BACKGROUND Global education in psychiatry is heavily influenced by knowledge from Western,high-income countries,which obscures local voices and expertise.AIM To adapt a human simulation model to psychiatric education ...BACKGROUND Global education in psychiatry is heavily influenced by knowledge from Western,high-income countries,which obscures local voices and expertise.AIM To adapt a human simulation model to psychiatric education in a context that is specific to local languages and cultures.METHODS We conducted an observational study consisting of six human simulation sessions with standardized patients from two host countries,speaking their native languages,and following an adaptation of the co-constructive patient simulation(CCPS)model.As local faculty became increasingly familiar with the CCPS approach,they took on the role of facilitators—in their country’s native language.RESULTS Fifty-three learners participated:19 child and adolescent psychiatry trainees and 3 faculty members in Türkiye(as a group that met online during 3 consecutive months);and 24 trainees and 7 faculty in Israel(divided into 3 groups,in parallel in-person sessions during a single training day).Each of the six cases reflected local realities and clinical challenges,and was associated with specific learning goals identified by each case-writing trainee.CONCLUSION Human simulation has not been fully incorporated into psychiatric education:The creation of immersive clinical experiences and the strengthening of reflective practice are two areas ripe for development.Our adaptations of CCPS can also strengthen local and regional networks and psychiatric communities of practice.Finally,the model can help question and press against hegemonies in psychiatric training that overshadow local expertise.展开更多
According to a survey published by the European Commission,the British are officially the worst language learners in Europe—62 percent of them can’t speak any other language apart from their own!While 38 percent of ...According to a survey published by the European Commission,the British are officially the worst language learners in Europe—62 percent of them can’t speak any other language apart from their own!While 38 percent of Britons speak at least one foreign language,only 18 percent speak two.展开更多
A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 an...A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 and 13.Approaches for effective adaptation to climate change through national and local efforts fundamentally aim to create environmentally sustainable,socially inclusive,and economically vibrant communities.This paper associates the impacts of climate change to the preservation of threatened minority languages in semi-arid areas in Northern Ghana.This review relies on primary and secondary sources on climate-induced migration,minority languages,and threats of language loss through a keyword search followed by rigorous content analysis.The study confirms that forced displacement due to harsh climatic and other environmental conditions is currently occurring in the upper regions(Upper East and Upper West Regions)of Ghana with minority linguistic groups being forced to migrate to the southern part of the country,where their culture and language are threatened due to large linguistic groups.The literature well establishes the north-south mobility with various debates on its root causes.However,the phenomenon is understudied along with the lack of specific national strategies for addressing it and the associated language loss.Therefore,the need emerges for further studies to enhance the current understanding of the phenomenon to inform policy interventions and protect minority languages threatened by climate-induced migration.The focus on an understudied subject and geographic scope makes the findings extremely relevant for the expansion of knowledge on internal migration in the context of climate change in Northern Ghana.展开更多
Many countries have language policies with the purpose of promoting or discouraging the use of a particular language or a set of languages. In a multilingual country, the official language(s) is always favored by the ...Many countries have language policies with the purpose of promoting or discouraging the use of a particular language or a set of languages. In a multilingual country, the official language(s) is always favored by the national language policy; in contrast, the minority languages, to some extent, are hindered in their development. This paper, by the case studies of minority languages in New Zealand, Netherlands, and China, illustrates the effects of these countries' general language policies on their minority languages. Minority languages are seen as a part of cultural identity of minority groups. To protect their own culture and identity, they devote themselves to seek the equal right for their languages and cultures. In making language policies, the authorities should give respect and regard to the minority languages.展开更多
With the affecting story and special narrative technique,The King’s Speech has won the favor of audience at home and abroad.The great friendship between the two protagonist leaves impresses audience deeply,while beyo...With the affecting story and special narrative technique,The King’s Speech has won the favor of audience at home and abroad.The great friendship between the two protagonist leaves impresses audience deeply,while beyond that,the excellent appliance and transference of camera lens has also shocked the public.This paper aims to interpret how the camera language reflect the artistic charm in the film through aspects like deviating and full-length shots Languages,wide-angle lens languages,montage Languages.展开更多
