social attention,ecological landscape should be introduced into the city naturally,so that people can be close to,feel and cognize nature.It is considered that the ecological effect of landscape should be highlighted and many artistic techniques should be integrated when ecological landscape is planned and designed.Then,it has analyzed relevant skills and principles,creation and reproduction,and medias and forms of urban ecological landscape.Based on all ecological theories,many art languages have been used in urban ecological landscape,and its multiple traits have been presented.The urban ecological landscape will be full of vitality,and a more livable modern ecological city will be constructed.

“liberal arts”的源与流——古今之变中的审视

“古今之变”是审视liberal arts流变的中心线索。古典liberal arts是具有内在统一性并指向完满品格的整全性知识体系。欧洲三次文艺复兴对liberal arts的再造展现了其历史流变中的不变逻辑,即为特定时代的受教育者提供共同价值。德国古典大学赋予了liberal arts在古典意义上的完美形态,而新人文主义的自我塑造观念孕育了博雅教育的现代转向。科学革命终结了古典学术的内在统一性与道德理想,瓦解了古典liberal arts。美国现代大学则借助古典资源,经由三次改革浪潮重建了liberal arts。然而,古典教育凝聚文明精华的共同价值、塑造意义与学术整合力量,同现代科学的智识自由、价值分殊与学科分化特性相冲突,这是古今之变为现代大学再造liberal arts所深植的困境,liberal arts只能在钟摆的两端之间不断权衡。

Starting Small,right or wrong?:Age and Second Language Acquisition

Lots of factors are affecting second language acquisition,of which age is a hotly debated one.Some researchers do believe that age has a central effect on the acquisition of both first and second languages and there is a critical(Lenneberg,1967) or sensitive period in language acquisition,while others think that no adequate evidence of starting early contributes to the proficiency of the target language.Here I will list some of the hypotheses related to age and second language acquisition and find out whether it is true that children acquire more than adults in second language.

医护-社会组织一体化模式对HIV/AIDS患者ART及自我管理能力的影响

探究接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗确诊HIV/AIDS患者接受医护-社会组织一体化模式干预价值。方法 从2022年1月至2022年12月南昌市某定点医院接受抗病毒治疗及随访管理的新确诊HIV/AIDS患者100例,50例接受传统医护合作模式对照组、50例接受医护-社会组织一体化模式观察组,两组各项临床指标差异进行分析对比(从HIV抗体初筛阳性到启动ART治疗时间、抗病毒治疗一年后HIV病毒载量的指标及病毒抑制率、抗病毒治疗一年后自我管理能力)。结果 干预后与对照组比较,观察组HIV抗体初筛阳性到启动ART治疗时间显著偏低,HIV病毒载量指标水平显著偏低,病毒抑制率显著偏高,一年后自我管理能力评分显著偏高,用药依从性显著偏高(P<0.05)。结论 接受抗病毒治疗及随访管理的确诊HIV/AIDS患者接受医护-社会组织一体化模式干预后,可显著提高患者自我管理能力。此外,还能保障高病毒抑制率,缩短患者治疗时间,提升患者用药依从性。

Language affects length of stay in emergency departments in Queensland public hospitals

BACKGROUND:A long length of stay(LOS) in the emergency department(ED) associated with overcrowding has been found to adversely affect the quality of ED care.The objective of this study is to determine whether patients who speak a language other than English at home have a longer LOS in EDs compared to those whose speak only English at home.METHODS:A secondary data analysis of a Queensland state-wide hospital EDs dataset(Emergency Department Information System) was conducted for the period,1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010.RESULTS:The interpreter requirement was the highest among Vietnamese speakers(23.1%)followed by Chinese(19.8%) and Arabic speakers(18.7%).There were significant differences in the distributions of the departure statuses among the language groups(Chi-squared=3236.88,P<0.001).Compared with English speakers,the Beta coefficient for the LOS in the EDs measured in minutes was among Vietnamese,26.3(95%Cl:22.1-30.5);Arabic,10.3(95%Cl:7.3-13.2);Spanish,9.4(95%CI:7.1-11.7);Chinese,8.6(95%Cl:2.6-14.6);Hindi,4.0(95%Cl:2.2-5.7);Italian,3.5(95%Cl:1.6-5.4);and German,2.7(95%Cl:1.0-4.4).The final regression model explained 17%of the variability in LOS.CONCLUSION:There is a close relationship between the language spoken at home and the LOS at EDs,indicating that language could be an important predictor of prolonged LOS in EDs and improving language services might reduce LOS and ease overcrowding in EDs in Queensland's public hospitals.