Ordering the minority languages in China in terms of their vitality can help decide what priorities are in securing the most endangered ethnic languages. In view of the actual condition of the Chinese ethnic languages...Ordering the minority languages in China in terms of their vitality can help decide what priorities are in securing the most endangered ethnic languages. In view of the actual condition of the Chinese ethnic languages, this paper proposes some corresponding comprehensive indexes and ranks over 100 ethnic languages of China in terms of their vitality.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,up till now,TCM has not yet been granted a legal position for clinical practice in aconsiderable number of countries.So it is our responsibility tO make TCM internationalized and push TCMtobe accepted world—wide,even though we know that it is a long way to go.展开更多
The paper presents an analysis of computer programming languages based on the semiotics of Charles S. Peirce. The author describes how such languages could evolve in order to achieve some of the expressive characteris...The paper presents an analysis of computer programming languages based on the semiotics of Charles S. Peirce. The author describes how such languages could evolve in order to achieve some of the expressive characteristics of natural languages. This description evinces otherwise unnoticed differences between natural languages and programming languages, showing that Peircean semiotics is an efficient analysis tool. This suggests further research on the technical features needed to implement an easier way to program computers.展开更多
To establish a classification on the basis of genetic linguistics requires two indispensible conditions: common retention, including cognate lexical retention and cognate morphological retention, and common innovation...To establish a classification on the basis of genetic linguistics requires two indispensible conditions: common retention, including cognate lexical retention and cognate morphological retention, and common innovation in a language group. The first condition is primary, and is the motivation for classification and the evidence of a genetic relationship. The second condition is secondary and supportive, and is the feature,approach and sign of a language group. This article focuses on common innovations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tone, voiceless aspirated stops, affricates, classifiers, noun prefixes for kinship and overlap are six common innovations that are proposed for defining the Sino-Tibetan language family.展开更多
There are too few devices in Samoyedic languages to express a completed/ accomplished action, so one of the ways to do it is just the use of perfect and pluperfect.Samoyedic languages have no common markers for moods ...There are too few devices in Samoyedic languages to express a completed/ accomplished action, so one of the ways to do it is just the use of perfect and pluperfect.Samoyedic languages have no common markers for moods and tenses, only a few of them occur in most of the languages mentioned. The Samoyedic system of conjugation is mainly based on verbal nouns, its mood and temporal markers mostly coincide with participle and gerund markers. The Tundra Nenets perfect is formed by means of the participle markers (-m+), the pluperfect - by means of the compound marker (-m i) ... -s. In Enets the marker -bi as indicates an earlier meaning of the perfective participle that has disappeared by now, the pluperfect is formed by means of the compound suffixes -bi (-pi) ... -s (-si). In Nganasan the marker -'V - expresses the past, more exactly the perfective preterit. The perfect has the compound marker -bV (-HV) + -tV (-§V). Both perfect and pluperfect are used widely in the languages under observation, particularly in folkloristic texts. The formation and the use of perfect and pluperfect are mostly similar. As far as the Samoyedicparticiple marker -bV is concernd, then G. J. Ramstedt (1952) refers to the Turkic perfect-gerund marker -p (-yp, -up) and to the Mongol preterit perfect marker -b ai, -bei, -ba。展开更多
In view of the increasing demands for the rehabilitation and promotion of indigenous African languages,a philosophical answer to the question of what can and should be done to effectively counteract the continuing mar...In view of the increasing demands for the rehabilitation and promotion of indigenous African languages,a philosophical answer to the question of what can and should be done to effectively counteract the continuing marginalization of languages is often required.Despite the relatively successful coexistence of African and European languages,which has produced mixed languages,all measures must be taken to ensure that the native languages of Africa are used in the future as a means of expressing Africa’s identities and worldviews.This chapter tries to show how the philosophy of convergence can contribute to overcome the language dilemma in Africa.展开更多
The article studies the interrelation of Languages of Colored Petri Nets and Traditional formal languages. The author constructed the graph of Colored Petri Net, which generates L* Context-free language. This language...The article studies the interrelation of Languages of Colored Petri Nets and Traditional formal languages. The author constructed the graph of Colored Petri Net, which generates L* Context-free language. This language may not be modeled using standard Petri Nets [1]. The Venn graph and diagram that the author modified [1], show the interrelation between languages of Colored Petri Nets and some Traditional languages. Thus the class of languages of Colored Petri Nets is supposed to include an entire class of Context-free languages.展开更多
The Belt and Road Initiative,with its profound significance,requires language as a prerequisite for the interconnections between China and countries along the road.Thus,language awareness is required and needs to be s...The Belt and Road Initiative,with its profound significance,requires language as a prerequisite for the interconnections between China and countries along the road.Thus,language awareness is required and needs to be strengthened.A planning and administrative agency should be established to formulate toplevel designs and specific language policies.Also,the recruitment of language specialists should be accelerated,and language skills and training should focus on business,economics,trade,and related knowledge that will enhance the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative.With its bright future,the Belt and Road Initiative gives both teaching practices new challenges and new opportunities.展开更多
This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differen...This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differences between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions.The Ibibio data used for analysis were elicited from two Ibibio native speakers whereas Igbo data were obtained through introspection.The Ibibio and Igbo data were analysed descriptively.The findings of the research reveal that the lexical prepositions obtainable in Ibibio are ke‘to,in,for,at’,mme‘with’,ano‘from’,and ito/nto‘from’.In Igbo,some of the lexical prepositions include:na‘to,in,at,from’,maka‘for’,and gbasara‘about’.The similarity observed between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that they both occur before a Noun Phrase(NP),that is,they take NP as their complement.In terms of their differences,the preposition‘to’is marked in Igbo but is unmarked in Ibibio.The preposition‘with’is overtly marked in Ibibio with mme but it is implied in Igbo constructions.Another notable difference between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that the English preposition‘from’inflects for number in Ibibio but such feature is absent in Igbo.The paper recommends that further comparative researches should be carried out on other types of preposition like the category incorporated prepositions,and other word classes between Ibibio and Igbo in particular and other African languages in general.展开更多
In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software ha...In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software have appeared one after another.Currently,the application of the language learning software in the classroom has become a hot topic of discussion.This paper mainly expounds the application of language learning software in foreign language lessons for reference by relevant personnel.展开更多
This paper investigates the challenges associated with the inconspicuousness of indigenous African languages in the South African education system,as established during empirical research conducted by the author for h...This paper investigates the challenges associated with the inconspicuousness of indigenous African languages in the South African education system,as established during empirical research conducted by the author for his PhD thesis.According to the findings of the research,integrating indigenous African languages in the basic education sector is a key strategic shift that should be considered for it could fast-track efforts to elevate and promote indigenous African languages as media of educational instruction.These languages have been discriminated against for decades,since the era of colonisation and Apartheid South Africa.Despite attempts by the democratic government,through transformative legislative frameworks,African languages are inconspicuous within the education sector.Institutions of learning have developed multilingual language policies yet their implementation remains a problem.Based on the critical review of the literature on indigenous African languages,and with a focus on information and communication technology(ICT),the paper investigates policy opportunities and challenges.The paper concludes by assessing the low profile of indigenous languages in education,and its likely impact on the high failure rate in South African schools.展开更多
China Today was born of an English magazine and has developed into a polyglot monthly journal. Besides English, it is also published in chronological order of the foundation of each edi- tion, in Spanish, French, Arab...China Today was born of an English magazine and has developed into a polyglot monthly journal. Besides English, it is also published in chronological order of the foundation of each edi- tion, in Spanish, French, Arabic, German and Chinese. A second English edition, the North American edition, was established in order to comply with the particular interests of readers in North American areas. Apart from the content common to all editions, which focuses on develop- ments and achievements in China, each edition carries articles that take into account the relevant location and specific interests of its readers.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Global education in psychiatry is heavily influenced by knowledge from Western,high-income countries,which obscures local voices and expertise.AIM To adapt a human simulation model to psychiatric education in a context that is specific to local languages and cultures.METHODS We conducted an observational study consisting of six human simulation sessions with standardized patients from two host countries,speaking their native languages,and following an adaptation of the co-constructive patient simulation(CCPS)model.As local faculty became increasingly familiar with the CCPS approach,they took on the role of facilitators—in their country’s native language.RESULTS Fifty-three learners participated:19 child and adolescent psychiatry trainees and 3 faculty members in Türkiye(as a group that met online during 3 consecutive months);and 24 trainees and 7 faculty in Israel(divided into 3 groups,in parallel in-person sessions during a single training day).Each of the six cases reflected local realities and clinical challenges,and was associated with specific learning goals identified by each case-writing trainee.CONCLUSION Human simulation has not been fully incorporated into psychiatric education:The creation of immersive clinical experiences and the strengthening of reflective practice are two areas ripe for development.Our adaptations of CCPS can also strengthen local and regional networks and psychiatric communities of practice.Finally,the model can help question and press against hegemonies in psychiatric training that overshadow local expertise.