The Implementation of Task-based Language Teaching Approach in EFL Oral English Teaching in Art Academy

Present English learning and teaching in colleges especially in Art Academy is far from satisfactory.English,as one of the most important international languages,plays a more and more important role in the international communication.In this paper,the author tries to apply TBLT(Task-based Language Teaching) to oral English teaching.The experiment chose 102 freshmen of two classes in College of Broadcasting and Hosting in CUCN(Communication University of China,Nanjing) as subjects,lasting 16 weeks all together.In the experimental class,the participants are taught with the new method with the aid of TBLT,while in the controlled class,the traditional approach was utilized.By means of data analysis and daily observation of teaching experiment,with the help of the software SPSS and MATLAB,the comparison of both class and of the EC before and after the experiment has verified that the new method with the aid of TBLT has a more positive effect in improving students'oral proficiency,es pecially for students who had a poor performance in speaking before.

Color Expression of Architectural Emotion Language from the Perspective of Public Art

Against the background of "architecturalization" of public art, the significance of architectural color design lies not only in the visual element of architectural environment, but also in the emotion expression of city culture and spirit of the time. Architectural colors should be constructed from the 6 aspects, namely, conveying city spirit, coordinating the environment, showing regional characteristics, reflecting public concept, obtaining public sympathy, combining cultural connotations of color and functions of space. Moreover, the impact of regional culture on architectural color should be properly handled, the emotions of architecture for the city reflected on the surface of architecture, which can reverse the convergence of city images to some extent, and promote the diversity of regional humanistic architectural landscapes.

Spiritual Language of Public Art in Architectural Form

To interpret spiritual language of architectural public art, architectural form was analyzed. Visual art space is based on spatial vision, artistic forms of point, line, surface and body are major visual elements of spatial form. Visual elements can be demonstrated in various forms, and even more diversified in the context of spatial design, interact with each other according to the form principle of beauty, and construct artistic forms of the space. Manifestation of the nature of public art also relies on visual elements, and the public aesthetic experience and feelings about architectural public art are expressed by visual elements.

Automatic Mexican Sign Language Recognition Using Normalized Moments and Artificial Neural Networks

This document presents a computer vision system for the automatic recognition of Mexican Sign Language (MSL), based on normalized moments as invariant (to translation and scale transforms) descriptors, using artificial neural networks as pattern recognition model. An experimental feature selection was performed to reduce computational costs due to this work focusing on automatic recognition. The computer vision system includes four LED-reflectors of 700 lumens each in order to improve image acquisition quality;this illumination system allows reducing shadows in each sign of the MSL. MSL contains 27 signs in total but 6 of them are expressed with movement;this paper presents a framework for the automatic recognition of 21 static signs of MSL. The proposed system achieved 93% of recognition rate.

A Critical Investigation into the Dominant Status of English Language Worldwide with Particular Consideration on China

This essay starts with a brief introduction to dominant status of English language in the world and then tries to explore the language ideology and language policies behind this phenomenon. And finally, some justification and particular consideration on the effects of English dominance in China will be discussed.

The Fine Art of Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition

In present-day world foregrounding the booming globalization, there is possibly no one who still doubts the formidable position of English as an international language, who still questions the immense necessity and urgency of learning English as a second language. Therefore, nothing is more rewarding than a clear-cut perception of age factor in second language acquisition that help learners young or old improve their English proficiency if not a native-like level. Among the full repertoire of ideas and arguments concerning age factor in second language acquisition, the critical period hypothesis is undoubtedly the chief character in the center of the stage.

Graffiti as Art as Language:The Logic of a Modern Language

The notion of communication is in essence that of information transmission in its simplest form—the semiotic encoding and decoding of messages that occur in every type of language,be that written,verbal,non-verbal,or animal.Taking form in an Aristotelian syllogism,this paper argues that graffiti constitutes its own art form that must be equally represented,examined,appreciated,and documented.By exploring how graffiti is art,how art is language,and therefore how graffiti is language,this paper seeks to expand its audience’s understanding of how artworks are underpinned by a similar semiotic structure to that of the written or verbal.Through theory and case studies of contemporary graffiti artists and their works,the notion of graffiti as a language that can be read and contextualized comes to life in a way that is both grounded in history and stunningly creative.

Definition of Language and Art in the Context of the Evolution Theory

The problem of human language, arithmetic, and art was studied in the context of the definition ＂civilization＂ on the basis of Darwin＇s theory. The author defines civilization as ＂survival of the weak＂. The author supposes that language and art were invented by the men to describe their heroic deeds for the women in order to be selected by them for reproduction. In other words, language and art became a selection criterions together with beauty and presents. Finally, the author defines language and art.