文摘According to a survey published by the European Commission,the British are officially the worst language learners in Europe—62 percent of them can’t speak any other language apart from their own!While 38 percent of Britons speak at least one foreign language,only 18 percent speak two.
文摘A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 and 13.Approaches for effective adaptation to climate change through national and local efforts fundamentally aim to create environmentally sustainable,socially inclusive,and economically vibrant communities.This paper associates the impacts of climate change to the preservation of threatened minority languages in semi-arid areas in Northern Ghana.This review relies on primary and secondary sources on climate-induced migration,minority languages,and threats of language loss through a keyword search followed by rigorous content analysis.The study confirms that forced displacement due to harsh climatic and other environmental conditions is currently occurring in the upper regions(Upper East and Upper West Regions)of Ghana with minority linguistic groups being forced to migrate to the southern part of the country,where their culture and language are threatened due to large linguistic groups.The literature well establishes the north-south mobility with various debates on its root causes.However,the phenomenon is understudied along with the lack of specific national strategies for addressing it and the associated language loss.Therefore,the need emerges for further studies to enhance the current understanding of the phenomenon to inform policy interventions and protect minority languages threatened by climate-induced migration.The focus on an understudied subject and geographic scope makes the findings extremely relevant for the expansion of knowledge on internal migration in the context of climate change in Northern Ghana.
文摘Many countries have language policies with the purpose of promoting or discouraging the use of a particular language or a set of languages. In a multilingual country, the official language(s) is always favored by the national language policy; in contrast, the minority languages, to some extent, are hindered in their development. This paper, by the case studies of minority languages in New Zealand, Netherlands, and China, illustrates the effects of these countries' general language policies on their minority languages. Minority languages are seen as a part of cultural identity of minority groups. To protect their own culture and identity, they devote themselves to seek the equal right for their languages and cultures. In making language policies, the authorities should give respect and regard to the minority languages.
文摘With the affecting story and special narrative technique,The King’s Speech has won the favor of audience at home and abroad.The great friendship between the two protagonist leaves impresses audience deeply,while beyond that,the excellent appliance and transference of camera lens has also shocked the public.This paper aims to interpret how the camera language reflect the artistic charm in the film through aspects like deviating and full-length shots Languages,wide-angle lens languages,montage Languages.
文摘Ordering the minority languages in China in terms of their vitality can help decide what priorities are in securing the most endangered ethnic languages. In view of the actual condition of the Chinese ethnic languages, this paper proposes some corresponding comprehensive indexes and ranks over 100 ethnic languages of China in terms of their vitality.
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,up till now,TCM has not yet been granted a legal position for clinical practice in aconsiderable number of countries.So it is our responsibility tO make TCM internationalized and push TCMtobe accepted world—wide,even though we know that it is a long way to go.
文摘The paper presents an analysis of computer programming languages based on the semiotics of Charles S. Peirce. The author describes how such languages could evolve in order to achieve some of the expressive characteristics of natural languages. This description evinces otherwise unnoticed differences between natural languages and programming languages, showing that Peircean semiotics is an efficient analysis tool. This suggests further research on the technical features needed to implement an easier way to program computers.
文摘To establish a classification on the basis of genetic linguistics requires two indispensible conditions: common retention, including cognate lexical retention and cognate morphological retention, and common innovation in a language group. The first condition is primary, and is the motivation for classification and the evidence of a genetic relationship. The second condition is secondary and supportive, and is the feature,approach and sign of a language group. This article focuses on common innovations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tone, voiceless aspirated stops, affricates, classifiers, noun prefixes for kinship and overlap are six common innovations that are proposed for defining the Sino-Tibetan language family.
基金This article is supported by the Estonian Science Foundation, grant No. 7724. - On the evidence andmode of use of the perfect tense in South Samoyedic languages see Klesment (2004:110-115), cf. alsoKlesment (2002: 119-123).
文摘There are too few devices in Samoyedic languages to express a completed/ accomplished action, so one of the ways to do it is just the use of perfect and pluperfect.Samoyedic languages have no common markers for moods and tenses, only a few of them occur in most of the languages mentioned. The Samoyedic system of conjugation is mainly based on verbal nouns, its mood and temporal markers mostly coincide with participle and gerund markers. The Tundra Nenets perfect is formed by means of the participle markers (-m+), the pluperfect - by means of the compound marker (-m i) ... -s. In Enets the marker -bi as indicates an earlier meaning of the perfective participle that has disappeared by now, the pluperfect is formed by means of the compound suffixes -bi (-pi) ... -s (-si). In Nganasan the marker -'V - expresses the past, more exactly the perfective preterit. The perfect has the compound marker -bV (-HV) + -tV (-§V). Both perfect and pluperfect are used widely in the languages under observation, particularly in folkloristic texts. The formation and the use of perfect and pluperfect are mostly similar. As far as the Samoyedicparticiple marker -bV is concernd, then G. J. Ramstedt (1952) refers to the Turkic perfect-gerund marker -p (-yp, -up) and to the Mongol preterit perfect marker -b ai, -bei, -ba。
文摘In view of the increasing demands for the rehabilitation and promotion of indigenous African languages,a philosophical answer to the question of what can and should be done to effectively counteract the continuing marginalization of languages is often required.Despite the relatively successful coexistence of African and European languages,which has produced mixed languages,all measures must be taken to ensure that the native languages of Africa are used in the future as a means of expressing Africa’s identities and worldviews.This chapter tries to show how the philosophy of convergence can contribute to overcome the language dilemma in Africa.
文摘The article studies the interrelation of Languages of Colored Petri Nets and Traditional formal languages. The author constructed the graph of Colored Petri Net, which generates L* Context-free language. This language may not be modeled using standard Petri Nets [1]. The Venn graph and diagram that the author modified [1], show the interrelation between languages of Colored Petri Nets and some Traditional languages. Thus the class of languages of Colored Petri Nets is supposed to include an entire class of Context-free languages.
文摘The Belt and Road Initiative,with its profound significance,requires language as a prerequisite for the interconnections between China and countries along the road.Thus,language awareness is required and needs to be strengthened.A planning and administrative agency should be established to formulate toplevel designs and specific language policies.Also,the recruitment of language specialists should be accelerated,and language skills and training should focus on business,economics,trade,and related knowledge that will enhance the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative.With its bright future,the Belt and Road Initiative gives both teaching practices new challenges and new opportunities.
文摘This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differences between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions.The Ibibio data used for analysis were elicited from two Ibibio native speakers whereas Igbo data were obtained through introspection.The Ibibio and Igbo data were analysed descriptively.The findings of the research reveal that the lexical prepositions obtainable in Ibibio are ke‘to,in,for,at’,mme‘with’,ano‘from’,and ito/nto‘from’.In Igbo,some of the lexical prepositions include:na‘to,in,at,from’,maka‘for’,and gbasara‘about’.The similarity observed between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that they both occur before a Noun Phrase(NP),that is,they take NP as their complement.In terms of their differences,the preposition‘to’is marked in Igbo but is unmarked in Ibibio.The preposition‘with’is overtly marked in Ibibio with mme but it is implied in Igbo constructions.Another notable difference between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that the English preposition‘from’inflects for number in Ibibio but such feature is absent in Igbo.The paper recommends that further comparative researches should be carried out on other types of preposition like the category incorporated prepositions,and other word classes between Ibibio and Igbo in particular and other African languages in general.
文摘In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software have appeared one after another.Currently,the application of the language learning software in the classroom has become a hot topic of discussion.This paper mainly expounds the application of language learning software in foreign language lessons for reference by relevant personnel.
文摘This paper investigates the challenges associated with the inconspicuousness of indigenous African languages in the South African education system,as established during empirical research conducted by the author for his PhD thesis.According to the findings of the research,integrating indigenous African languages in the basic education sector is a key strategic shift that should be considered for it could fast-track efforts to elevate and promote indigenous African languages as media of educational instruction.These languages have been discriminated against for decades,since the era of colonisation and Apartheid South Africa.Despite attempts by the democratic government,through transformative legislative frameworks,African languages are inconspicuous within the education sector.Institutions of learning have developed multilingual language policies yet their implementation remains a problem.Based on the critical review of the literature on indigenous African languages,and with a focus on information and communication technology(ICT),the paper investigates policy opportunities and challenges.The paper concludes by assessing the low profile of indigenous languages in education,and its likely impact on the high failure rate in South African schools.
文摘China Today was born of an English magazine and has developed into a polyglot monthly journal. Besides English, it is also published in chronological order of the foundation of each edi- tion, in Spanish, French, Arabic, German and Chinese. A second English edition, the North American edition, was established in order to comply with the particular interests of readers in North American areas. Apart from the content common to all editions, which focuses on develop- ments and achievements in China, each edition carries articles that take into account the relevant location and specific interests of its readers.
